Acute Upper Respiratory Infection URI is a prevalent acute illness in the general population and outpatient setting that results in missed school or work days. The incidence of URI has been increasing globally. The WHO Statistics indicate 650,000 deaths related to URI and 18.8 billion incidences of URI globally with an estimated cost exceeding $22billion annually in the United States. The WHO report indicates the prevalence of deaths related to URI is high among the elderly and low-income economies which nearly all URI related deaths among under five years’ old children occurring in developing countries (World Health Organization, 2017).
Common cold medically referred to an upper respiratory infection (URI) is a viral infection of the upper respiratory tract. URI entails an infection of any of the parts of the upper respiratory tract that includes the throat, bronchi, nose, larynx, and pharynx. URI implies that air circulation along the trachea and around the…...

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References

Bashan, I., Bakman, M., Uysal, Y., & Mert, E. (2018). Regulation of Dietary Habits: The effect of losing weight on quality of life. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 34(5), 1253–1256.

Brent, M. (2019, January 23). 6 Factors That Influence Our Food Choices. Retrieved February 27, 2019, from https://www.leaf.tv/articles/6-factors-that-influence-our-food-choices/

European Food Information Council. (2006, June 06). The determinants of food choice. Retrieved February 27, 2019, from https://www.eufic.org/en/healthy-living/article/the-determinants-of-food-choice

Hawkes, C. (2013). Promoting healthy diets through nutrition education and changes in the food environment: an international review of actions and their effectiveness. Nutrition Education and Consumer Awareness Group, Rome: FAO. Available at: www. fao. org/ag/humannutrition/nutritioneducation/69725/en.

James, D. (2004). Factors Influencing Food Choices, Dietary Intake, and Nutrition-Related Attitudes among African Americans: Application of a Culturally Sensitive Model. Ethnicity and Health, 9(4), 349-367. https://doi.org/10.1080/1355785042000285375

Keane, A., & Willetts, A. (1994). Factors that affect food choice. Nutrition & Food Science, 94(4), 15-17.

MacDonald, C., Genat, B., Thorpe, S., & Browne, J. (2016). Establishing health-promoting workplaces in Aboriginal community organisations: healthy eating policies. Australian Journal of Primary Health, 22(3), 239–243. https://doi.org/10.1071/PY14144

National Research Council. (2010). Local government actions to prevent childhood obesity. National Academies Press.https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.345.15667

The worldwide outbreak of life threatening respiratory illness is called the severe acute respiratory syndrome. ith the epicenters of the syndrome being Hong Kong and Guangdong province in China, the illness has spread to more than 25 countries. However, infants and young children are not a special risk group for the syndrome. The characteristics of this syndrome include an incubation time of up to 10 days, prodromal signs such as fever, lower respiratory signs such as dry cough and a 9% case fatality rate. ith the treatment yet to be known, patients have been given various antibiotics that are active against known bacterial agents. To control the infection, standard, contact and airborne should be taken.

The number of children with mixed viral and bacterial respiratory tract infection could be up to 40%. Respiratory viruses cause a variety of respiratory illnesses in children. it's clinically difficult to differentiate between the causative agents.…...

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Work Cited:

Woensel, J.B., W.M. Aalderen, and J.L. Kimpen. "Viral Lower Respiratory Tract Infection in Infants and Young Children." BMJ Helping Doctors Make Better Decisions. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd., 5 July 2003. Web. 4 Mar. 2010. .

Acute Upper Respiratory Infection Introduction
An acute upper respiratory infection (URI) is also referred to as the common cold. It normally affects the nasal passages and throat. The upper respiratory tract consists of the nose, pharynx, throat, bronchi, and larynx. Treatment for acute URI is usually simple not unless one has a chronic respiratory condition like asthma. This is one of the most common illnesses that leads to more doctor visits and absenteeism from work and school than any other illness every year. During a one-year period, it is estimated that people in the United States will suffer one billion colds (Santee et al., 2016). Acute URI is mostly caused by a virus, however, there are others that might be caused by bacteria. The virus will inflame the membranes in the lining of the nose and throat. There are more than 200 different viruses that can cause colds. The virus that causes…...

In an article titled A Homeopathic Combination Preparation in the Treatment of Feverish Upper Respiratory Tract Infections: An International Randomized Controlled Trial, researchers attempted to discover if homeopathic intervention could help patients deal with an upper respiratory tract infection better than traditional, standard medicine. Researchers placed patients into a randomized controlled trial to see if either type of medicine outperformed the other. randomized controlled multinational clinical trial, patients (age range 1-65 years) with feverish URTI received either on-demand symptomatic standard treatment (ST group: paracetamol, ambroxol, and/or oxymetazoline), or homeopathic medication (IFC group: Influcid) for 7 days plus the same on-demand standard treatment (Thinesse-Mallwitz, Maydannik, Keller, & Klement, 2015, p. 163).
The standard treatment given to the non-homeopathic group consisted of three choices. They were: paracetamol, oxymetazoline, and/or ambroxol. The type of homeopathic medicine administered to the homeopathic group was influcid. The treatments lasted for 7 days or one week.

The way researchers…...

RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS 1Randomized Trials in EpidemiologyWei et al. (2017) conducted a randomized controlled trial to measure the effectiveness of an antimicrobial stewardship program. The program, which targeted caregivers and providers in China, sought to reduce inappropriate antibiotic prescribing for respiratory tract infections in children. The study was informed by the high rate of inappropriate antibiotic prescribing among pediatric patients in China. The study population was primary care hospitals in rural China. The researchers selected all 25 hospitals within Liujiang and Rong Counties in Guangxi Province, and randomly allocated 13 to the control group and 12 to the intervention group over a six-month intervention period. Hospitals in the intervention group received caregiver education on antibiotics prescribing, monthly peer-review meetings for physicians, as well as clinician training and guidelines on appropriate antibiotics prescribing. Conversely, those in the control group offered usual care, where clinicians prescribe antibiotics at their discretion.The study ran…...

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References

Curley, A. L. (Ed.). (2020). Population-Based Nursing: Concepts and Competencies for Advanced Practice (3rd ed.). Danvers, MA: Springer.

Goldstein, C. E., Weijer, C., Brehaut, J., Fergusson, D.A., Grimshaw, J., Horn, A. R., & Taljaard, M. (2018). Ethical Issues in Pragmatic Randomized Controlled Trials: A Review of the Recent Literature Identifies Gaps in Ethical Argumentation. BMC Medical Ethics, 14(1), org/10.1186/s12910-018-0253-x

Wei, X., Zhang, Z., Walley, J., Hicks, J., Zeng, J.,…& Lin, M. (2017). Effect of a Training and Educational Intervention for Physicians and Caregivers on Antibiotic Prescribing for Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Children at Primary Care Facilities in Rural China: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial. The Lancet, 5(12), 1258-67.

2008).. This points to the ethical responsibility of nurse educators -- it is not enough to treat the disease, bit one must treat the patient.
Failure to provide the proper level of education to a patient is certainly one way to fail them both ethically and medically, bit the opposite can also be true. That is, it is possible to provide too much care -- what is deemed "medically futile care" -- and this also raises very serious ethical issues in the realm of respiratory illnesses (Sibbald et al. 2007). This particular stuffy found that insufficient communication among the medical team was one of the primary causes for prolonging futile care, which often means increasing and/or prolonging a patient's discomfort without any reasonable expectation of an improvement in their condition (Sibbald et al. 2007).

The ethical choice here, of course, is to end care (with the consent of the patient and/or…...

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References

Efraimsson, E.; Hillverik, C. & Ehrenberg, A. (2008). "Effects of COPD self-care management education at a nurse-led primary health care clinic." Scandinavian journal of caring sciences, 22(2), 178-85.

Selecky, P.; Eliasson, A.; Hall, R.; Schneider, R.; Varkey, B. & McCaffree, D. (2005). "Palliative and end-of-life care for patients with cardiopulmonary diseases." Chest 128(5), pp. 3599-610.

shiao, J.; Koh, D.; Lo, L.; Lim, M. & Guo, Y. (2007). "Factors predicting nurses' consideration of leaving their job during the SARS outbreak." Nursing Ethics, 14(1), pp. 5-17.

Sibbald, R.; Downar, J. & Hawryluck, L. (2007). "Perceptions of 'futile care' among caregivers in intensive care units." Canadian medial association journal, 177(10), pp. 1201-8.

It has also been suggested that low-level viral replication associated with SV may be a driver in chronic inflammation in some sufferers of chronic lung disease, although this is so far uncertain (Openshaw, 2005). It is estimated that infants who develop a wheeze as a result of SV contraction develop a recurring wheeze in around two thirds of all cases. It is also estimated that around half of these children will develop some form of asthma (Lehtinen et al., 2007). It is unclear why there are some who experience delayed onset of SV, although both immune 'imprinting' and viral persistence have been implicated (Openshaw and Tregoning, 2005).

Diagnosis

The condition is diagnosed through rapid antigen-detection tests. It is difficult to diagnose SV in adults as the tests are insensitive in persons other than children, and practitioners rarely request tests for SV in adults. This means that it is difficult to differentiate between…...

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References

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2005) Respiratory Syncytial Virus. National Center for Infectious Diseases: Respiratory and Enteric Viruses Branch. Retrieved on November 11, 2007, at  http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/revb/respiratory/rsvfeat.htm .

Feltes, T.F. And Sondheimer, H.M. (2006) Palivizumab and the prevention of respiratory syncytial virus illness in pediatric patients with congenital heart disease. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 7(9): 1471-1480.

Flynn, J.D., Akers, W.S., Jones, M., Stevkovic, N., Waid, T., Mullett, T. And Jahania, S. (2004) Treatment of Respiratory Syncytial Virus pneumonia in a lung transplant recipient: Case report and review of literature. Pharmacotherapy. Retrieved on November 11, 2007, at  http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/482817?src=mp .

Health-Cares.net (2005) "How is RSV infection diagnosed?" Retrieved on November 11, 2007, at  http://respiratory-lung.health-cares.net/rsv-infection-diagnosis.php .

Anatomy and Physiology of the Immune System and espiratory System and Their Associated DisordersThe human body is comprised of multiple important systems that keep people alive, including the immune and respiratory systems. These two systems in particular have received a great deal of attention in recent years due to their vulnerability to infections by the Covid-19 virus (Iwasaki & Wong, 2021), but there are a host of other disorders that adversely affect these systems as well. The purpose of this paper is to provide a description of the immune and respiratory systems and the respective physiologies of these two systems. In addition, the paper presents a description of the physiology of these two systems and some of the most common disorders that are associated with them, is followed by an integrative discussion concerning how these systems interact with each other and how they are dependent on each other for proper…...

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ReferencesFusina, F., Albani, F., Crisci, S., Morandi, A., Tansini, F., Beschi, R., Rosano, A., & Natalini, G. (2022). Respiratory system compliance at the same PEEP level is similar in COVID and non-COVID ARDS. Respiratory Research, 23(1), 1–8.Hawkins, C. (2018). Asthma, Cystic Fibrosis, and Other Respiratory Disorders. National Highlights Inc.Immune system. (2022). U.S. National Institute of Health. Retrieved from hiv.gov/.Iwasaki, A., & Wong, P. (2021). The Immune Havoc of COVID-19. Scientific American, 324(1), 34–41.López Plaza, B., & Bermejo López, L. M. (2017). Nutrition and immune system disorders. Nutricion Hospitalaria, 34(Suppl 4), 68–71.McRobbie, H., & Kwan, B. (2021). Tobacco use disorder and the lungs. Addiction, 116(9), 2559–2571.Organs of the immune system. (2022). U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved from  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279395/ .Pettiford, R. (2020). The Respiratory System. Bellwether Media.The Respiratory System. (1997). Monkeyshines on Health & Science, 24–26Robles, T. F. (2021). Annual Research Review: Social relationships and the immune system during development. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 62(5), 539–559. https://doi-Sherman, R. (2018). Allergies and Other Immune System Disorders. National Highlights Inc.Valliant, A. A., Sabir, S. & Jan, A. (2021, September 28). Physiology, immune response. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022.https://clinicalinfo.

Failure to implement infection control precautions can lead to potential complications that include the spread of infection to otherwise healthy individuals within the ward or facility where the infection occurs and even out into the community through visitors who become infected (Banach, Bearman, Morgan & Munoz-Price, 2015). Thus, complications that arise from infection spreading may not be confined to the hospital or facility where they occur but can easily become an issue that impacts the outside world as well. Examples abound, whether they are influenza related, SARS-related, and so on. Communities can suffer significantly when even the simplest infection control precautions are not followed by nurses in health care facilities.
Another potential complication can be resource-related, as infection spreading can lead to a drain on resources as procedures are put in place to stem the spread and deal with contamination, quarantine and clean-up (Koutlakis-Barron & Hayden, 2016; Revolinski, Huang & Gibble,…...

new respiratory drugs that have been approved for medical use over the past decade. The paper will highlight the diagnoses of the drugs i.e. when and why it is prescribed, how it is meant to be used and how often, its side effects, the impact for a missed dose or an overdose along with any other relevant information that will add depth to it appropriate use.
The main purpose for the respiratory drugs is to help cure the ailments directly or indirectly related to the functioning of lungs or general breathing of an individual. There are numerous sectors where studies on new respiratory drugs can be carried out and some of the most recent studies to include this particular aspect include allergies, asthma attacks, Acute espiratory Distress Syndrome (ADS), pneumonia and sinus infections.

In this paper we will focus on the following new respiratory drugs: Arcapta, Daliresp, Dulera, Tyvaso, Alvesco, Brovana…...

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References

Beeh, K.M., Derom, E., Kanniess, F., Cameron, R., Higgins, M., van As, A. (2007). "Indacaterol, a novel inhaled beta2-agonist, provides sustained 24-h bronchodilation in asthma." Eur. Respir. J. 29 (5): 871 -- 8.

Cerner Multum, Inc., (2010). Dulera Inhaler. Accessed 02-02-12 from:  http://www.drugs.com/dulera.html 

Cerner Multum, Inc., (2010a). Tyvaso. Accessed 02-02-12 from:  http://www.drugs.com/tyvaso.html 

Cerner Multum, Inc., (2010b). Alvesco. Accessed 02-02-12 from:  http://www.drugs.com/alvesco.html

Virological tests indicated that in all (64.6%) or 558 of 864 URI specimens were positive for viruses. Results from the tests showed that Adenovirus and rhinovirus were the most common viruses associated with URI. However, the results further revealed that coronavirus, RSV and adenovirus were the three most commonly associated virus types in URI complicating AOM. This result is in concurrence with previous studies by Henderson et al., Heikkinen et.al etc. Adenovirus was responsible for almost 23.6% of AOM, while RSV was implicated in 15.8% of the cases of Otitis media. The high rates of these two viruses and their association with AOM incidence offers new implications for treatment of URI in children. The Overall results from this study indicate that over 61% of the URI is OM complicating with 37% AOM and 24% OME respectively. OM complication was manifest in 50% of children with URI by adenovirus, coronovirus and…...

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Bibliography

1) Tasnee Chonmaitree, M.D., Krystal Revai & James J. Grady et.al (2008), 'Viral Upper respiratory tract infection and Otitis Media complication in Young Children'  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2744371/

Fortunately, there are tests that can be conducted to help determine whether an infant has IRDS so that treatment can begin. These tests include an analysis of the blood gases, x-rays of the chest, studies of lung function, and blood cultures to rule out other issues, such as sepsis and infection, that may also cause respiratory distress in infants, especially if they are premature (www.nlm.nih.gov,2004).
As for treatment for IRDS, premature and other high-risk infants require a very prompt treatment by pediatric resuscitation teams. High humidity and oxygen concentrations are the first thing given to an infant suffering from IRDS. Those that have only mild symptoms are simply given supplemental oxygen. Those that have much more severe symptoms are placed on a ventilator, not only to ensure that they receive enough oxygen, but also to provide enough pressure to keep their lungs inflated. Sometimes, a lung surfactant made from an…...

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Bibliography www.infoplease.com.(2004). Infoplease Encyclopedia. Infant respiratory distress syndrome. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th Ed. Columbia University Press. Pearson Education. Retrieved 24 January 2005 at   www.nlm.nih.gov.(2004). Medical Encyclopedia: Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in infants. Medline Plus. Retrieved 24 January 2005 at  http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/print/ency/article/001563.htmhttp://www.infoplease.com/ce6/sci/A0907204.html 

After 10 days, when pharyngeal infection becomes more acute, patients have an increased risk for myocarditis and peripheral neuritis. These can result in circulatory loss and loss of motor functions in the peripheral organs. Diphtherial infection should be immediately treated and even suspected cases should be treated on a prophylactic basis since the infection has a high mortality rate. Airway management is critical for patients presenting with respiratory complications. Intubation is essential in cases where the laryngeal membrane growth affects normal breathing process. Failure to secure airway passage is one of the main causes of death due to diphtheria. . [Allysia & Mark, 2009]
Firstline medication involves antibiotic treatment with penicillin or erythromycin to control bacterial growth and the use of antipyretics to control temperature. . Concurrent intravenous treatment with Diphtheria antitoxin is also critical to check the spread of the toxin and control further tissue damage. Patients manifesting respiratory…...

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Bibliography

1) Allysia M. Guy & Mark a Silverberg, (Oct 2009), 'Diphtheria', Accessed March 7th 2010, available at,  http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/782051-overview

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Description of the communicable disease

Infection by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) has become a global epidemic. It causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). The major causal sources of this communicable disease are through semen, blood, breast milk of infected mothers, and vaginal fluid. In addition, the virus can be found in sweat, saliva, and also tears; however, in the latter cases, generally not in sufficient amounts to cause spreading of the virus to another individual. The main common means of being infected with HIV are through having unprotected sex and through sharing of needles. HIV may be transferred through unprotected heterosexual or homosexual anal, vaginal, and perhaps oral sex. Even though the risk of infection is minimal with oral sex, there remains the same imperative to use protection such as a condom in the course of oral sex. Due to new treatments, the risk of spreading…...

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References

Aids.gov. (2015). Global HIV / AIDS Organizations. Retrieved 19 May 2014 from:  https://www.aids.gov/federal-resources/around-the-world/global-hiv-aids-organizations/ 

Body and Health Canada. (2015). HIV / AIDS. Retrieved 19 May 2014 from:  http://bodyandhealth.canada.com/channel_condition_info_details.asp?channel_id=1020&relation_id=70907&disease_id=1&page_no=2 

Cabieses Valdes, B.B. (2011). The living conditions and health status of international immigrants in Chile: Comparisons among international immigrants, and between them and the Chilean-born.

CDC. (2012). CDC Global Health Strategy 2012 -- 2015. Retrieved 19 May 2014 from:  http://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/strategy/pdf/CDC-GlobalHealthStrategy.pdf

Caglar S; Yildiz S; Savaser S. (2010). Observation results of hand-washing by health-care workers in a neonatal intensive care unit. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 16(2), 132-137.
In this article the authors wanted to determine whether healthcare professionals were washing their hands and if they were doing so effectively. The researchers observed 344 incidents in which hand washing was warranted and found that nurses were 63% compliant and physicians were 53% compliant. However, when it came to making sure that the job was done thoroughly, physicians were able to do a better job than nurses at a 24% to 13% rate of success. Since hand washing has been proven to be the most effective and simplest method for preventing infection, it is imperative that healthcare professionals perform it as often as needed and thoroughly.

amos M.M., Schrader, ., Trujillo, ., Blea, M., & Greenberg, C. (2011). School nurse inspections improve hand-washing…...

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Researchers are trying different techniques to increase the incidence of compliance with hand washing guidelines and in this study they used social pressure. Initially, compliance with hand washing regulations was deemed to be significantly below expected standard within the nursing staff. To hopefully combat this, researchers told the staff that they were going to weigh the soap dispenser bags to see if people were actually using them or not. The object of the study was to determine if this type of pressure would induce the staff into better compliance with hand washing regulations. The researchers found that this type of behavioral technique is very effective.

15. Parish, C. (2008). Patient campaigner calls for TV cameras to check hand-washing. Nursing Standard, 22(38), 6.

The author of the article looked at the compliance records of staff and whether patients and visitors used infection controls. The campaigner, Roger Goss, said that because MRSA and other similar healthcare-acquired infections were becoming more dangerous that staff and visitors needed to be monitored more closely to prevent spread. The man advocated that close-circuit televisions be used to determine compliance with regulations, and he encouraged staff to be fired and visitors not welcomed if they did not comply. The warning here to nurses is that people are watching whether they wash their hands properly, and they are ready to have them terminated if they do not.

To begin writing an essay about upper respiratory tract infections, you want to think about the approach you want to take.  Do you want to describe upper respiratory tract infections, discuss causes of these infections, focus on symptoms, or look at different treatment methods?  Perhaps you want to do a combination of those things and write a comprehensive essay on the topic.  Next, you want to consider your audience.  Are you writing a generic essay for a lower-level course in a non-scientific discipline or is your essay for an audience that is....

Thesis Statement: Breastfeeding offers substantial benefits for both mothers and infants, promoting optimal health outcomes and fostering a unique bond between them. Its advantages range from providing essential nutrients to reducing the risk of diseases and enhancing cognitive development in infants, while also providing health benefits and convenience for mothers.

Introduction:

The practice of breastfeeding has been recognized as a fundamental aspect of parenting, providing infants with the optimal nutrition they need to thrive. This thesis delves into the multitude of benefits breastfeeding offers to both mothers and their infants, highlighting the positive impact it can have on health, development, and emotional....

Social Determinants of Health and Indigenous Peoples in Canada
Social determinants of health are the conditions in which people are born, live, learn, work, and age. They have a profound impact on health and well-being, and Indigenous peoples in Canada have historically faced significant challenges in accessing these essential resources.
Income and Poverty
Indigenous peoples in Canada have consistently experienced lower incomes and higher rates of poverty than non-Indigenous Canadians. This is due to a number of factors, including historical discrimination, barriers to education and employment, and the lack of adequate affordable housing. Poverty has a direct impact on health, as it can....

The Profound Significance of Handwashing: A Cornerstone of Personal Hygiene and Public Health

Handwashing, an indispensable component of personal hygiene, holds profound implications for both individual well-being and public health. The simple act of cleansing hands with soap and water serves as a potent defense against a myriad of harmful microorganisms, thereby preventing the spread of infections and safeguarding the health of communities worldwide.

Handwashing: A Barrier against Microbial Invasion

Pathogenic microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi, lurk on surfaces we touch and in the air we breathe. These microscopic adversaries can enter our bodies through various portals, such as the mouth,....