Robotic Surgery
The 21st century can rightfully be considered as the era of technology when the new inventions and discoveries will most likely affect all the segments of human life. At this point, some of the breakthrough inventions of our times have been in the medical field. Robotic surgery has become an almost common practice in the advanced medical world and new uses for robotic assisted surgery are everyday set in place. However, such developments also attract different interests and implications.

Robotic surgery, also known as computer assisted surgery, is a technological development that uses robotic systems to aid physicians in surgery, particularly to overcome limitations in minimally-invasive surgery, micro surgery, or to enhance the surgeon's abilities in open surgery. Typically, the surgeon uses a telemanipulative device that mimics the motions of the human hand and arm. Different instruments are used to replace traditional tools that perform certain actions (e.g. rib-spreading, etc.)…...

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Most scientists believe that robot assisted surgery will be a less expensive, faster and more accurate option for many patients. Despite the media's often cynical outlook on the situation, robotic aided surgery is not out of a science fiction movie, but simply allows the surgeon different sets of tools. There still needs to be a guiding hand, still needs to be expertise, and while microsurgery is likely more accurate using microscopic tools, there are times that the surgeon's experience will prevail. We must remember that robots are machines, machines are tools, and just as a scalpel can be extremely dangerous in the wrong hands, it is a standard medical tool used in surgery. Prior to being used on human patients, new technologies undergo hundreds of hours of testing on animals and cadavers. The idea of robotic surgery is to minimize the risk and trauma to the patient. Ethically, the physician is bound to use every tool in their arsenal to provide quality medical care. If a patient needs knee surgery, which would be better: a six inch cut to the side of the knee, lots of scar tissue and months of physical therapy or a small, 1/2-inch incision in which a robotic tool is used for microsurgery, reducing healing the therapy time to a few weeks? Technology improves with time, and as long as the surgeon and other medical personnel focus on the ethics of patient care, the use of different tools is moot (Satava, 2009; Mavroforou, et al., 2010).

Environmental Impact

There are a number of ways to look at the environmental impact of robotic assisted surgery. If we remember the environment is all around,

Safe Patient Positioning
It's all about safe positioning in robotic surgery: Protecting Patients, Promoting Safety.

D.Jacqueline Arroyo N, MIS / Cardiac obotic Specialist

Massachusetts General Hospital

According to the New England Journal of Medicine, more than 80,000 robotic surgery procedures have been performed since 2008[footnoteef:1]. As a result, health care institutions are increasingly opting to invest in robotic technologies which offer patience the best quality of care and attractiveness as innovative methods. Although current literature is limited, studies show that patients who undergo robotic-assisted procedures experience reduced surgical time, scarring, blood loss, pain, infection rates, and lengths of stay compared with patients who undergo open or physician led laparoscopic procedures[footnoteef:2]. Additionally, modern technology has been introduced to ensure three dimensional imaging for optimal patient monitoring and safety.[footnoteef:3] It is because of these findings that many surgeons and hospitals alike are starting to recognize that robotic assisted techniques have the potential to reduce the invasiveness…...

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References

Ballantyne, G.H. (2002). Robotic surgery, telerobotic surgery, telepresence, and telementoring. Surgical Endoscopy, 16(10): 1389-1402.

Barbash G, Glied S (2010). New Technology and Health Care Costs- The Case of Robot-Assisted Surgery. The New England Journal of Medicine, 363: 701-4.

Herron DM, Marohn M (2008). A consensus document on robotic surgery. Sages-Mira robotic surgery Consensus Group, 2292:313-325.

Recommended practices for minimally invasive surgery (2011). Perioperative Standards and Recommended Practices. Denver, Co: AORN, INC pp 143-175.

speech: Robotics in medicine
In the 1950s, robots were envisioned as large, hulking devices with relatively limited capabilities. But "robot, taken from the Czech robota, meaning forced labor, has evolved in meaning from dumb machines that perform menial, repetitive tasks to the highly intelligent anthropomorphic robots of popular culture" (Lanfranco, "Robotics"). Similarly, in the 1980s, video games were primitive and allowed users to manipulate images on a screen with halting, sticky joysticks. Today, it is common to play relatively sophisticated video games via the Internet from around the world. Fusing the modern capabilities of robots and computers has yielded one of the most important developments in modern medicine in recent years: robotic surgery. Robotics can offer people potentially life-saving, less invasive surgery. One day, having surgery performed on you by a doctor in another country may become commonplace. The use of robotic surgery is likely to increase in the future…...

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Works Cited

Davies B. "A review of robotics in surgery." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical

Engineers. 214 (2000):129 -- 140. PubMed. [14 Mar 2014]

"History of robotic surgery." Brown School of Medicine. [14 Mar 2014]

http://biomed.brown.edu/Courses/BI108/BI108_2004_Groups/Group02/Group%2002%20Website/history_robotic.htm

Introduction
The NIH (2014) defines robotic surgery as "a method to perform surgery using very small tools attached to a robotic arm", wherein the surgeon operates the robot.  Robotic surgery was developed to enable the performance of surgical procedures through smaller cuts than open surgery.  The robot is capable of smaller, more precise movements that would be possible with a human arm.  It is also much easier for the surgeon to work with the surgical tools than would be possible with, say, an endoscope.  The NIH notes that robotic surgery is used for an increasing range of procedures, including coronary artery bypass, cancer excision, gall bladder removal, hip replacement, hysterectomy, kidney transplants and pyloroplasty (NIH, 2014).  

The minimal invasiveness of robotic surgery means that there is lower risk to the patient during the course of the surgery, and that the post-surgery healing time is lower, and less risky as well. In…...

Essay Topic Examples 1. The Evolution of Surgical Techniques:
Explore the history of surgical practices from ancient times to the modern era, emphasizing how technological advancements and medical research have transformed the risks and outcomes of surgical procedures.

2. Ethical Considerations in Elective Surgery:
Examine the moral dilemmas faced by patients and surgeons in the context of elective surgeries, such as cosmetic procedures, where the risks, benefits, and societal pressures must be carefully weighed.

3. The Impact of Robotics on Surgery:
Discuss the integration of robotic systems into surgical operations, assessing how robotic assistance has improved precision and recovery times while considering the potential ramifications for surgical training and employment.

4. Surgery in Low-Resource Settings:
Investigate the challenges and strategies for conducting surgeries in impoverished or remote areas, including the logistical hurdles, scarcity of trained personnel, and the innovations aimed at improving surgical care in underserved populations.

5. Anesthesia and atient Safety During Surgery:
Analyze the critical role of anesthesia…...

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Primary Sources

Halsted, William S. \"The Training of the Surgeon.\" Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp, vol. 18, 1907, pp. 267-275.

Meara, John G., et al. \"Global Surgery 2030: Evidence and Solutions for Achieving Health, Welfare, and Economic Development.\" The Lancet, vol. 386, no. 9993, 2015, pp. 569-624.

Semmelweis, Ignaz P. \"The Etiology, Concept, and Prophylaxis of Childbed Fever.\" Translated by K. Codell Carter, University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

Lister, Joseph. \"On the Antiseptic Principle in the Practice of Surgery.\" The Lancet, vol. 90, no. 2299, 1867, pp. 353-356.

Black, J. M., and D. Hawks. \"Medical-Surgical Nursing: Clinical Management for Positive Outcomes, 8th Edition.\" Saunders Elsevier, 2008.

Essay Topic Examples
1. The Evolution of Surgical Techniques:
    Trace the history and development of surgical methods from ancient times to the present, highlighting key innovations and advancements that have significantly improved patient outcomes and revolutionized the field.

2. The Ethical Implications of Cosmetic Surgery:
    Examine the ethical considerations surrounding cosmetic surgery, including the societal pressures for physical appearance, the risks versus benefits, and the moral responsibilities of surgeons in the industry.

3. Robotics and Automation in Surgery:
    Discuss the impact of robotics and automation in surgical procedures, exploring how technology is enhancing precision and efficiency in operations, as well as the potential implications for surgeon training and employment.

4. Anesthesia: The Game Changer in Surgical ractice:
    Delve into the critical role of anesthesia in surgery, detailing the advancements in anesthetic drugs and techniques, and how they have enabled more complex and less painful procedures, ultimately transforming surgical practice.

5. The Role of Surgery in Combatting ublic Health Crises:
    Analyze…...

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Primary Sources

Sabiston Textbook of Surgery: The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 20th ed., edited by Courtney M. Townsend et al., Elsevier, 2016.

Schwartz\'s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed., edited by F. Charles Brunicardi et al., McGraw-Hill Education, 2019.

Journal of the American College of Surgeons. American College of Surgeons, Elsevier, latest issue.

Annals of Surgery. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, latest issue.

World Journal of Surgery. Springer, latest issue.

Essay Topic Examples
1. The sychological Impacts of lastic Surgery: A Deep Dive into Self-Esteem and Body Image:
    This essay would explore the various psychological effects that plastic surgery can have on individuals, specifically focusing on changes in self-esteem and body image. This topic invites examination of the emotional outcomes, both positive and negative, associated with cosmetic alterations and the broader social implications tied to these personal transformations.

2. The Evolution of lastic Surgery: From Reconstructive to Cosmetic:
    The essay centered around this topic would trace the historical development of plastic surgery, distinguishing between its origins in reconstructive procedures and its expansion to elective cosmetic surgeries. It could analyze how technological advances, cultural shifts, and medical improvements have influenced the field's growth and public perception.

3. Ethical Considerations in lastic Surgery: Medical Necessity vs. Vanity:
    In this topic, the focus would be on the ethical dilemmas faced by plastic surgeons and patients in distinguishing between surgeries…...

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Primary Sources

Rohrich, Rod J., and Jeffrey E. Janis. Essentials of Plastic Surgery. Quality Medical Publishing, 2014.

Plastic Surgery Statistics Report. American Society of Plastic Surgeons, 2022.

Matarasso, Alan, et al. \"Ethics in Plastic Surgery: A Mini Review.\" Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Global Open, vol. 6, no. 9, 2018, e1908.

Gilman, Sander L. Making the Body Beautiful: A Cultural History of Aesthetic Surgery. Princeton University Press, 1999.

Atiyeh, Bishara S., et al. \"Aesthetic/Cosmetic Surgery and Ethical Challenges.\" Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, vol. 32, no. 6, 2008, pp. 829–839.

Health Organization Case Study
The mission of Banner Healthcare is to make a difference in the lives of people through excellent patient care. They achieve this by providing leadership for excellence in patient safety and clinical care. Traditionally, healthcare institutions focused on analyzing aggregate performance, questioning causation, monitoring scorecards and identifying gaps. Planning and managing stages at integral to the process of achieving Banner Healthcare's vision. Planning entails the development of standards, rules, and work teams necessary for the work. Concurrent management involves patient-oriented care and coordinated health care. Across the various work teams, care management efforts and the number of people are involved in making clinical improvements across the organization have been gradually increasing.

This occurs regardless of whether they are work groups, system wide teams, strategic initiatives, and special projects. The work is organized under functional teams. Besides the functional teams, initiative work groups and clinical consensus groups guide the…...

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Reference

Wickramasinghe, N. & Sharma, S.K. (2010). Creating knowledge-based healthcare organizations. Hershey Penns: Idea Group Pub.

Medical Robotics
In spite of research gaps, medical robotics is a growing trend in the United States.

Advances in Medical Robotics (Diana, 2011)

Hybrid Assistive Limb 5 (HAL5) is an artificially powered ecoskeleton that helps double the amount of weight someone can carry unaided.

DaVinci Si HD Surgical System performs minimally invasive surgery through superior visualization and greater precision, with incisions of one to two centimeters causing less pain and speedier recovery. It reduces the hospital stay to one half and costs one third less.

Sofie incorporates force feedback allowing a surgeon to feel the pressure they apply making sutures and pushing tissue aside. Sofie is expected to develop in five years.

Cyberknife Robotic Radiosurgery System is a non-invasive alternative to surgery for treatment of cancerous and non-cancerous tumors.

Nursebot is designed to specifically help elderly deal with daily activities allowing them to live at home.

RIA is designed to life people who are too weak. It is…...

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Bibliography

Davies, B. (2006). Essay: Medical robotics -- a bright future. The Lancet, vol 368, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69929-7, S53-S54.

Diana, a. (2011, Jan 29). 12 Advances in Medical Robotics. Retrieved from InformationWeek Healthcare:  http://www.informationweek.com/healthcare/patient/12-advances-in-medical-robotics/229100383 

Huang, G.P. (2006). Robotics and clinical research: Collaborating to epand the evidence-based for rehabilitation. JRRD, 43(5), xiii-xvi.

Seaman, a. (2013, Jan 4). Racial gaps in access to robotic prostrate surgery. Retrieved from Yahoo Health:  http://health.yahoo.net/news/s/nm/racial-gaps-in-access-to-robotic-prostrate-surgery

Available at http://www.forbes.com/2006/08/17/robot-egang-history_06egang_cz_ec_0817robotintro.html
Internet: accessed 20 August 2006.

First International Workshop on Personalized Networks. [article on-line]. Available at http://pernets.org/.Internet: accessed 17 August 2006.

LeClaire Jennifer. Mind-Reading Computers Could Help Those With Autism. [article on-line]. Available at http://www.technewsworld.com/story/51371.html

Internet: accessed 20 August 2006.

Mathias Craig J.. Part 1: The MIMO revolution: It holds the promise of greater Wi-Fi performance. [article on-line]. Available at http://www.computerworld.com/networkingtopics/networking/story/0,10801,110001,00.html/.Internet: accessed 20 August 2006.

Smith Gary .. What is XML? - The asics & eyond. [article on-line]. Available at http://klixxx.com/archive/xml.shtml

Internet: accessed 20 August 2006.

The 3rd Annual International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems: Networks and Services [article on-line]. Available at http://www.mobiquitous.org/.Internet: accessed 17 August 2006.

Yoshida Junko. Ubiquitous computing driving software industry. [article on-line]. Available at http://www.commsdesign.com/story/OEG20031014S0014

Internet: accessed 20 August 2006.

The 3rd Annual International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems: Networks and Services [article on-line]. Available at http://www.mobiquitous.org/

First International Workshop on Personalized Networks. [article on-line]. Available at http://pernets.org/.Internet: accessed 17 August 2006.

Craig J.…...

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Bibliography

Corcoran Elizabeth. The Robots Are Coming! [article on-line]. Available at  http://www.forbes.com/2006/08/17/robot-egang-history_06egang_cz_ec_0817robotintro.html 

Internet: accessed 20 August 2006.

First International Workshop on Personalized Networks. [article on-line]. Available at accessed 17 August 2006.http://pernets.org/.Internet:

LeClaire Jennifer. Mind-Reading Computers Could Help Those With Autism. [article on-line]. Available at  http://www.technewsworld.com/story/51371.html

Essay Topic Examples
1. The Evolution of Hospital Design and Architecture:
This essay could explore the changing face of hospital design from historical to modern times, examining how advancements in medical technology, patient care philosophies, and societal needs have shaped the architecture of hospitals. It may look into the influence of evidence-based design on patient outcomes and the increasing importance of creating healing environments.

2. Healthcare Inequality and the Role of Hospitals:
An essay on this topic might delve into the disparities in healthcare access and quality among different socio-economic groups, emphasizing the role hospitals play in either mitigating or exacerbating these inequalities. It could discuss the challenges hospitals face in underserved areas and the strategies they employ to improve healthcare for all.

3. The Impact of Technology on Hospital Efficiency and atient Care:
This topic would analyze the ways in which emerging technologies, such as electronic health records (EHRs), telemedicine, and robotic surgery, have transformed…...

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Primary Sources

American Hospital Association, AHA Hospital Statistics, 2021 ed. Chicago: Health Forum, 2021.

Florence Nightingale, Notes on Hospitals, 3rd ed. London: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, and Green, 1863.

Joint Commission. Comprehensive Accreditation Manual for Hospitals: The Official Handbook. Oak Brook: Joint Commission Resources, 2021.

World Health Organization. World Health Statistics 2021: Monitoring Health for the SDGs, Sustainable Development Goals. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2021.

U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Ways and Means. Hospital Care for the Indigent and Ill. 85th Cong., 2d sess., H. Rep. 5. Washington: GPO, 1959.

These examples highlight that technology is always a tool, a way of enhancing human judgment -- we must not mistake it as a replacement for good nursing practice.
After all, the use of a computer is no substitute for a medical education. Anyone who works in a hospital can see this -- the increased accessibility of information through the Internet also means that patients often come in, convinced that they are suffering from a serious illness, allergy, or condition, based more upon a diagnosis Googled on WebMD, rather than upon the fact that they saw a doctor! If a computer alone was required to diagnose, everyone would have a degree!

Don't get me wrong -- I use technology every day in my life, and thank my lucky stars, and my patient's lucky stars, that it is so ubiquitous. When health care providers wish to communicate, the use of cell phones is…...

Tele-health is an important tool in assisting them to diagnose and treat asthma. This is taking place by providing health care professionals with the ability to quickly identify and treat the condition early. At the same time, it is offering them with tools to improve monitoring, enhance treatment options and educate patients about critical symptoms. (McLean, 2011) (Wooten, 2009)

According to McLean (2011), these tools have helped to boost their ability to effectively deal with the condition and its root causes. This reduces the total number of cases by providing everyone with access to the latest information. These changes are illustrating the positive effects on the way patients are treated through: increased coordination, communication and education. (McLean, 2011)

Analyze the benefits and challenges of incorporating the tele-health system into your disease surveillance system.

The benefits of implementing these solutions in the disease surveillance system include: it is improving collaboration, enhancing education and providing…...

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References

Cusack, C. (2007). The Value of Provider to Provider Tele-health Technologies. Charlestown, MA:

Center for Information Technology Leadership.

McLean, S. (2011). Tele-healthcare for Long-Term Conditions. BMJ, 42 (3), pp. 359 -- 367.

Wooten, R. (2009). Tele-health in the Developing World. London: Royal Society of Medicine.

Government, Policy and Politics in Health Care
There are many potential controversies in health care. The text discusses things like increased government involvement, but there are issues arising on the ethical side with the new medical technologies. There are legal and ethical issues that arise from things like stem cells, and the use of robots. The latter, as an example, raises issues of safety and control, but eventually robots will perform many medical tasks. This is something that is going to challenge the industry, patients and regulators alike (Mavrofou, et al., 2010). As new technologies emerge, governments have to understand how to manage them, and regulate their usage. The FDA is constantly evolving its policies, but there are issues that will arise at the governmental level, and will affect the practice of medicine as well.

Another potential controversy with health care will probably come with funding. It is going to be increasingly…...

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References

Cohen, D. & Crabtree, B. (2008). Evaluative criteria for qualitative research in health care: Controversies and recommendations. Annals of Family Medicine. Vol. 6 (4) 331-339.

Mavrofou, A., Michalodimitrakis, E., Hatzitheo-Filou, C., & Giannoukas, A. (2010). Legal and ethical issues in robotic surgery. International Angiology. Vol. 29 (1) 75-79.

For example, in these procedures it is often difficult to open the patient's mouth wide enough for laryngoscopy and intubation, thus creating the possibility that cardiopulmonary changes may be present and the "probability o lesions in oesophagus, bowel, kindneys, skin and joints." This information would not be known if not for this study and its reported findings.
The study's conclusion is that the use of thoracic epidural anesthesia to sevoflurane based inhalation "may be a suitable technique for thoracic surgery in achalasia due to sclerodermic patients." The reason for this conclusion is that the study found that this procedure "can provide a smooth anesthesia course and a rapid recovery, with hemodynamic stability, and also having pain-free postoperatively." More so, the study found that providing anesthesia without neuromuscular blockade and non-intravenous opioids has "provided a shorter recovery time."

Clearly this specific case study has important and practical implications to the practice of…...

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Bibliography

Erol, Demet Dogan, M.D. (2006): "Thoracic Epidural Blockade in an Elderly with Achalasia Due to Scleroderma for Thoractomy, Esophageal Myotomy and Cystotomy-Capitonnage. The Internet Journal of Anesthesiology. Vol. 11, Number 1.

Technology has had a huge impact on pediatric surgery, improving outcomes for young patients in a variety of ways. Some advancements include:

1. Minimally invasive surgery: Laparoscopic and robotic surgery techniques have become more common in pediatric surgery, allowing for smaller incisions, less pain, faster recovery times, and reduced risk of complications.

2. Imaging technology: Advances in imaging technology such as MRI, CT scans, and ultrasound have improved preoperative planning and allowed for more precise and accurate surgeries.

3. 3D printing: 3D printing technology has enabled surgeons to create patient-specific models of organs or body parts, helping them to plan complex surgeries and....

Innovative Medical Treatments and Technologies Pioneered by the Cleveland Clinic

The Cleveland Clinic, a world-renowned academic medical center, has a long-standing history of innovation and pioneering cutting-edge medical treatments and technologies. With its commitment to research and development, the Clinic continues to push the boundaries of healthcare, offering patients access to the latest advancements in medicine. Here are some of the innovative treatments and technologies currently being pioneered by the Cleveland Clinic:

1. Robotic Surgery:

The Cleveland Clinic is a leader in robotic surgery, using advanced robotic systems to perform complex procedures with greater precision, accuracy, and minimally invasive techniques. The da Vinci....

Factors Contributing to Healthcare System Inflation
Healthcare system inflation refers to the persistent increase in the cost of healthcare goods and services over time. Understanding the underlying factors driving this inflation is crucial for policymakers and healthcare stakeholders to address this complex issue.
1. Technological Advancements:
Technological advancements, such as advanced imaging techniques, robotic surgery, and personalized medicine, have revolutionized healthcare but come at a significant cost. These innovations enhance patient outcomes but also increase the overall cost of care.
2. Rising Drug Costs:
The pharmaceutical industry plays a major role in healthcare inflation. Patent protection, exclusive licensing, and direct-to-consumer advertising contribute to high drug....

Artificial intelligence has had a significant impact on the field of medicine in various ways, including:

1. Diagnostic assistance: AI-powered tools can help improve the accuracy and speed of medical diagnosis by analyzing large amounts of patient data, such as images, lab results, and medical records. This can help healthcare providers make more informed decisions and potentially detect diseases earlier.

2. Treatment optimization: AI algorithms can recommend personalized treatment plans based on a patient's unique genetic makeup, medical history, and other factors. This can lead to more effective and targeted therapies for individual patients.

3. Predictive modeling: AI can be used to predict....