pilot study. The participants will be self-selected from among existing patients of a free clinic who meet specific criteria. The participants will be invited to attend a diabetes self-management course that is offered free of charge a local clinic. Once the self-selected individuals arrived at the clinic, there are additional selection criteria. The participants will be selected for having hemoglobin A1Cs greater than 10.0, for having Type 2 diabetes, and all of the participants were already patients at the free clinic. The information gathered will be used for a retrospective chart review to compare hemoglobin A1Cs against those that did not participate in the classes.
The initial hemoglobin A1C was drawn at the patient's visit and instigated the referral of the patient to the program. The hemoglobin A1Cs will be redrawn at the patient's next visit, which is typically every 3 months for uncontrolled diabetes. A group that has its…...
Low, Stanton, Bower & Gyllenhammer (2010)
Strengths:
All women at Stave IV breast cancer, allows to moderate for stage level differences in psychological processing
andom assignment to experimental group
Control group also writes, just not expressively and about emotions
Based on social constraint theory
Used standardized scales for measuring depression and somatic symptoms
Took into account time since diagnosis
Weaknesses:
Short and infrequent writing (4 x 20 minute intervals over a period of 3 weeks)
Moderating variables (perceived emotional support; time since diagnosis) do not seem related to the writing
Perceived emotional support treated as an ancillary variable in the design, and yet was a defining feature of the hypothesis (weak internal validity)
Women received $80 for participating, which would have influenced the decision to participate
The participants had already been proactive in their psychological recovery
Homogenous experimental group.
Narrative:
The researchers hypothesized that especially among women who receive low emotional support and who were more recently diagnosed, the writing would reveal distinct improvements. However,…...
mlaReferences
Henry, R.A., et al. (2010). The feasibility and effectiveness of expressive writing for rural and urban breast cancer survivors. Oncology Nursing Forum 37(6).
Low, C.A., Stanton, A.L., Bower, J.E. & Gyllenhammer, L. (2010). A randomized controlled trial of emotionally expressive writing for women with metastatic breast cancer. Health Psychology 29(4): 460-466.
Eveland's research design is quasi-experimental. he sample populations for the experiment are not randomly selected. here is structure to the experiment with more than one form of measurement during the research process. Quasi-experimental design includes multiple groups and multiple waves of measurement. While there were not a significant number of groups in the experiment, there was more than one. At more than one point in the experiment, measurements were taken.
According to researchers such as rochim, there are a few different types of research design. A randomized experiment is just that -- it is a random assignment which is different from random selection. Random assignment is a way in which comparison in experiments may be better facilitated because it helps create similar groups within the experiment population. If there are any differences among the population it is because of chance and not because of some kind of manipulation or premeditation…...
mlaThe Federal Human Subjects Protection rules are in place to ensure that human subjects for research are protected from exploitation and unreasonable danger or harm in various forms. These rules have been in place in American society for not very long -- approximately three decades. It makes one wonder what researchers were able to get away with respect to their subjects before these rules were in place. It makes one wonder as well what kind of reception these rules had in the world of research. The rules set up clear boundaries between research and practiced medicine. The rules define or provide a sort of cost-benefit analysis with regard to using human test subjects as a part of research.
Furthermore these federal rules provide clearcut guidelines in the selection process of research or experimentation involving human subjects. Finally, the rules make clear that there must be informed consent of the human subjects regarding the nature of the research settings. These rules were influenced by a document called the Belmont Report that was published shortly before the Federal Human Subjects Protection rules were established. The overall intention of the rules and the commission that governs or oversees these kinds of issues within behavioral research, is to make sure that the use of human subjects in research is appropriately justified, that human subjects are treated ethically, and that there are clear standards by which researchers are held accountable.
I think the primary way for this case to be improved would be to attempt to repeat it in the 21st century, as this world is much more heavily mediated than when the experiment was originally conducted. A comparative study would make the older study useful and valid as well as have established a sort of history between then (1988) and now regarding people and technology. This subject has attracted a great deal more attention and research since Eveland's original experiment and a comparative, modern study will likely demonstrate the validity of a number of Eveland's ideas and techniques.
"
Stake (1999, p. 8) said that "the real business of case study is particularization, not generalization." A particular case is fully examined and understood for what it is and how it operates. Its uniqueness is emphasized. However, the case study methodology does not delve into how a case is similar or different from other cases. Understanding the case itself is the primary emphasis of the case study methodology. In this light, the research studies using the case study methodology is not sampling research as a case is studied primarily to understand the one case and not to understand other cases (Stake, 1999).
The six sources of evidence in case studies, which have been identified by Stake and Yin (as cited in Tellis, 1997), are documents, archival records, interviews, direct observation, participant-observation, and physical artifacts.
In the case study methodology, documents such as letters, newspaper articles, administrative documents and all other documents pertinent…...
mlaReferences
Green, J., Camilli, G., Elmore, P., Skukauskaite, A., American Educational Research Association, & Grace, E. (2006). Handbook of Complementary Methods in Education Research. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Heck, R.H. (2004). Studying Educational and Social Policy: Theoretical Concepts and Research Methods. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Stake, R.E. (1999). The Art of Case Study Research. Thousand Oaks: Sage
Tellis, W. (1997, July). Introduction to case study [68 paragraphs]. The Qualitative Report [Online serial], 3(2). Retrieved June 16, 2009, from http://www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/QR3-2/tellis1.html
Essentially, this is the concept that data should be collected from different sources in order to help show the same conclusion will be met from different data collection sources. As such, the participants will be asked to bring with them any data they provide in terms of documentation of insider threats, their own notes and strategies to combat those threats, and finalized security briefings that are available for this research review and utilize within the data collection process. t is well-known that some of the data desired here will be too sensitive to actually be used, however, there is a wide enough breadth of options that will allow participants to bring some form of alternative data that can be used to help measure the reliability and validity of the data collected from the interview process.
After data collection, data analysis. After each and every interview, the researcher will focus on…...
mlaIn order to ensure reliability and validity, the research is also going to use elements of methodological triangulation. Essentially, this is the concept that data should be collected from different sources in order to help show the same conclusion will be met from different data collection sources. As such, the participants will be asked to bring with them any data they provide in terms of documentation of insider threats, their own notes and strategies to combat those threats, and finalized security briefings that are available for this research review and utilize within the data collection process. It is well-known that some of the data desired here will be too sensitive to actually be used, however, there is a wide enough breadth of options that will allow participants to bring some form of alternative data that can be used to help measure the reliability and validity of the data collected from the interview process.
After data collection, data analysis. After each and every interview, the researcher will focus on coding and categorizing the bulk of the interview content by utilizing a number of field notes that were presented by Groenewald (2004) and outlined in Shank (2006). There are four layers of field notes that can be taken during the process of the interviews and directly after that will help with this process. First there are observational notes, which focus on the observation of the interview and the contents seen within it. Then there are theoretical notes, where the researcher begins to pull out certain theoretical elements found within the interview content. Third comes methodological notes, which are typically written either before or during the interview process and can help future interviews in terms of reminding the interviewer to do certain things at certain times. Finally, there are analytical notes which are typically written right after the interview had taken place. These are some of the more portal notes for the later coding categorizing particular themes. Abstract summaries of all the interviews are needed in order to be able to categorize them by particular themes. Summaries will also be written for each of the documents the participants supply to augment the interviewing process.
Once field notes are thoroughly taken down and organized, the researcher will then set out to pull out certain codes that can be placed into categories. Several categories from each interview will be pulled out based on the frequency of particular words, digression of topics, and overall tone of the participant during the interview. Summaries will help categorize interview content and documents provided based on certain codes. The ones that are most frequent among a number of different interviews can then be used to make assumptions regarding the nature of insider threats and what should be considered as warnings before they actually are able to cause damage on a cloud computing platform.
Scientific Research Design: What are the effects of human resources outsourcing on leadership performance and employee commitment?
There is speculation that an outsourced human resources (HR) department will have a negative impact on a company's performance. Furthermore, the researcher believes that this impact will be more significant in larger companies. To test this hypothesis, the researcher will perform case studies of two companies, a large one and a small one, that have recently transitioned from outsourced HR to in-house HR. The goal of the research will be to ascertain how HR impacts leadership performance and employee commitment.
utsourcing of functions that have traditionally been done in-house is one of the most significant changes to impact modern business. In many ways, outsourcing provides opportunities for organizations to increase their functionality and decrease their costs. However, it is critical to recognize that outsourcing can have negative consequences for a business, and that these negative…...
mlaOne of the problems that firms encounter when trying to make decisions about outsourcing is that there is secrecy about the impact of outsourcing on other firms. Wong et al. have discussed this matter and suggest that increasing transparency and communication between different businesses will have a positive impact on the efficacy of outsourced work. They believe that outsourcing partners can learn from one another. For example, if a firm decides to use an outsourcing organization for its HR practices, it would be most effective for the firm to engage in open communication with that organization. However, industry concerns create barriers to open, trusting, and integrative communication. The goals of the hiring firm and the outsourcing agency should be cooperative, rather than competitive or independent. When the organizations have cooperative goals, they are more likely to engage in effective practices that encourage business development (Wong et al., 2010).
Part 1: Theoretical framework
In order to investigate the relationship between outsourcing human resource functions, leadership performance, and employee commitment, this study will look at whether the size of the organization has an influence on how outsourcing HR functions impacts either leadership performance or employee commitment. One of the difficulties presented by this type of research is determining how to define measure and assess the concepts in the paper. The first concept examined in the paper is the concept of outsourcing. Outsourcing refers to the removal of any function of
By performing a test aimed at determining the statistical significance of the coefficients.
EG - on page 612, the author's direct explanation of her findings is.
Before you explain what is meant by these coefficients, please explain what is a "direct explanation." I thought all explanations are direct.
Without considering the mediation variables.
5.4c. On page 609, the author states that she included variables because she needed to control their effects. In this context, what does the author mean by "control?"
Control means testing the effects of certain variables or lack of those variables on the overall equation or experiment.
5.4d. On page 609, the author begins and continues on subsequent pages explaining mediator effects. What are mediating variables? What is an analysis using mediating variables?
In a given research study, a mediating variable is a factor that is presumed to form or act as an intervening link between two or more variables that have been determined…...
mlaReferences
Baron, R.M. And Kenny, D.A. (1986) "The Moderator-Mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Research -- Conceptual, Strategic, and Statistical Considerations," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 51(6), pp. 1173 -- 1182.
Bello, Daniel & Williamson, Nicholas (1985, Fall). The American Export Trading Company: Designing a New International Marketing Institution. Journal of Marketing, 49(4). 60-69.
Hise, Richard T; Gable, Myron; Kelly, J. Patrick; and McDonald, James B (1983, Summer). Factors Affecting the Performance of Individual Chain Store Units: An Empirical Analysis. Journal of Retailing, 59(2). 22-39
Koch, G.G. And Tangen, C.M. [1999]. Nonparametric analysis of covariance and its role in noninferiority clinical trials. Drug Information Journal
For example, patients with weakened immune symptoms might be more likely to catch such an infection. To minimize the risk of other patient variables interfering with the data, the nurses whose hand-washing methods would be subject to study would be chosen from the wider sampling at random, with the controls upon the extreme cases cited above. The nurses would be identified as frequent or low-frequency hand-washers, depending on how much or how often they washed their hands during patient treatment, after, and before. The number of nosocomial infections in the patients they cared for would likewise be tracked, and thus extent to which frequent hand-washing could prevent the spread of infectious agents that give rise to such antibiotic-resistant complaints would be discerned by tracking the correlation between infection and amount of hand-washing used by the nurse.
The advantage of using a video observance and tracking methodology to obtain the random…...
mlaWorks Cited
Abedon, Stephen. (5 Sept 1998). "Nosocomial infections." Retrieved 26 Jan 2008 at http://mansfield.osu.edu/~sabedon/biol2053.htm
American Nurses Association: Code of ethics." (2008). ANA. Retrieved 26 Jan 2008 at http://www.med.howard.edu/ethics/handouts/american_nurses_association_code.ht
Lane, David. (2007). "Random sampling." HyperStat. Retrieved 26 Jan 2008 at http://davidmlane.com/hyperstat/A35563.html
Mori, Ipos. (2004). "Quantitative research." Retrieved 26 Jan 2008 at http://www.ipsos-mori.com/quantitative
Emotions
Quantitative esearch Design
In order to design a quantitative research project it is necessary to identify the necessary components of a quantitative design. Quantitative design requires proving hypotheses based on numerical and statistical analysis. The formulation of these designs must adhere to certain mathematical principles making them valuable in some aspects of the research. Quantitative research requires that the populations being sampled are random and adhere to scientific inductive reasoning principles.
The general area of research for my topic of emotional issues within student/teacher relationships places a unique challenge on a quantitative design formulation. Emotions are inherently abstract and provide a certain amount of gray area discussion to truly understand how this abstract idea impact education and science in general. To formulate a quantitative design research project that can be associated with this project requires a certain approach to the topic that can identify certain and true mathematical relationships between arguments.
Hypothesis:…...
mlaReferences
Bogdan, R.C., & Biklen, S.K. (1998). Qualitative research in education. An introduction to theory and methods. Allyn & Bacon, A Viacom Company, 160 Gould St., Needham Heights, MA 02194; Internet: www. abacon. com.
Durlak, J.A., Weissberg, R.P., Dymnicki, A.B., Taylor, R.D., & Schellinger, K.B. (2011). The impact of enhancing students' social and emotional learning: A meta-analysis of school-based universal interventions. Child development,82(1), 405-432.
Greenberg, M.T., Weissberg, R.P., O'Brien, M.U., Zins, J.E., Fredericks, L., Resnik, H., & Elias, M.J. (2003). Enhancing school-based prevention and youth development through coordinated social, emotional, and academic learning. American psychologist, 58(6-7), 466.
Joy, M. (2007). Research methods in education (No. 10). Innovation Way, York Science Park, Heslington, York YO10 5BR: The Higher Education Academy.
alcohol and breast cancer?
Identify an appropriate research design
The fitting research design selected for this research question is the cohort design.
Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the design
One of the strengths of the design is that enables the researcher to calculate the incidence of the disease being studied in exposure groups. In addition, the design enables the researcher to know the temporal series between exposure and consequence. One of the downsides of this research design is that it can be very costly and time consuming. Another downside is that it might necessitate the researcher to follow the state of several numbers of participants for a lengthy period of time. One other downside of the design is that it may be hard to ascertain a fitting exposed cohort and a fitting comparison group.
Provide a rationale for the design you selected
The rationale for this chosen design is that it is more often…...
mlaReferences
Anastas, J. W. (1999). Research Design for Social Work and the Human Services. Flexible Methods: Case Study Design. 2nd ed. New York: Columbia University Press.
Denzin, N. K., Lincoln, Y. S. (1994). Observational Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Healy, P., Devane, D. (2011). Methodological Considerations in Cohort Study Designs. Nurse Researcher, 18 (2011).
Victims ights Movement
Write one or two key questions followed by five to seven subquestions for the qualitative analysis.
Key Question:
What is the success rate of performance evaluation systems operational in international IT companies?
Sub-Questions:
Does the rating setup enhance employee performance over a period of years, like over a three-year period?
Does the appraisal routine encourage/discourage the employees to leave/stay with the company, is the percentage of staying or leaving affected by the rating system?
To what extent is an appraisal manager qualified in conducting performance reviews?
Does any rating system effectively capture employee productivity and is the current bell-curve system, the best approach?
What are the differences between a performance evaluation system and the employee satisfaction survey that is conducted later by the company?
Are there any detectable and clear differences between companies that apply the traditional bell curve approach and those that opt for more unconventional methods?
Answer Part 2("Central research Questions," n.d)
Central Question:
Is cohesion and…...
mlaReferences
"Central Research Questions" (n.d). Retrieved from research-questions/http://www.hecc.ubc.ca/cerc/centra
Creswell, John. W (2014). "Research Design -- Qualitative, Quantitative and mixed methods
Approaches," SAGE Publications 2014.
Lee, Y. J., & Greene, J. (2007). "The predictive validity of an ESL placement test: A mixed methods approach." Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1(4), 366-389.
emembering the 1960s
Qualitative esearch Design: emembering the 1960s
…the qualitative researcher often is the instrument, relying on his or her skills to receive information in natural contexts and uncover its meaning by descriptive, exploratory, or explanatory procedures. (Sage Pub, 2012,-Page 345)
Produce & explain a research design.
The 1960s are a truly significant decade in modern world history. During this time, there was a prevalence of open-mindedness, expression, experimentation, cultural flourishing, and cultural struggles. It was a notable decade with respect to a plethora of categories such as politics, economics, foreign policy, international relations, music, film, art, literature, and more. The 1960s are also known as a decade of in depth cultural integration, especially in countries such as the United States of America. Whatever the cause, the 1960s are known as a decade with a prevalence for activism. It was a moment in history when many groups with diverse interests around the…...
mlaReferences:
Creswell, PhD, J.W., & Piano Clark, V.L. (2010) Principles of Qualitative Research: Designing a Qualitative Study. Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research. Office of Qualitative & Mixed Methods Research, University of Nebraska, Lincoln.
Mor., Y. (2011). Design Narratives: An Intuitive Scientific Form for Capturing Design Knowledge In Education. Learning in the Technological Era 6th Chais Conference, Open University, Israel, 57 -- 63.
Polkinghorne, D.E. (2007). Validity Issues in Narrative Research. Qualitative Inquiry, 10(10), 1 -- 16.
Sage Publications. (2012). Chapter 12 -- Qualitative Data, Analysis, And Design. Web, Available from: www.sagepub.com/upm-data/43144_12.pdf. 2012 November 03.
Internal validity of any research design refers to the design's ability to make causal inferences from the data collected and the results of the study (Shadish, Cook, & Campbell, 2002). The research designs that offer the highest levels of internal validity are true experiments where the participants are randomly assigned to the conditions in the study. Quasi-experimental designs attempt to improve on the poor internal validity of correlational designs by allowing the researcher to control the assignment of participants to the treatment condition such as using some type of eligibility criteria, but due to the nature of the study the researcher cannot use random assignment. Most quasi-experimental designs are performed with intact groups that cannot be the subject of any random assignment (Shadish et al., 2002).
Metheny, Davis-Jackson, and Stewart (2010) performed a two-group quasi-experimental design to determine the effectiveness of an Aspiration isk eduction Protocol (AP) in critically ill, mechanically…...
mlaReferences
Metheny, N.A., Davis-Jackson, J., & Stewart, B.J. (2010). Effectiveness of an aspiration risk reduction protocol. Nursing Research, 59(1), 18-25.
Shadish, W., Cook, T., & Campbell, D. (2002). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for generalized causal inference. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
One of the most important preliminary considerations before commencing a research study is the identification and selection of a suitable research design strategy. Research design is a term that refers to plans and procedures for the study ranging from broad assumptions to details regarding data collection and analysis processes (Creswell, 2014). Choosing a research design strategy is vital before commencing the study because it helps in ensuring that evidence is gathered to effectively deal with the research issue in a logical manner. In essence, a research design strategy is an overall plan for integrating different components of the research in a logical and coherent manner. Without a suitable research design, it is highly likely that the research will not address the research problem effectively. In light of the problem described in Module 1, the purpose of this applied research study is to examine measures for promoting creative deviance among workers with…...
mlaReferences
Crewell, J.W. (2014). Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.The Office of Research Integrity. (n.d.). Module 2: Research Design – Section 1: Descriptive Studies. Retrieved from U.S. Department of Health & Human Services website: https://ori.hhs.gov/content/module-2-research-design-section-1#descriptive-studies
Counterintelligence issues within the U.S.
Research Design and Methods Section
There is no standard ethical framework in counterintelligence, which presents a problem because of the risk of subjective or questionable morality seeping into counterintelligence activities (Valentine 2016). To understand the problem, this research design is qualitative because the subject is exploratory in nature. The aim of the research is to explore by way of comparative case study analysis the counterintelligence program under James Jesus Angleton, including the literature of the past and present. Scholarly articles, Senate reports, memoirs, independent research, biographies, and analysis will serve as the sources of information. Data will be analyzed using content analysis, with themes drawn from the literature and arranged and organized to give a clearer understanding of how ethics might be better utilized to guide the integration of the counterintelligence enterprise with the private sector in the 21st century. Concepts of ethics will be operationalized by…...
mlaBibliography
Creswell, J. and J. Creswell, J. (2018). Research design. SAGE.George, Alexander L. and Andrew Bennett. 2004. Case Studies and Theory Development in the Social Sciences. MIT Press.Johnston, C. M., Wallis, M., Oprescu, F. I., & Gray, M. 2017. “Methodological Considerations Related to Nurse Researchers Using Their Own Experience of a Phenomenon Within Phenomenology.” Journal of Advanced Nursing 73 (3): 574-584.Lang, T. and D. Altman, D. 2016. “Statistical Analyses and Methods in the Published Literature: The SAMPL Guidelines.” Medical Writing 25: 31-36.Marshall, M. N. 1996. “Sampling for Qualitative Research.” Family Practice 13 (6): 522-526.Morley, Jefferson. 2017. The Ghost: The Secret Life of CIA Spymaster James Jesus Angleton. St. Martin\\'s Press.Palinkas, L. A., S. M. Horwitz, C. A. Green, J. P. Wisdom, N. Duan, and K. Hoagwood,2015. “Purposeful Sampling for Qualitative Data Collection and Analysis in Mixed Method Implementation Research.” Administration and policy in mental health and mental health services research 42 (5): 533-544.
The social sciences refer to any academic discipline that deals with human behavior. The fields that generally fall under this rubric include economics, anthropology, psychology, sociology, political science, historiography, as well as certain types of culture-specific studies. Mixed method research refers to a research methodology that mixes traditional quantitative and qualitative research designs and discussing both types of evidence or data while considering the takeaways or conclusions of the research.
Some topics for mixed method research in social sciences are:
Yes, we are often too quick to assume that the most recent evidence is inevitably the strongest. Our tendency to prioritize recent evidence is influenced by the availability bias, which is a cognitive bias that gives greater weight to information that is readily available in our memory or immediate surroundings. As a result, we often assume that recent evidence is more reliable and accurate.
However, the strength of evidence should not solely depend on its recency. It is crucial to consider various factors in evaluating the strength of evidence, such as:
1. Research design: The rigor and methodology of the study should....
Sure! I can certainly help you with creating a research proposal and outline for your college paper on educational reform. Here is an example of how you can structure your proposal and outline, including proper spacing:
Research Proposal:
Title: Examining the Effectiveness of Educational Reform Initiatives in Enhancing Student Achievement
I. Introduction
A. Background and Context
B. Problem Statement
C. Research Questions
D. Significance of the Study
II. Literature Review
A. Overview of Educational Reform
B. Key Concepts and Theories
C. Previous Studies and Findings
III. Methodology
A. Research Design
B. Data Collection Methods
C. Sample Selection
D. Data Analysis Techniques
IV. Expected Results
A. Hypotheses
....
Sure! Here is a sample research proposal and outline for a college paper on educational reform:
Research Proposal: Exploring the Impact of Educational Reform on Student Achievement and Equity
I. Introduction
A. Background of the study
1. Briefly discuss the current state of the education system
2. Highlight the need for educational reform
B. Problem statement
1. Identify the key problems within the system that require reform
2. Discuss the negative consequences of these problems on student achievement and equity
C. Research question
- How does educational reform impact student achievement and promote equity in the education system?
D. Objectives
1. Investigate....
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