Clinical interventions put in place include, counseling of those teenagers who are already using tobacco and provide them with tobacco cessation. While, one of the community intervention strategies are, increase in the unit price of tobacco increased to hinder teenagers from buying hence, decreased tobacco use initiation among them. Also, there are efforts to restrict access of tobacco for minors, aided by community support to stop teenage access to tobacco. Worksite / school health promotion has also been enhanced to enlighten the students on the effects of tobacco use (Myers, 2000).
Another strategy which might be employed is the use of other teenagers as behavior change agents amongst their peers. This is where; selected teenagers are trained to act as peer educators and anti-tobacco use ambassadors within their neighborhood's and at school. These peer educators are to be selected from different ethnic groups to deal with the cultural factors that…...

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References

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health. Reducing tobacco use: A report of the Surgeon General. (2000). Atlanta: CDC Retrieved from  http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/sgr_2000/index.htm .

Colby, S.M., Tiffany, S.T., & Shiffman, S. (2000). Are adolescent smokers dependent on nicotine? A review of the evidence. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 59, S83 -- S95.

Derek Yach, & Douglas Bettcher. (2000). Globalisation of Tobacco Industry Influence and New Global Responses. Tobacco Control, 9(2), 206-216

Myers, M.G., Brown, S.A., & Kelly, J.F.A. (2000). smoking intervention for substance abusing adolescents: Outcomes, predictors of cessation attempts, and post-treatment substance use. Journal of Child and Adolescent Substance Abuse 9, 77 -- 91.

isk Factors Associated With Alcohol
Alcohol

Over the years, many experts have noticed a strong correlation between children anxiety and alcohol dependence of one or more parent in the family. Alcohol dependence is a problem that has plagued our society since a long time. It is a known fact that alcohol not only affects the alcohol but also the people around him. Tubman (1993) went onto inquire that in more detail when he carried out this research project. In this study, 53 families were chosen from one community. The division was almost equal such that half of the families were the ones that had alcohol dependent men and the other half were comparison families. It was noted that the structure of the families was similar in both groups. There needed to be an ongoing marriage in the family and the age of the child that was going to be studied also needs…...

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References

Tubman, J. (1993). Family risk factors, parental alcohol use, and problem behaviors among school-age children. Family Relations, pp. 81 -- 86.

In fact, 29% of fatalities occurring between 1991 and 1993 involved parental substance abuse" (American Humane Association, 2010).
There are other characteristics of those with abusive tendencies that are also worth discussing. The American Journal of Public Health article insists that although substance abuse plays a huge role in helping to shape abusive personalities and fuel abusive rages, there are other factors worth considering, as well. "Societal and environmental factors have been considered primary to the development of both child maltreatment and parental substance abuse," say Kelleher, Chaffin, Hollenberg, & Fischer. "Social class is strongly linked to both reported child maltreatment and a wide range of mental disorders, including drug and alcohol disorders" (Kelleher, Chaffin, Hollenberg, & Fischer, 1994).

They also go on to suggest that statistics for child abuse and neglect have been found to be higher among families with lower income. This while proves that while the abuse of…...

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Works Cited

American Humane Association, (2010). Fatalities due to child abuse and neglect Retrieved from  http://www.americanhumane.org/about-child-abuse-neglect.html 

Kelleher, K, Chaffin, M, Hollenberg, J, & Fischer, E199. (1994). Alcohol and Drug Disorders

Among Physical Abusive and Neglectful Parents in a Community-Based Sample,

American Journal of Public Health, 84(10), 1586-1590.

As noted above, family conflict is a single risk factor, but when combined with early childhood sexual abuse, the likelihood for teen pregnancy is increased another 50% (Queensland Health, 2004). Further, teens whose mother is uneducated, or undereducated, are also more likely to become pregnant. Finally, those teens from homes where the father is absent are also more likely to experience early pregnancy (Queensland Health, 2004).
It is important to note the reasons for concern in term of teen pregnancy, and one strategy to prevention of the problem is the dispersal of such information to teenage females. The children of teens who become pregnant often experience premature birth, low birth weight, increased physical impairment, an increased likelihood of substance abuse, physical abuse, and an increased risk in becoming pregnant early themselves (Queensland Health, 2004). In addition, pregnant teens themselves are less likely to finish school, experience increased anti-social behaviors, and…...

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References

Hawkins, J.D., Catalano, R.F., and Miller, J.Y. (1992). Risk and protective factors for alcohol and other drug problems in adolescence and early adulthood: Implications for substance abuse prevention. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 64-105.

Queensland Health. (2004). Young people. In C. Harper (Ed.), Health Determinants (pp.16-18). Brisbane, Australia: Queensland Health.

Diabetes
isk factors for developing diabetes

Three major factors can increase the risk for diabetes. Some of them are genetic and so are with us always, but some can be reversed to help prevent diabetes. Genetics, obesity, and age are the most discussed risk factors.

Obesity: The leading risk factor for diabetes if obesity. According to statistics from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), approximately 30% of adults are obese. Overweight implies a higher risk of insulin resistance, as fat disrupts the ability of the body to use insulin. CDC cites that the number of overweight children has been tripling since 1980 (Silverstein & Silverstein, 2009). As a result, the number of children examined with the disorder has been rising.

Genetics: People with relatives suffering from diabetes are at a higher risk of developing the disease. Native Americans, Hispanic-Americans and African-Americans, all have the highest rates of diabetes. However, having a genetic disposition…...

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References

Kahn, A.P. (2008). Diabetes: Causes, Prevention & Treatment. New Delhi: Orient Paperbacks.

Silverstein, A., & Silverstein, V.B. (2009). The Sugar Disease: Diabetes. Philadelphia: Lippincott

Criminology
Five main risk factors for criminal victimization

Cohen, Kluegel, and Land in their article Social inequality and predatory criminal victimization: An exposition and test of a formal theory adopts the interpretation of five factors in association with criminal victimization risks. These factors include

Exposure: The three authors define this risk factor for victimization as the "visibility and accessibility of persons or objects to potential offenders at any given time and place" (Cohen et al., 1981). This represents the capacity of the criminal offender to encounter the victim of the crime. The more frequently this factor (exposure) occurs, the more chance or opportunities to harm the victim or his or her property by the offender. For this factor to be effective, the victim must experience physical relationship or distance with the offender for the crime to occur. Accessibility of the victim would determine if he or she is in danger for prominent criminal…...

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References

Blau, J.R., & Blau, P.M. (1982). The cost of inequality: Metropolitan structure and violent crime. American Sociological Review, 47(1), 114 -- 129.

Cohen, L.E., Kluegel, J.R., & Land, K.G. (1981). Social inequality and predatory criminal victimization: An exposition and test of a formal theory. American Sociological Review, 46(5), 505 -- 524.

Heart disease and stroke are also major conditions commonly associated with the bad habit of smoking. The research shows that your chances of heart disease or stroke can double when compared to nonsmokers' chances. Heart disease is one of the most common conditions smokers face. It is a serious condition which can strike at any time, and leave you completely helpless, or worse off dead. Moreover, smoking is a major cause of respiratory diseases, like emphysema, which is "a lung disease that has no cure" (Jacobs 1997). Such respiratory diseases can severely restrict the quality of life for those suffering through them. They force patients to have to stop a number of activities they love, because they no longer have the lung capacity to continue doing them. According to the research, "a person with this disease has difficulty breathing because the walls of the small air sacs in the…...

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References

Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012). Health effects of cigarette smoking, Smoking & Tobacco Use. Web.  http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/health_effects/effects_cig_smoking/#children 

Jacobs, Marjorie. (1997). The dangers of smoking cigarettes for smokers. From the First to the Last Ash: The History, Economics & Hazards of Tobacco. Web.  http://healthliteracy.worlded.org/docs/tobacco/Unit4/3other_health.html 

Helpguide. (2012). How to quite smoking: A guide to quitting and kicking the habit for good. Mental & Emotional Health. Web.  http://www.helpguide.org/mental/quit_smoking_cessation.htm

In Oklahoma there is a state-wide effort known as the Oklahoma Physical Activity and Nutrition Program (OKPAN). This is an effort to avert obesity and other chronic diseases by way of healthy eating and increased physical activity. Its task is to reduce the frequency and occurrence of obesity and related chronic diseases through the improvement of organizational capacity and development and implementation of a comprehensive State Plan. This program focuses on five key areas:

Increasing fruit and vegetable consumption

Increasing breastfeeding initiation and length

Physical Activity

Balancing food intake with energy expenditure

educing screen-time on television, computer use, and video games (Overweight and Obesity in Oklahoma and the U.S., 2007).

In Tulsa County, Oklahoma there is a current push to increase fruit and vegetable consumption because it is thought to be an economical way to control many health-related issues such as obesity and diabetes (Working together for help, 2010).

Another strategy that can be used is that…...

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References

All about obesity. (2011). Retrieved from  http://www.obesityaction.org/aboutobesity/obesity/obesity.php 

Defining Overweight and Obesity. (2010). Retrieved from  http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/defining.html 

Healthy People 2020. (2011). Retrieved from  http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/default.aspx 

Obesity in America. (2009). Retrieved from http://www.drkalsweightlosstips.com/obesity-in-america.html

Background
A growing pool of evidence points to the fact that chronic ailments such as obesity commence at life’s early stages. Early childhood facets and the intrauterine atmosphere potentially play a role in adulthood obesity onset via several pathways like prenatal diet, fetal metabolic programing, postnatal development, breast-feeding, infancy/toddlerhood behavior and adiposity rebound. The life-course theory’s abstract foundation stresses illness and health’s developmental origins, concentrating especially on long-run health impacts of fetal and babyhood exposures (Hu, 2008).

Of late, one can witness the alarming issue of the childhood obesity pandemic. It is alarming due to the fact that it has short- as well as long- run negative impacts. Risk factor determination forms the main solution to preventing it. While scant literature on childhood obesity risk factors can be found, experts are becoming increasingly aware of the significance of early life settings. However, hardly any risk factor identified is proven; most are only…...

Health, Healthcare, and Emergency Preparedness Needs of a Defined Population
Many of the patients at my healthcare institution -- a suburban New Jersey hospital in New Jersey specializing in rehabilitating patients from brain traumas -- have suffered a stroke or aneurysm. Because adults over the age of 65 are universally covered by Medicare (although some may also have private insurance or Medicaid), most geriatric patients within my practice have access to insurance. Although most of the younger patients are also insured in some form, given that they did not expect such a traumatic event to occur at such a young age, many have less comprehensive insurance and may face high medical bills due to high deductibles or copays.

Not all patients have made adequate preparation for themselves and their families should they be incapacitated. Discussing end-of-life care is a difficult issue that may be challenging for families to raise with an…...

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References

6 steps for preventing falls among your older loved ones. (2017). NCOA. Retrieved from:

 https://www.ncoa.org/healthy-aging/falls-prevention/preventing-falls-tips-for-older-adults-and-caregivers/6-steps-to-protect-your-older-loved-one-from-a-fall/ 

Preventing pressure ulcers. (2016). Medline Plus. Retrieved from:

 https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000147.htm

JCP -- Kohl's
isk Factors

JC Penney's business has a number of risk factors. On the surface, JC Penney should be in a stable, uninteresting industry, but there are a number of risk factors, and the company's recent difficulties have revealed some of these.

The first major risk factor is that JCP is, ultimately, in the fashion business. Any company that sells clothing faces the singular reality that clothing fashions change, and if at any point the clothes it sells are not in line with the latest fashions, it will be stuck with excess inventory that will have to be sold at a significant discount, in many cases at a loss. Purchasing is therefore a critical element of JCP's business. The company's purchasers must accurately gauge the coming trends for each season. There is a long lead time with respect to fashion trends -- clothes go on sale at least one season ahead…...

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References

Halkias, M. (2015). JC Penney CEO Marvin Ellison focused on building customer loyalty. Dallas Morning News. Retrieved January 26, 2017 from  http://www.dallasnews.com/business/retail/2015/10/07/j.c.-penney-ceo-marvin-ellison-focused-on-building-customer-loyalty 

JC Penney 2015 Form 10-K. Retrieved January 26, 2017 from  http://ir.jcpenney.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=70528&p=irol-reportsAnnual 

MSN Moneycentral (2017). JC Penney Retrieved January 26, 2017 from  https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/stockdetails/financials/fi-126.1.JCP.NYS 

Tichy, N. (2014) JC Penney and the terrible cost of hiring an outsider CEO. Fortune. Retrieved January 26, 2017 from  http://fortune.com/2014/11/13/jc-penney-ron-johnson-ceo-succession/

Coccidioidomycosis Erythema Nodosum
Also known as valley fever or desert rheumatism, coccidioidomycosis is a fungal disease commonly reported in the Western Hemisphere, especially South-western U.S. (mainly California, Arizona, and Texas), Northern Mexico, as well as parts of Central and South America (Chen, Lee & Li, 2010). In the U.S., estimates indicate that 150,000 people in the South-western region are infected every year (Garcia et al., 2015). As the disease is mainly concentrated in South-western U.S., its national prevalence remains unknown. The disease is commonly characterized by coughing, fever, shortness of breath, headaches, chest pain, night sweating, loss of weight, and erythema nodosum (Garcia et al., 2015). This paper reports a case of coccidioidomycosis characterized by erythema nodosum

Subjective

A 31-year-old Asian male visited his primary care doctor's clinic complaining of cough and malaise for two months. He had been a construction worker in Fresno County, California, for eleven months and the symptoms showed…...

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References

Chen, C., Lee, H., & Li, S. (2010). Coccidioidomycosis with cutaneous manifestation of erythema nodosum in Taiwan. Dermatologica Sinica, 28: 154-158.

Garcia, S., Alanis, J., Flores, M., Gonzalez, S., Cabrera, L., & Candiani, O. (2015). Coccidioidomycosis and the skin: a comprehensive review. Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia, 90(5): 610-619.

Odio, C., Marciano, B., Galgiani, J., & Holland, S. (2017). Risk factors for disseminated coccidioidomycosis, United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 23(2), 308-311.

Wilken, J., Sondermeyer, G., Shusterman, D., et al. (2015). Coccidioidomycosis among workers constructing solar power farms, California, USA, 2011-2014. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 21(11), 1997-2005.

Walt Disney Prospectus
#1 Disney offered a five-year bond at 4.5% for sale. These are classed as Global Notes and they were available in denominations of $2,000 minimum and $1,000 after the first $2,000. The notes cannot be redeemed prior to maturity, but the company can redeem at any time at fair value. These are fixed rate notes at 4.5% and they will be paid out semi-annually. The global notes means that they are cleared both in the United States and in Luxembourg, allowing the company to tap the European financial markets. One of the main underwriters, Deutsche Bank, is partly responsible for the European part of the issue. The debt is, however, wholly denominated in US dollars.

There are several steps that Disney undertook in order to enhance the marketability of the debt securities. First, the price and conditions of the issue need to be favorable for the market conditions. Second,…...

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References

Disney Form 10-K for 2010. Retrieved May 15, 2017 from  https://ditm-twdc-us.storage.googleapis.com/2015/10/2010-Annual-Report.pdf 

Ingram, M. (2015) Six years later, Disney's acquisition of Marvel looks smarter than ever. Fortune. Retrieved May 15, 2017 from  http://fortune.com/2015/10/08/disney-marvel/ 

Walt Disney Company prospectus: Global notes 4.5% due 2013. In possession of the author

Problem StatementThe problem to be addressed in this study is Alzheimers Disease (AD) is a debilitating and progressive neurodegenerative disorder estimated to affect over 5 million women in the United States, yet recent research has shown that many cases go undiagnosed (oyse et al., 2021). This leads to significant health inequalities for American women compared with men because of their increased risk for diagnosis due to their demographic factors such as age, gender, and ethnicity (de Lange, 2020; Dubal, 2020; Majoka & Schimming, 2022; Peeters et al., 2022). esearch has also suggested that American women with AD experience greater disability and require more assistance than their male counterparts, which further highlights the issue of inequity in healthcare for women (Zuo & Heflin, 2022).Given this inequity along with the increasing prevalence of AD in the United States (de Lange, 2020), there is a critical need to understand the disproportionate impacts of…...

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ReferencesBeckman, D., & Morrison, J. H. (2021). Towards developing a rhesus monkey model of early Alzheimer’s disease focusing on women’s health. American Journal of Primatology, 83(11), 1–7.de Lange, A. G. (2020, August). Women\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'s brain aging: Effects of sex-hormone exposure, pregnancies, and genetic risk for Alzheimer\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'s disease. Human Brain Mapping, 41(18), 5141-5150.Mielke, M. M. (2018). Sex and gender differences in Alzheimer’s disease dementia. The Psychiatric times, 35(11), 14.Siddaway, A. P., Wood, A. M., & Hedges, L. V. (2019). How to do a systematic review: A best practice guide for conducting and reporting narrative reviews, meta-analyses, and meta-syntheses. Annual review of psychology, 70, 747-770.

Ratios
Cardiovascular risk factors and health behaviors are the two study groups in this study.

The total risk score at 4.14 is the greatest relative difference and is significant because it is greater than the...

While stress is a commonly used term, it is a poorly defined term that can refer to a wide scope of things, depending on the context.  Generally speaking, stress refers to the person’s response to some sort of aversive stimuli or stressor, though stress can also be used to refer to the stimuli that causes the stress.  The perception of stress appears to be related to whether a person finds a particular stimulus to be overwhelming. Therefore, a stress concept analysis can have different meanings and is personalized for each person experiencing a particular stressor.  Generally, we....

Teen suicide is a one of the biggest health threats to teens.  This may be due to many factors, such as the fact that teenage brains are not fully developed, hormone changes from puberty, teen vulnerability to child abuse or dating violence, or the fact that many mental illnesses begin to emerge in the teenage or young adult years.  Reducing the suicide rate among teens is a consistent public health goal, though there is no guaranteed intervention that will always lead to success.  With social media usage among teens changing the way that teens socialize, there is little....

One of the troubling things about breast cancer in the United States is how much more fatal it is for black women than for white women.  Understanding this difference will not only help improve care for African American women, but also help explore the racial disparities that exist throughout the American healthcare system.  To do this, it is important really understand the concept.  What are the reasons that black women are more likely to die of breast cancer than white women? Critical to understanding this concept is the fact that, while black....

1. The Role of Exercise in Preventing Cardiovascular Disease in Men: A Comprehensive Examination

Introduction: Highlight the prevalence and impact of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among men and emphasize the role of exercise as a preventive measure.

Body:
Discuss the physiological mechanisms by which exercise improves cardiovascular health, including increased blood flow, improved blood pressure regulation, and enhanced lipid profiles.
Explore the specific types and intensities of exercise that are most effective in reducing CVD risk.
Review evidence from clinical trials and observational studies demonstrating the association between regular exercise and lower incidence of CVD events.

Conclusion: Summarize the key findings supporting the protective....