eligious Diversity
In a written amicus brief, Acting Assistant Attorney General Bradley Schlozman argued in favor of a mother and son who were being threatened with legal and academic sanctions if they continued to attend religious observances during the school year (Scheidt v. Tri-Creek School Corp., 2005). The position of the Civil ights Division of the U.S. Department of Justice was that Tri-Creek School's restriction allowing only one excused absence for a religious observance per school year violated the Free Exercise and Equal Protection Clauses of the First and Fourteenth Amendments, respectively, because it interfered with the mother's ability to confer a religious education to her son. In doing so, Tri-Creek was discriminating against the son and her mother due to their religious beliefs by threatening expulsion from school if the son continued to be absent during school for religious reasons. Tri-Creek tried to argue that the policy applied equally to…...

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References

Benda, B.B., & Corwyn, R.F. (2014). Are the effects of religion on crime mediated, moderated, and misrepresented by inappropriate measures? Journal of Social Service Research, 27(3), 57-86.

Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools. (2013). Religious Calendar 2014-2015. Retrieved from  http://www.cms.k12.nc.us/mediaroom/calendars/Documents/Religious%20Calendar%202014-15.pdf .

Cunningham, D.J. (2005). Teaching multiculturalism in an age of terrorism: A business perspective. Cross Cultural Management, 12(2), 51-68.

Lintner, T. (2005). A world of difference: Teaching tolerance through photographs in elementary school. Social Studies, 96(1), 34-7.

Theoretical framework: I will be guided by historical factual descriptions, but also by social and cultural interpretations. The interpretive perspective will concentrate upon the role of the woman during the colonial period and the manner in which their status impacted both the society of those times and the contemporary one.

Method: Conduct a literature review. Perform a personal interpretation of the observed factual data. Express personal evaluations and analyses of the interpretive works.

Limitations: The research is highly influenced by the already existing material. his means that it is likely for the research, despite its complexity and profound character, to provide a result which will be very similar to the ones of other researches.

Delimitations: I will limit my analysis to the colonial period because it is highly important from a social and anthropological point-of-view. All the conclusions regarding the impact of that period on the contemporary society will derive from my personal…...

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References:

Berkin, Carol, First generations, women in colonial America, Hill and Wang, 1997

Furbee, M.R., Outrageous women of colonial America, Jossey-Bass, 2001

Notable women of early America,  http://www.earlyamerica.com/earlyamerica/notable/ 

Norton, M.B. Liberty's daughters: the revolutionary experience of American women

Confucianism promotes the "ideal of the scholar, who cultivates virtue in oneself and shares it through service in government, teaching, and daily life," Canda explains on page 1. The pure idea of Confucianism is to benefit all the citizens and those benefits have a ripple effect starting with the individual, through the family, and out to the Korean society and then the world (Canda, p. 1).
Confucianism has had an influence on many spiritual and physical Asian-based traditions; for example, Confucianism had a big influence on the development of martial arts, acupuncture, and meditation, according to Canda.

Shamanism: There are about 300 shamanistic temples within an hour of the capital of Seoul, according to an article in the New York Times (Sang-Hun, 2007, p. 1). The article points out that shamanism is presently enjoying a renaissance after "centuries of ridicule and persecution"; indeed, shamans were "demonized by Christian missionaries and driven…...

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Works Cited

Beaver, R. Pierce. "Chondogyo and Korea." Journal of the American Academy of Religion.

XXX.2, 115-122.

Buddhism Today. Buddhism in Korea. Retrieved Dec. 6, 2010, from   (1997).http://www.buddhismtoday.com .

Buswell, Robert E., and Lee, Timothy S. Christianity in Korea. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press, 2007.

eligious Liberty as Stated in the First Amendment
eligious Liberty

The practical and legal ramifications of religious liberty are not difficult to determine, for they follow from the theological implications of the concept of religious liberty. The idea of religious truth, such as defined by the North Carolina state government in 1776 which forbade anyone from serving who denied the truth of the Protestant religion, has no place in a country that holds religious liberty as law. Yet, religious liberty has not always been practiced, as North Carolina and Maryland (which was officially declared an Anglican state in 1692) both show. Today, the first amendment has been ratified to make such claims untenable. Nonetheless, many scholars question whether religious liberty itself is defensible. By acknowledging the right of religions to be exercised publicly, the U.S. constitution sets the stage for a massive fight between various and contending religious beliefs, which can…...

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Reference List

Associated Press. (2011). High Court Rules Against Fallen Marine's Father In Funeral

Protest Suit. KWTX. Retrieved from  http://www.kwtx.com/home/headlines/High_Court_Rules_Against_Fallen_Marines_Father_In_Funeral_Protest_Suit_117242333.html 

De Tocqueville, A. (1838). Democracy in America. (H. Reeve, Trans.). New York,

NY: George Adlard. (Original work published 1835). Retrieved from  http://books.google.com/books?id=DUAvAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover#

The spread of public education in the 20th century gave rise to even greater tensions about the appropriate role of religion within the public education system. The Supreme Court declared that mandated prayers in public schools were unconstitutional, yet the words 'under God' were inserted into the Pledge of Allegiance (Prayer, 2010, eligious Tolerance). Students can wear religious clothing and jewelry to school, and teachers can teach about religion -- but not preach to their students. Walking the fine line between endorsing certain religious traditions within an officially secular community can be tricky, and the definition of what is secular and what is religious continues to evolve with the passage of time. Today, the debates about religion rage on -- the role of so-called 'creationist' science in biology classes that teach about evolution and the right of religious groups to hold meetings on school grounds are two recent examples of…...

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References

Horace Mann. (2001). School: The story of American public education. PBS.

Retrieved August 16, 2010 at  http://www.pbs.org/kcet/publicschool/innovators/mann.html 

Neil, John. (2005). John Dewey's philosophy of education. Experiential learning.

Retrieved August 16, 2010 at http://wilderdom.com/experiential/JohnDeweyPhilosophyEducation.html

Coding AnalysisIntroductionIn examining the theme of religious tolerance and discrimination in governmental workplaces, this paper engages with six interviews conducted with various stakeholders: a government employee, a citizen, a Christian at church, a businessperson, an educator, and a community group member. The interviews probed these individuals\\\' perspectives on the subject and sought to understand the nuances of the issue at hand.Description of DataThe interview data offers perspectives on the issue of religious tolerance in the workplace. Interviewees encompassed government employees, private citizens, businesspeople, educators, and community group members. Their experiences and beliefs shed light on the multifaceted nature of religious tolerance and discrimination in the professional sphere.Government employees provide an inside look into the inner workings of governmental organizations. They can speak to the day-to-day dynamics and experiences that may or may not lead to discrimination or intolerance. In contrast, citizens and businesspeople represent external viewpoints, with potentially different perceptions…...

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ReferencesAli, S. R., Liu, W. M., & Humedian, M. (2004). Islam 101: Understanding the religion and therapy implications. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 35(6), 635-642.Allport, G. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Cambridge/Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (2000). Aversive racism and selection decisions: 1989 and 1999. Psychological science, 11(4), 315-319.González, H. M., Tarraf, W., Whitfield, K. E., & Vega, W. A. (2010). The epidemiology of major depression and ethnicity in the United States. Journal of psychiatric research, 44(15), 1043-1051.Homan, A. C., van Knippenberg, D., Van Kleef, G. A., & De Dreu, C. K. (2007). Bridging faultlines by valuing diversity: Diversity beliefs, information elaboration, and performance in diverse work groups. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(5), 1189-1199.Jones, K. P., Peddie, C. I., Gilrane, V. L., King, E. B., & Gray, A. L. (2016). Not so subtle: A meta-analytic investigation of the correlates of subtle and overt discrimination. Journal of Management, 42(6), 1588-1613.McKay, P. F., Avery, D. R., Tonidandel, S., Morris, M. A., Hernandez, M., & Hebl, M. R. (2007). Racial differences in employee retention: Are diversity climate perceptions the key?. Personnel Psychology, 60(1), 35-62.Nishii, L. H. (2013). The benefits of climate for inclusion for gender-diverse groups. Academy of Management Journal, 56(6), 1754-1774.Schneider, S. K., O\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'Donnell, L., Stueve, A., & Coulter, R. W. (2012). Cyberbullying, school bullying, and psychological distress: A regional census of high school students. American Journal of Public Health, 102(1), 171-177.Sue, D. W., Capodilupo, C. M., Torino, G. C., Bucceri, J. M., Holder, A. M. B., Nadal, K. L., & Esquilin, M. (2007). Racial microaggressions in everyday life: implications for clinical practice. American Psychologist, 62(4), 271-286.

Tolerance
Global terrorism has changed the entire spectrum of tolerance in today's world. Highlighted by the events of 9/11 the facts that even the world's most powerful nation was not immune to the effects of terrorism brought home the fact that there was little defense to the acts of terrorists. The age of innocence in the United States had ended and the rest of the world waited to see how the United States would react (Schorow 2002).

Terrorism has been a part of the world framework for some time but in the United States it had been something that occurred somewhere else. It was not anything that those living within the borders of the United States had to be concerned with. Those types of problems existed elsewhere. In America everyone was safe: until 9/11. 9/11 forced Americans to look at terrorism in a different light and to examine the roots and goals…...

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References

Blake, Michael. "Religion and Statecraft: Tolerance and Theocracy: How Liberal States Should Think of Religious States." Journal of International Affairs, Fall/Winter 2007: 1-17.

Stetson, Brad and Joseph G. Conti, The Truth about Tolerance: Pluralism, Diversity, and the Culture Wars. Downers Grove, IL: IVP Academic, 2005.

Hinkson, John. "In the name of freedom: is the legacy of September 11 a global anti-liberal ascendancy?" Arena Magazine, February 1, 2002.

Hoodbhoy, Pervez. "The United States and Islam:toward perpetual war?(Views from Russia, Pakistan, Malaysia, and China." Social Research, December 22, 2005.

Religious Field Search
AHMADIS: THE OTHER FACE OF ISLAM

For the purposes of this paper I visited the local Ahmaddiya Muslim Community or as they prefer to called Ahmadis. Ahmadis are a sub-sect of the Islamic Community. What attracted to me to study this community was that unlike the general image we have of the Islamic community, this community is non-violent and is considered heretical by the larger Islamic community for having a prophet in succession to Muhammad, the founder of the Islamic faith. In many Muslim majority countries the Ahmadis are banned and in many others they have been ex-communicated from the Islamic mainstream. Apparently -- as I discovered- one of the other contentious issues between them and the rest Islamic community is the controversy over Jesus Christ's death, which I found interesting given that I considered Jesus an exclusively Christian figure. To my amazement it turns out that all Muslims…...

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Bibliography

1. Ahmad, M.T (1989). MURDER in the NAME of ALLAH London, UK:

Lutterworth Press Cambridge

2. Durant, W. (1950), The Story of Civilization, 11 volumes, New York:

Simon and Schuster.

.. The actual universe, with all its good and evil, exists on the basis of God's will and receives its meaning from His purpose. However, these two conclusions do not stand in simple contradiction, to one another. The one says that evil is bad, harmful, destructive, fearful and to be fought against as a matter of ultimate life and death. But the other does not deny this. It does not say that evil is not fearful and threatening, inimical to all good and to be absolutely resisted. It says that God has ordained a world which contains evil- real evil- as a means to the creation of the infinite good of a Kingdom of Heaven within which His creatures will have come as perfected persons to love and serve Him through a process in which their own free insight and response have been an essential element."

(Hick, 1978)

Arthur Schopenhauer, Bertrand ussell…...

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References

Bowker, John. The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions.

New York: Oxford, 1997

Einstein, Albert. Ideas and Opinions.

New York: Crown, 1954

Civilizations
The topic is religious and social life in the Achaemenid Empire. The purpose of the project is to learn more about this subject and dispel some of the myths in today's media. I will use books on the subject to learn about what this empire was like, and what their religion was like. I expect that I will be able to come to some conclusions about the Achaemenid Empire. Furthermore, I believe that I will demonstrate that the rulers of this empire were enlightened and had a high level of tolerance for the customs of those over whom they ruled.

Purpose Statement

The subject of this report will be the Achaemenid Empire that flourished in ancient Persia, from 550-330 BCE. This empire is interesting for several reasons, not the least of which was its Zoroastrian religion and general religious tolerance. This empire has been cast as villain in popular Western culture…...

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References

Armayor, O. (1979). Herodotus' catalogues of the Persian Empire in the light of the monuments and the Greek literary tradition. Transactions of the American Philological Association. Vol. 108 (1979) 1-9.

Choksy, J. (1989). Purity and pollution in Zoroastrianism: Triumph over evil. University of Texas Press.

Dandamaev, M. (1989). A political history of the Achaemenid Empire. EJ Brill: New York.

Dusinberre, E. (2003). Aspects of Empire in Achaemenid Sardis. University of Michigan: Ann Arbor.

PLUALISM BEST FO SOCIETY?
Diversity and Pluralism

Is Pluralism the Best Outcome for Society?

Is Pluralism the Best Outcome for Society?

Diana Eck (1997) takes great pains to distinguish between diversity and pluralism, as it relates to the religions practiced in the United States. The word 'diversity' simply means that Americans practice more than one religion, but a religious pluralism implies an ongoing effort by each faith to engage with each other to negate the negative outcomes often associated with diversity. For example, Eck (1997) list three philosophies individuals may turn to when faced with religious diversity: exclusion, assimilation, and pluralism. An exclusionary philosophy demands that members of other religions, should they desire a life in America, strip themselves of their religious affiliation if it differs from the dominant religious faith in America, i.e., Christianity. A person supporting an assimilation philosophy would welcome diversity, but only if immigrants promised to quickly adopt a…...

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References

Dick, P.K. (1968). Do androids dream of electric sheep? New York, NY: Ballantine Books.

Eck, D.L. (1997). From diversity to pluralism. In: On Common Ground. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. Retrieved from  http://www.pluralism.org/encounter/challenges .

McFaul, T.R. (2006). Religion in the future global civilization. The Futurist, 40(5), 30-6.

Amish are a long-standing religious sect, created in the 17th century after the first Amish broke from the Mennonite Protestant tradition because of "what they perceived as a lack of discipline among the Mennonites" (The Amish: History, belief, practices, 2011, eligious Tolerance). The original Amish were of Swiss and German extraction. Many migrated to the U.S. In the early stages of the sect's formation, settling in Pennsylvania, and gradually branching out into New York, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Missouri Ohio, and other states where they still reside today. No Amish remain in Europe. "The faith group has attempted to preserve the elements of late 17th century European rural culture. They try to avoid many of the features of modern society, by developing practices and behaviors which isolate themselves from American culture" (The Amish: History, belief, practices, 2011, eligious Tolerance).
The Amish used to be farmers, marking the culture as 'pastoral' in nature,…...

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References

Adult baptism. (2011). Welcome to Manchester County. Retrieved December 15, 2011 at  http://www.welcome-to-lancaster-county.com/amish-belief.html 

The Amish: History, belief, practices. (2011). Religious Tolerance. Retrieved December 15,

2011 at  http://www.religioustolerance.org/amish.htm 

Frequently asked questions. (2011). Amish Studies. Retrieved December 15, 2011 at  http://www2.etown.edu/amishstudies/FAQ.asp

Locke and Proast: Religious Toleration
Proast's main criticisms of Locke's Letter Concerning Toleration are that the government does have a right and, indeed, a duty to use moderate force in order to compel its subjects to adhere to the one true religion -- which in Proast's view is the religion of the Anglican Church. This was in response to Locke's contention that by attempting to regulate religion, the State supported conflict, but that in adopting a policy of religious tolerance for religions that promoted tolerance as well (thus ruling out the Catholic Church in his view) the State could avoid promoting conflict. Locke also argued that the State had no mandate from God to oversee religion or religious development and that thus religious toleration was the only moral principle for the State to follow. Proast disagreed, asserting that the magistrate did have a duty to oversee the religious developments of its…...

Tolerance.org, Dana Williams comments on burgeoning alternative student break programs that include hands-on encounters with the history of race relations and cultural diversity in America. The trend was started by Jeff Steinberg, a California high school teacher who took a class on a tour of southern civil rights sites. Because of the positive reception he received from the initial field trip, Steinberg formed an organization dedicated to helping students learn about the civil rights movement by taking them on tours of the Deep South. His organization, Sojourn to the Past, the people and places they learn about in the classroom come to life. Other alternative break programs such as those sponsored by the organization Break Away encourage community service and other means of encountering diversity first-hand. Operation Understanding DC fosters understanding among the black and Jewish communities of Washington, DC, while the Other America Tour enables students to visit…...

For fundamentalists, law and authority come from God.

This is true not only in formally theocratic societies, like Iran, but can also be seen expressed in the views of fundamentalist U.S. Christians, who have an obsession with having the Ten Commandments displayed outside of secular buildings, advocate school prayer and the need for laws to be justified by Judeo-Christian values.

Female sexuality must be contained; boundaries must be established between men and women.

The female body is an obsession: hence the obsession with women staying home and not working in fundamentalist Christian circles, as well as the extreme control of women by the Taliban in Afghanistan.

Sexual behavior is a major concern of all fundamentalists

Opposing gay marriage, abortion rights, sexual education unite almost all fundamentalist groups.

Fundamentalism and nationalism converge.

"The moral life according to the will of God can only be fully lived in a society of fellow-practitioners of the belief. This can only be…...

I. Introduction
- Hook: Religion has long been a source of fascination for humanity, offering a system of beliefs and practices that often involve a higher power.
- Thesis statement: Through exploring the diverse perspectives and practices of different religions, one can gain insight into the complexities and significance of this concept.

II. Definition of Religion
- Explanation: Religion is a cultural system of beliefs, practices, and moral values that guides individuals in understanding their place in the world and their relationship to a higher power or the divine.
- Examples: Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism, Judaism, etc.

III. The Role of Religion in Society
- Explanation: Religion....

Key Aspects of American Culture

American culture is a vibrant and dynamic tapestry woven from a rich blend of influences that have shaped its unique identity over centuries. Here are some key aspects that distinguish it from other cultures:

1. Individualism:

American culture places a high value on individual freedom, autonomy, and self-reliance. Individuals are encouraged to pursue their own goals, express their opinions, and assert their rights. This emphasis on individualism contributes to a strong sense of personal responsibility and self-determination.

2. Egalitarianism:

Despite the presence of social stratification, American culture espouses the idea of equality for all. The Declaration of Independence famously proclaims....