eligious Persecution
Wienclaw, .A. (2009). eligion and Society: eligious Persecution. 1-5.

The article is examines the issue of religious persecution from a theoretical perspective. The author places the challenge of international persecution within the most appropriate theoretical context. Theory seeks to accomplish three purposes namely to describe, explain or predict phenomenon. This work attempts to accomplish the first two objectives. The author describes the nature of religious persecution. Following the description the author, tries to identify key independent variables that are able to explain the phenomenon. Consequently, it is not an examination of data that is produced from any primary research. The author combines existing knowledge of about persecution with secondary evidence to produce a compelling narrative about the nature of persecution and the central sociological issues involved in addressing persecution. The author is not reporting on any new research.

There was a useful attempt by the author to categorize religious persecution. The…...

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References

Denzin, N.K. (1969). Symbolic Interactionism and Ethnomethodology: A Proposed Synthesis

American Sociological Review 34(6):922-934

Grim, B.J. & Finke, R. (2007). Religious Persecution in Cross-National Context: Clashing

Civilizations or Regulated Religious Economies? American Sociological Review 72(4):

They focus on what can be documented, such as church membership and taxation.
Critique 2: The Devil in the Shape of a oman

The social historian Carol Karlsen the Devil in the Shape of a oman eschews economic data and instead focuses more on the symbolic and social orientation of the young girl's anger. Karlsen is specifically determined to understand why so many of the accused were female, poor or, conversely, females who were unexpectedly well-off. Her answer is that they lived world where "there were two types of dangerous trespass: challenges to the supremacy of God and challenges to prescribed gender arrangements" (Karlsen 119). "itchcraft was rebellion against God," and religion and culture cannot be separated when discussing issues pertinent to Salem, nor merely seen as a mask for economic interests (Karlsen 120). In rebelling against the religious culture, women in the past had often played a prominent role in…...

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Works Cited

Boyer, Paul & Stephen Nissenbaum. Salem Possessed: The Social Origins of Witchcraft.

Chapter 4. Salem Town and Salem Village: The Dynamics of Factional Conflict. pp. 80-110.

Karlsen, Carol F. The Devil in the Shape of a Woman: Witchcraft in Colonial New

England. Chapter 4: Handmaidens of the Devil. pp. 117-153

persecution of Christians that took place during the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries in England.
The religious persecution that was inflicted on Christians by the Church and State of England to extract compliance and adherence to the Church of England and the authority of the English Crown. There existed conflicts between the Protestant and Catholic Religions of the day and was a time of turmoil and upheaval for the people of England who did not hold the same religious beliefs as that of the Church and English Crown.

ackground and Historical Overview:

The Church of England was fully committed to the Roman Catholic Church that ruled from a position of supremacy and was backed up fully by King Henry VIII. During the year of 1530 the King who considered himself to be a "Defender of the Faith" issued as a proclamation that certain books and literature which was in conflict against the Catholic…...

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Bibliography:

Stephens, Leslie & Lee, Sidney, eds. "The Dictionary of National Biography" London Oxford University

Low, Sidney J. & Pulling, F.S. "The Dictionary of English History " Funk and Wagner. New York

New Standard Encyclopedia Ed. 6 Vol. 8, 1984 New Standard Publishing Co. New York.

Low, Sidney J. & Pulling, F.S. "The Dictionary of English History " Funk and Wagner New York

However, Henry VIII was still insistent at that time on Catholicism in everything except loyalty to the Pope. The Pope had named Henry VIII a Defender of the Faith for the opposition that Henry had to Martin Luther, and Henry's theology did not change any because of his rejection of the authority of the Pope.
Thomas Cranmer and some or the other leaders of the Church, however, decided that there was a need to reform what they considered to be the heresies that had developed. Especially important to them were a liturgy and a ible that was printed in English. In addition to this, they also wanted to do away with some of the beliefs and practices that the Catholic Church had and that they believed did not fit in with Scripture, such as veneration of saints, celibacy for the clergy, and Purgatory. Their desire by accomplishing these things was…...

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Bibliography

Becker, Carl Lotus. Beginnings of the American People. (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1915).

De Molen, Richard, L. ed., Leaders of the Reformation (Selinsgrove: Susquehanna University Press, 1984)

King, John N. English Reformation Literature. The Tudor Origins of the Protestant Tradition (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1982)

Luther, Martin. Ninety-Five Theses (Internet: www.bartleby.com,1517)

Religious Field Search
AHMADIS: THE OTHER FACE OF ISLAM

For the purposes of this paper I visited the local Ahmaddiya Muslim Community or as they prefer to called Ahmadis. Ahmadis are a sub-sect of the Islamic Community. What attracted to me to study this community was that unlike the general image we have of the Islamic community, this community is non-violent and is considered heretical by the larger Islamic community for having a prophet in succession to Muhammad, the founder of the Islamic faith. In many Muslim majority countries the Ahmadis are banned and in many others they have been ex-communicated from the Islamic mainstream. Apparently -- as I discovered- one of the other contentious issues between them and the rest Islamic community is the controversy over Jesus Christ's death, which I found interesting given that I considered Jesus an exclusively Christian figure. To my amazement it turns out that all Muslims…...

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Bibliography

1. Ahmad, M.T (1989). MURDER in the NAME of ALLAH London, UK:

Lutterworth Press Cambridge

2. Durant, W. (1950), The Story of Civilization, 11 volumes, New York:

Simon and Schuster.

In 1924, the American Congress greatly reduced immigration with the Immigration Act, but this system was removed in 1965 which allowed for a huge wave of immigration from parts of Asia, such as the Philippine Islands, Japan and China; also, immigrants from Haiti and Mexico flooded in and greatly increased the population of American Catholics. With the arrival of the 1960's, five events are of high importance. First, John F. Kennedy became the first Catholic President of the United States in 1960 which "due to his popularity, charisma and personal integrity reassured non-Catholic Americans that Catholicism was legitimate and that Catholics could be trusted" (Emerson, 256).

Second, Pope John XXIII who had been elected as Pope in 1958 became one of the most popular and beloved Catholic Pope in modern history, due to his attempts to bring Catholics and non-Catholics together in friendship and appreciation. Third, John XXIII also convened the…...

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Bibliography

Ellis, J.T. Catholics in Colonial America. New York: Helicon Press, 1965.

Emerson, Charles W. The Story of Catholics in America. Rome: Paulist Press, 1978.

Marino, Anthony. The Catholics in America. New York: Vantage Press, 1960.

Trisco, Robert F. Catholics in America, 1776 to 1976. Boston: Committee of the National

Confucianism promotes the "ideal of the scholar, who cultivates virtue in oneself and shares it through service in government, teaching, and daily life," Canda explains on page 1. The pure idea of Confucianism is to benefit all the citizens and those benefits have a ripple effect starting with the individual, through the family, and out to the Korean society and then the world (Canda, p. 1).
Confucianism has had an influence on many spiritual and physical Asian-based traditions; for example, Confucianism had a big influence on the development of martial arts, acupuncture, and meditation, according to Canda.

Shamanism: There are about 300 shamanistic temples within an hour of the capital of Seoul, according to an article in the New York Times (Sang-Hun, 2007, p. 1). The article points out that shamanism is presently enjoying a renaissance after "centuries of ridicule and persecution"; indeed, shamans were "demonized by Christian missionaries and driven…...

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Works Cited

Beaver, R. Pierce. "Chondogyo and Korea." Journal of the American Academy of Religion.

XXX.2, 115-122.

Buddhism Today. Buddhism in Korea. Retrieved Dec. 6, 2010, from   (1997).http://www.buddhismtoday.com .

Buswell, Robert E., and Lee, Timothy S. Christianity in Korea. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press, 2007.

Christianity
Persecution has been a component of the Christian experience since the time of Christ. The oman government periodically led formal persecution campaigns that were significant for the development of Christian identity and consciousness. Ten of these oman persecution campaigns were historically significant, beginning with one led by Nero and causing the martyrdoms of Peter and Paul ("Persecutions in the Early Church," 2013). Martyrdom thus became a core motif for Christians, leading to the tradition of Christian sainthood: "The high regard for the martyrs as the heroes of the church and the privileges assigned to them led to the cult of the saints," ("Persecution in Early Church: Did You Know?" 1990). Although they could be severe, early persecutions of Christians were sporadic and localized, rather than being "a constant experience," ("Persecution in Early Church: Did You Know?" 1990). Once Constantine the Great adopted Christianity as the official religion of ome, the…...

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References

Bible: NIV

"Persecution in Early Church: Did You Know?" (1990). Retrieved online:  http://www.christianhistoryinstitute.org/uploaded/50cf7cb17495c9.82992192.pdf 

"Persecutions in the Early Church," (2013). Retrieved online:  http://www.religionfacts.com/christianity/history/persecution.htm 

Reid, D.R. (n.d). Expect to be persecuted. http://www.growingchristians.org/dfgc/persecut.htm

persecution of early Christians under the oman Empire is a matter of great interest and intrigue to many, even today; as is the matter of distinction and distrust between early Jews and Christians. Furthermore, the ironically similar behavior of orthodox Christians towards heretics rouses the curiosity of many scholars. This paper will discuss the effect of Christianity on omans and their perceptions towards Christians, Christian perceptions and treatment of Jews. The relationship between orthodox Christians and heretics will also be discussed.
ome before Christianity

The empire of ome, at the time of Christ's birth, was one of the two greatest kingdoms and was steadily continuing to flourish and expand, even then. Soon, it covered most of what we now know as Western Europe. The conquered land began from Spain in the west and ended in Syria in the east, while the great countries of England, France and Greece, and the Middle…...

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References

Badnewsaboutchristianity.com (n.d.). Christian Persecution of Heretics - Bad News About Christianity. [online] Retrieved from:   [Accessed: 10 Dec 2012].http://www.badnewsaboutchristianity.com/gbc_heretics.htm#_edn4 

Bainton, R.H. (1960). Early Christianity. Princeton, N.J: Van Nostrand.

Fitzgerald, T. (1998). The Orthodox Church. Westport, CT: Praeger Publisher.

Hackl, . (2012). Israel Considers Drafting Its Arab Citizens . Christian Science Monitor, August 1.

eligion and Christianity: Persecution in the Early Church by Herbert B. WorkmanThe book Persecution in the Early Church is written by Herbert B. Workman and illustrates the meaning of persecution to shun the previously held notions of it. Early people had wrongfully perceived persecution and martyrdom as part of Christianity (Goodreads, 2022). The brutalism might have stayed with the religion for long, resulting in torturous human deaths. The author took this responsibility onto his shoulders to clarify the mistaken perception as he is a true Christian.The author has clarified the misconceptions and demonstrated his vast knowledge of the topic. He has explained the reason and aim of Christianity as a merciful religion by giving examples from Aristotles days till the advent of real Christianity. The balance he has created with primary and secondary research is evident in his writing style to give weightage to what he put forward. The legal,…...

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ReferencesBandow, D. (2022, March 7). Christianity is the world’s most persecuted religion, confirms new report. CATO Institute.   (2022). Persecution in the early church by Herbert B. Workman, Joshua J. Congrove (Ed.), Timothy B. Bayly (Ed.).  https://www.goodreads.com/en/book/show/22246860-persecution-in-the-early-church Hefner, P. (1980). The cultural significance of Jesus’ death as sacrifice. The Journal of Religion, 60(4), 411-439. Philpott, D. & Shah, T.S. (2017). In response to persecution: Essays from the Under Caesar’s Sword project. The Review of Faith and International Affairs, 17(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2017.1284409Saunders, A.L. (2019). Humbly relying on the blessings of Almighty God? The Western Australian Jurist, 10, 55-66. https://www.cato.org/commentary/christianity-worlds-most-persecuted-religion-confirms-new-report Goodreads.

Isaac ackus Role in Shaping of the Southern aptist Religion in the Early American Colonies
Only a few aptists were present in colonial America but their number was highest in Pennsylvania and Rhode Island because of the freedoms in those places. aptists were greatly despised in nearly all regions but mainly in New England. Luckily for the aptists present in America, they actually gained more from the Great Awakening compared to other denominations. Isaac ackus[footnoteRef:1], a young New Light Congregationalist minister, was among their very first converts from New England Congregationalism back in 1751. Over the eighteenth century, aptists started to grow and thrive among the rich religious maltreatment and harassment which was still evident in the majority of the colonies- particularly Massachusetts. Through speeches, tracts, petitions, and protests, Isaac ackus (1724-1806) headed the quest of religious freedom during the chaotic era of the American Revolution.[footnoteRef:2] [1: Michael Williams. "rief asics…...

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Bibliography

Ascol, Thomas K. From the Protestant Reformation to the Southern Baptist Convention: What Hath Geneva to Do with Nashville? Founders Press, 2013.

Carwardine, Richard. "Baptists and the Shaping of America." Accessed October 4, 2016. http://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/bq/35-4_158.pdf .

Davis, Derek H. "Baptists and the American Tradition of Religious Liberty. "PERSPECTIVES IN RELIGIOUS STUDIES 33, no. 1 (2006): 5-7

Derek H. Davis, Religion and the Continental Congress, 1774-1789: Contributions to Original Intent (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), 125-28.

eligion provides a valuable source of spiritual meaning for those who might feel lost psychologically without a larger purpose to their lives. eligion contributes a comprehensive moral framework for human social interactions that generates a motivation for ethical conduct in the human community.
One of the most profound benefits of religion is the extent to which it allows some people to negotiate emotionally trying circumstances, especially in relation to the loss of loved ones. Irrespective of whether or not religious beliefs about the afterlife and the continuous existence of the human soul after physical death are true, they undoubtedly help countless people cope with emotional loss.

eligious traditions enable the efficient passage of social culture from one generation to the next and serve to connect the current generation to those in the past in a manner that also allows entire communities to maintain a unified social system and a shared heritage…...

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References

Armstrong, K. (1993). A History of God. London, UK: Heinemann.

Marantz-Henig, R. "Darwin's God." New York Times Magazine, March 4, 2007.

Pinker, S. "The Moral Instinct." New York Times Magazine, January 13, 2008.

These values might seem obvious to some, but they are actually values which so many religious institutions may preach, but not practice at all in their religious thought. Ultimately, those who view themselves as spiritual but not religious don't feel that faith can be shoved into scientific or empiricitic frameworks, and these same individuals reject the notion that all is real and can be known: rather these individuals believe that love, kindness, generosity, awe and wonder are some of the most important pillars of life and that it's nearly impossible to put these aspects in a box or encompassed in black and white thinking of certain religious dogmas. Many people who ascribe to this belief system truly do believe that there are secular movements in the world today which have similar spiritual foundations, but that many of these religious movements are just out of touch with those foundations (NSP,…...

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References

Brown, C. (2014, March 3). Spiritual but Not Religious an Oxymoron? Retrieved from Huffington Post:  http://www.huffingtonpost.com/candy-gunther-brown -

phd/spiritual-but-not-religio_1_b_5054627.html

Colson, C. (2008, September). The coming persecution: How same-sex 'marriage' will harm Christians. Retrieved from Christianexaminer.com:

 http://www.christianexaminer.com/Articles/Colson/Art_Sep08_Colson.html

orshipping is typically performed in synagogues that replaced the historical Temple initially meant to provide Jews with a praying location. Jewish religious rulers are called rabbis and they control the many ceremonies and customs that are very important in Jewish religious tradition.
Synagogues appeared consequent to the destruction of the Second Temple by Titus, son of Emperor Vespasian in 70 A.D. Although this is considered to be the beginning of the Jewish Diaspora, it actually began approximately six centuries earlier, at the time when the Babylonians conquered the kingdom of Judea and destroyed the First Temple. Ever since this moment, Jews scattered around the world and are presently located in a wide range of countries. Most of them have expressed a particular desire to return to their traditional home. hile there are presently approximately 14 million Jews in the world, only about five million live in Israel with the other…...

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Works cited:

Goldschmidt, Arthur, "Concise History of Middle East (9TH 09 Edition)," Westview Press.

New Religious Movements
Of the myriad new religious movements which have arisen over the course of the twentieth century, only a few have resorted to violence and mass suicide as a course of action. Perhaps the most famous of these, the so-called Jonestown Massacre, resulted in the deaths of over nine hundred people, and serves as the basis for John Hall's examination of the particular preconditions and precipitating factors which lead one cult or new religion to violence instead of another. Hall's theory is applicable beyond the case of Jonestown, and in fact may be used to better understand the motivating factor behind the mass murder/suicides committed by the Order of the Solar Temple in the 1990s. In particular, by considering Hall's theory in conjunction with the analysis of the Solar Temple deaths given by Jean-Francois Mayer, it will become clear that each of the six preconditions and three precipitating factors…...

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Works Cited

Hall, John R. "The Apocalypse at Jonestown." Cults and New Religious Movements. Malden,

MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2003. Print.

Mayer, Jean-Francoise. "Our Terrestial Journey is Coming to an End': The Last Voyage of the Solar Temple." Cults and New Religious Movements. Malden, MA: Blackwell

Publishing, 2003. Print.

The deaths of Gomburza (Gomez, Burgos, Zamora) continually contribute to our understanding of Filipino nationalism by highlighting the injustices and atrocities committed by the Spanish colonial government towards Filipino revolutionaries and patriots. The execution of Gomburza in 1872, falsely accused of leading a revolt against the Spanish authorities, served as a catalyst for the rise of Filipino nationalism and resistance against colonial oppression.

The martyrdom of Gomburza inspired subsequent generations of Filipinos to fight for independence and self-determination, igniting a sense of national identity and pride. Their deaths symbolize the sacrifice and courage of those who dared to challenge colonial rule....

1. The Role of Religious Faith in the Mormon Migration

Examine how the theological beliefs and prophetic visions of Brigham Young and other Mormon leaders motivated their followers to endure the arduous journey westward.
Analyze the ways in which Mormonism provided a sense of purpose and community during the migration, shaping their experiences and decision-making.
Discuss the impact of religious persecution on Mormon motivations and their determination to establish a new home for their faith.

2. The Challenges and Perils of the Mormon Trail

Describe the physical hardships faced by Mormon pioneers along the trail, including extreme weather, disease, and lack....