There are some factors which have an impact on the diagnosis and treatment of the reproductive disorders.one of these factors is genetics. This is because some of the problems of infertility can be attributed to genes. For instance if a family member is infertile then it might mean that this infertility is genetic. Therefore the knowledge of a patient's family background can be very useful when it comes to the diagnosis of infertility. If there is a case of an infertile person within the family of a patient then the patient can be easily diagnosed with infertility. With this knowledge then it can be very easy for treatment of infertility to begin. This is because the diagnosis can be very early hence treatment begins immediately. This means that genetics plays an important role when it comes to the diagnosis and treatment of infertility in both men and women.
Conclusion

Advanced practice…...

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References

Zimmermann, K.A.(2013). Reproductive System: Facts, Functions and Diseases. Retrieved July 30,2013 from  http://www.livescience.com/26741-reproductive-system.html 

WebMD, LLC.(2013). Understanding Infertility -- Symptoms. Retrieved July 30,2013 from  http://www.webmd.com/infertility-and-reproduction/guide/understanding-infertility-symptoms

These follicles gradually grow with the resultant release of oestrogen into the blood stream. At around the 10th day one of the follicles becomes distinctly larger than the others. This large follicle is known as the dominant follicle. The other follicle stop growing and become atretic and eventually die out. Oestrogen realeased by the follicle acts on the uterine endometrium making it to proliferate. This signifies the start of the uterine cycle. The dominant follicle reaches 18-20mm in size and ruptures on the 14th -- 16th day of the menstrual cycle. This process is known as ovulation and its signals the end of the follicular phase and the beginning of the luteal phase.
The Luteal phase

Once the ovum is released certain changes take place within the follicle. The follicular cells grow, fat is deposited in them and they assume a yellowish colour. They become known as luteal cells and the…...

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References

Pitsos and Stamati (2001).The impact of endocrine disrupters on the female reproductive system  http://humupd.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/7/3/323.pdf 

Sherman BM, Wallace RB and Jochimsen PR. (1979)Hormonal regulation of the menstrual cycle in women with breast cancer: effect of adjuvant chemotherapy. Sherman BM, Wallace RB, Jochimsen PR.

Silva et al. (2003).Calcifications in Ovary and Endometrium and Their Neoplasms.

 http://www.nature.com/modpathol/journal/v16/n3/full/3880748a.html

Essay Topic Examples 1. The Evolution of Human Reproductive Systems and its Impact on Society
Explore the biological evolution of human reproductive systems from ancient ancestors to modern humans. Discuss how changes in reproductive anatomy and physiology have influenced societal structures, family planning, and gender roles over time. Analyze the implications of these evolutionary changes on current debates around reproductive health and rights.

2. Comparative Anatomy of Mammalian Reproductive Systems
Compare and contrast the reproductive systems of various mammalian species, including humans. Highlight the similarities and differences in reproductive strategies, such as r-strategy and K-strategy reproducers. Examine how different reproductive systems have adapted to environmental pressures and the role these adaptations play in species survival.

3. Technological Advances in Reproductive Health and their Ethical Implications
Investigate the advancements in reproductive technologies, such as in vitro fertilization (IVF), surrogacy, and gene editing (e.g., CRISR-Cas9). Discuss the ethical dilemmas that arise from these technologies, including but not limited…...

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Primary Sources

World Health Organization. \"Reproductive Health.\" WHO, World Health Organization, www.who.int/topics/reproductive_health/en/. Accessed 10 April 2023.

Marieb, Elaine N., and Katja Hoehn. Human Anatomy & Physiology. 11th ed., Pearson, 2018.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. \"Reproductive Health.\" CDC, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/index.htm. Accessed 10 April 2023.

Fertility and Sterility journal. Elsevier Inc., www.fertstert.org/. Accessed 10 April 2023.

Guttmacher Institute. \"Sexual and Reproductive Health.\" Guttmacher Institute, www.guttmacher.org/united-states/sexual-and-reproductive-health. Accessed 10 April 2023.

e. hypertrophy). In the elderly, this process is reverse. Hence, the functional reserve capacities of the skeletal muscles decline with age, largely due to diminished levels of physical activity. As a result daily tasks once taken for granted become progressively more difficult, and eventually impossible, to perform. In illustration, a great deal of muscle force is required to simply stand up or to climb stairs. Therefore, skeletal system is relying upon the reserve capacity of the heart to provide the endurance needed to perform such activities. If an elderly person does not engage in some sort of endurance-based activities, he or she will not have the cardiac reserve capacity needed for daily tasks. More importantly, diminished capacity may not counteract illnesses or diseases. Although strength-based activities help the cardiac reserve, it may not benefit the skeletal system. "While resistance exercise promotes fiber hypertrophy in skeletal muscles, the explosive power of…...

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References

Bailey, R. (2011). Muscle tissue. About.com Guide. Retrieved from  http://biology.about.com/od/anatomy/a/aa022808a.htm 

Carpi, A. (1999). Basic anatomy - tissues & organs. Retrieved from http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/14-anatomy.htm

Lakatta, E.G. (1994). Cardiovascular reserve capacity in healthy older humans. Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, 6(4): 213-23.

Courtesy of Musculartory System BlogSpot

Hormone (or endocrine) disruptors interfere with the normal functioning of the endocrine system. They can: mimic a natural hormone and thus fool the body into responding a certain way, interfere with the reception of hormones by hormone receptors, directly alter a hormone and impede its function, cause the body to overproduce or under produce natural hormones, or decrease or increase the number of hormone receptors. These effects are especially potent during prenatal development, when even minute exposure to hormones can severely disrupt the normal development process. Potential hormone disruption effects include abnormalities of the reproductive system, birth defects, behavioral changes, depressed immune systems, and lowered intelligence. (Pettit, 2000, p. 413)
eferences

Patrick, G.T. (1929). What Is the Mind?. New York: The Macmillan Company.

Pettit, H.E. (2000). Shifting the Experiment to the Lab: Does EPA Have a Mandatory Duty to equire Chemical Testing for Endocrine Disruption Effects under the Toxic…...

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References

Patrick, G.T. (1929). What Is the Mind?. New York: The Macmillan Company.

Pettit, H.E. (2000). Shifting the Experiment to the Lab: Does EPA Have a Mandatory Duty to Require Chemical Testing for Endocrine Disruption Effects under the Toxic Substances Control Act? Environmental Law, 30(2), 413.

The circulatory or cardiovascular system is responsible for moving nutrients, wastes and gases between body cells, transporting blood across the whole body and battling disease (Circulatory System). Its principal elements are the heart, numerous blood vessels, and blood.
The heart forms the circulatory system's core. This 2-sided, 4-chambered pump which distributes blood to various arteries comprises of the right and left ventricles, and right and left atria. The ventricles, situated within the heart's lower half, are responsible for pumping blood to the whole body (away from our heart), whilst the atria, situated within the heart's upper half are in charge of receiving blood from different parts of the human body. The right and left ventricles pump de-oxygenated and oxygenated blood, respectively; de-oxygenated blood is pumped to lungs while oxygenated blood is pumped to the remainder of the human body (smith, 2013). These 4 chambers are connected to one another by means…...

CVS available?
Passing judgment on the reasons that women choose to have CVS is unwise under all circumstances. According to the belief systems of some individuals, all abortion is morally wrong and the use of CVS merely encourages sex-selective abortion or aborting fetuses because the resulting child is more likely to have genetic diseases associated with one gender (such as hemophilia in males). But once the principle is established that women have a right to choose to have an abortion, it is not the medical profession's right to decide what is a 'good' reason or a 'bad' reason to have an abortion, so long as the center is in compliance with the law regarding fetal viability.

The same is true regarding the availability of CVS, given that the center's view of abortion rights seems to be clearly tied to its policy. The center presumably does not take a position on whether…...

Environmental Influences, Domain Specificity, and Heterozygous Potential:

Environmental influences have also contributed profoundly to human sexual behavior, which becomes particularly evident when one examines certain statistical tendencies pertaining to both conscious and unconscious choices in female mate selection (Gerrig & Zimbardo 2005). As is the case with many sexually reproducing organisms, human females have evolved a marked preference for both physical and behavioral male traits consistent with the ability to provide physical protection and to garner both natural and social resources. Females of many species prefer male suitors who display characteristics such as large relative body size, robustness, good health, and those suggesting physical strength, aggressiveness, and leadership (Margulis & Sagan 1999).

Whereas some of those traits are observable externally (such as relative size), others are imperceptible on any conscious level. This is particularly true as regards heterozygous potential conducive to healthy offspring, such as the marked unconscious preference demonstrated by human…...

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References

Ackerman, D. (1995) a Natural History of Love.

New York: Vintage

Barash, D.P., Lipton, J.E. (2001) the Myth of Monogamy.

New York: Henry Holt.

science marches forward, reproductive cloning of humans will likely become a reality. It has already been accomplished with dogs, cats, cows and monkeys. This means that one day a person will be able to have a child with his/her own cells. hat do you think some of the family law issues will be as this form of alternative reproduction becomes a reality?
As soon as Dr. Ian ilmut made a breakthrough announcement that he, and his team, had successfully cloned an adult sheep in 1997, the salience of the controversy about cloning humans and genetic modifications in the human genome virtually erupted (Rose, 1999). It became clear at this point that it was feasibly possible to conduct a range of scientifically assisted reproduction such as human cloning for example. There could also be a mix of genetic information bestowed on a child. For example, family planning could resemble something along…...

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Works Cited

Aldrich, L. (2010). New York's One Judge-One Family Response to Family Violence. Juvenille Family Court, 77-86.

Berman, D., & Alfini, J. (2012). Lawyer Colonization of Family Mediation: Consequences and Implications. Marquette Law Review, 95-887.

Edwards, L. (2008). Child Protection Mediation: A 25-Year Perspective. Family Court Review, 69-80.

MacDowell, E. (2011). When Courts Collide: Integrated Domestic Violence Courts and Court Pluralism. Texas Journal of Women and the Law, 95.

Gonadectomy alters the magnitude of CCS and ICS analgesia and alters the relationship between the gender-specific effects observed in sham-treated rats. Castration significantly decreased the magnitude of CCS analgesia on the tail-flick and jump tests, and the magnitude of ICS analgesia on the jump test. Indeed castration reduced the magnitude of CCS and ICS analgesia in males to that observed for sham-treated female rats.
Conclusion

Given the multitude of CNS substrates and systems underlying both opioid and stress analgesia, and the likelihood that only a little differ amid sexes, we could rationally expect to come across sex differences in opioid analgesic efficacy in some occasions, depending solely on the nature of the ache incentive and opioid involved, as outlined earlier. It is important to also note that sex differences are no defined to opioid drugs in analgesia. Furthermore, commencement of endogenous pain inhibitory mechanisms in reaction to stress also produces magnitudes…...

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Works Cited

Islam, Anita K., Madeline L. Cooper, and Richard J. Bodnar. "Interactions among Aging, Gender, and Gonadectomy Effects Upon Morphine Antinociception in Rats." Physiology and Behavior 54 (1993): 45-53. Print.

Romero, Maria-Teresa, et al. "Gender-Specific and Gonadectomy-Specific Effects Upon Swim Analgesia: Role of Steroid Replacement Therapy." Physiology and Behavior 44 (1988): 257-65. Print.

Romero, Maria-Teresa, et al. "Modulation of Gender-Specific Effects Upon Swim Analgesia in Gonadectomized Rats." Physiology and Behavior 40 (1987): 39-45. Print.

Magnetic esonance System on patients
Magnetic resonance System (Imaging), here after referred to as (MS), or nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMI), is a medical imaging technique widely used in radiology to visualize detailed internal structure and limited function of the body. It provides great contrast between the different soft tissues of the body, making it particularly useful in neurological (brain), musculoskeletal, cardiovascular and ontological (cancer) imaging. MS uses a powerful magnetic field to align the nuclear magnetization of (usually) hydrogen atoms in water in the body (Adams, 1989). To systematically alter the alignment of this magnetization, adio frequency (F) fields are used, enhancing the generation of a rotating magnetic field by the hydrogen nuclei that can be detected using a scanner.

MS can detect the chemical composition of diseased tissue and produce color images of brain function. This signal can be controlled by more magnetic fields to build up adequate information…...

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References

Adams, R.D. & Victor, M. (1989). Intracranial neoplasm: Principles of neurology. (4th Ed.) New

York. McGraw-Hill.

Clark, C.A., et al. (2003). White Matter Fiber Tracking in Patients with Space-Occupying Lesions of the Brain: A New Technique for Neurosurgical Planning? Neuroimage 20: 1601-1608.

Hammell K. (1994). Psychosocial outcome following spinal cord injury. Paraplegia 32: 771 -- 779.

This is called "reproduction worship." According to this belief the world originated from Yin and Yang life force. This has had a great impact on Chinese culture and its view of reproduction. Yin is considered a male life force with many powerful positive attributes while Yang is assigned mainly weaker attributes. eproduction is given much importance because of its power to move the universe ahead and to expand the same. The forces of Yin and Yang are both needed for actions to have impact. There are other beliefs that seem to have an impact on reproductive behavior among Chinese couples. (Tang, 1995)
Since Confucianism advocates sexual restraint and asceticism, marriage is seen as a vehicle for reproduction rather than a means of enjoying sex. Secondly families are considered very significant because of ancestor worship. Since ancestors are revered in Chinese culture, having a family is always the motivating force behind…...

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References

Tang Z. Confucianism, Chinese culture, and reproductive behavior

Journal Population & Environment Issue Volume 16, Number 3 / January, 1995

For example, the Parliament passed the "Year and a Day ule" Act in 1996 that changed the previous murder and manslaughter law that specified that a person could be charged with murder or manslaughter if the victim died within a year and a day of receiving his injuries. The change was made to reflect modern development in medical science, which enabled injured people to remain alive for longer periods.
Changes in the UK laws have also reflected the growing strength of the egalitarian ideal over the last two centuries. It has led to changes in laws that have encouraged the gradual emancipation of married women and the prohibition of discrimination based on race or sex. For instance, an old law applicable until recently did not allow married women to refuse sex with her husband. However, in . v (1991), the House of Lords decided that if a wife did…...

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References

Atiyah, P.S. (1995). Law and Modern Society (2nd ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press

Harris, P. (2007). An Introduction to Law (7th ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press

Martin, J (2005). The English Legal System (4th ed.). London, UK: Hodder Arnold

Lord Justice Coke described customs as "one of the main triangles of the laws of England" (Martin, 14). Others dispute this theory and contend most of the "customs" were in fact invented by the judges themselves.

disorder or disease would be HIV, the precursor disease for those that end up developing the AIDS virus. The items that will be covered in this report has it relates to HIV would include a description of the disease, the determinants of health and an explanation of the factors that lead to the development of the disease, the epidemiologic triangle as it relates to the disease in question, the role of the community health nurse when it comes to this disease and at least one national agency or organization that makes it a direct point to address the disease including reducing the impact and reducing the spread of the disorder. While HIV and AID's are slowing turning into diseases that are chronic and incurable but yet manageable with the prior lifestyle and pharmacological interventions, there is still much work to be done and it is entirely possible to prevent…...

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References

CDC. (2016). HIV / AIDS - CDC. Cdc.gov. Retrieved 3 August 2016, from  http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/ 

CDC. (2016). Principles of Epidemiology - Lesson 1 - Section 8. Cdc.gov. Retrieved 3 August 2016, from  http://www.cdc.gov/ophss/csels/dsepd/ss1978/lesson1/section8.html 

Discover Nursing. (2016). HIV / AIDS Care Nurse. Discovernursing.com - Campaign for Nursing. Retrieved 3 August 2016, from  https://www.discovernursing.com/specialty/hivaids-care-nurse#.V6IGmrgrKUk 

PAHO. (2016). Epidemiologic Triad. Cursos.campusvirtualsp.org. Retrieved 3 August 2016, from https://cursos.campusvirtualsp.org/mod/tab/view.php?id=23154

Abnormal Uterine Bleeding and Issues
Reproductive Tract Diseases for human females are typically focused in the upper reproductive tract or the lower reproductive tract. The upper tract includes the fallopian tubes, ovary and uterus, while the lower reproductive tract focuses on the vagina, cervix and vulva. There are three major types of infections: endogenous, iatrogenic and sexually transmitted diseases. Endogenous diseases arise from internal cellular structures and may be bacterial, viral or genetic, usually the most common and arise from an overgrowth of organisms that are already present in the vagina; iatrogenic diseases are the result of medical or surgical treatment, and sexually transmitted diseases occur between humans as a result of sexual behavior. In addition to infections, there are congenital abnormalities, cancers and functional problems. Each infection has its own specific cause and symptoms; caused by bacteria, virus, fungi or other organisms. Indeed, some are easily treatable and cured, others…...

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Works Cited

Azim, P., et al. (2011). Evaluation of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding. Isra Medical Journal, 3(3). Retrieved November 2013, from http://121.52.154.227/Isra%20Medical%20Journal%20Volume-III%20Issue-III.pdf#page=6

Davidson, B., et al. (2012). Abnormal Uterine Bleeding During the Reproductive Years. Journal of Midwifery and Women's Health, 57(3), 248-54.

Fraser, I., et al. (2011). The FIGO Recommendations on Terminologies and Definitions for Normal and Abnormal Uterine Bleeding. Seminars in Reproductive Medicine, 29(5), 383-90.

Gray, S. (2013). Menstural Disorders. Pediatrics in Review, 34(1), 6-18.

There is a growing concern over the environmental impacts of microplastics, which are tiny plastic particles less than 5mm in size. Research has shown that these microplastics have the potential to cause harm to marine life, as they can be ingested by organisms and bioaccumulate up the food chain. Furthermore, microplastics have been found in various environments, including oceans, rivers, and soil, raising questions about their long-term effects on ecosystems. Studies have shown that marine organisms, such as fish, seabirds, and sea turtles, can mistake microplastics for food and ingest them. This can lead to a number of negative effects,....