eligious Freedom estoration Act of 2012 was introduced by Senator Marco ubio for the purpose of repealing the recent mandate that infringes religious freedom and conscience rights of religious organizations by the recent mandate within President Obama's healthcare law. The bill was developed in order to revoke the provisions in the new health care law that compels religious of faith-based institutions to provide employees with insurance coverage for contraception without any charge.
The bill seeks to amend Title XXVII of the Public Health Service Act in order to promote religious conscience protections for individuals and organizations. Senator Marco ubio introduced this bill following recent initiatives by the Department of Health and Human Services to establish a new mandate that will require many church-affiliated institutions to provide their employees with private insurance coverage for birth control at no costs.
Component of Health Care Addressed by the eligious Freedom estoration Act:
The delivery of health…...
mlaReferences:
Liberty Counsel. (2012, February 13). Liberty Counsel Backs Rubio's Religious Freedom
Restoration Act of 2012. Retrieved March 7, 2012, from http://www.boogai.net/consrpt/liberty-counsel-backs-rubios-religious-freedom-restoration-act-of-2012/
"Religious Freedom Restoration Act." (2012, January). The Hill.com. Retrieved March 7, 2012,
from http://thehill.com/images/stories/blogs/flooraction/jan2012/s2043.pdf .
This modification of the Civil ights Act failed to define what was meant by "financially detrimental." This issue was left for the courts to decide and there was wide variability in case law.
In 1977, Title VII was modified to include widespread employer exemption, even in cases where the cost was minimal or caused little difficult to the employer (Ontario Consultants on eligious Tolerance, n.d.). This modification shifted the balance of power, almost entirely to the employer. They could allow or disallow as they wished, and an employee could be terminated for failing to follow the rules governing the company. eligion was essentially wiped out of the workplace by this act. In July of 1997, congress failed to pass a bill that would change the wording of Title VII back to something similar to the original 1972 wording (Ontario Consultants on eligious Tolerance, n.d.).
In August of 1997, the Clinton administration…...
mlaReferences
Ansonia Bd. Of Educ. v. Philbrook, 479 U.S. 60, 62 (1986).
Baxter, G. (2006) Note, Employers Beware: The Workplace Religious Freedom Act of 2000. Retrieved at http://org.law.rutgers.edu/publications/law-religion/articles/RJLR_2_2_6.pdf
Bellamy v. Mason's Store, 368 F.Supp. 1025 (D.C.Va.1973), aff'd, 508 F.2d 504 (4th Cir.1974)
Bhatia v. Chevron USA, 1984-1985 O.S.H.D. (CCH) 26,93, 734 F.2d 1382 (9th Cir.1984)
C.
One of the most interesting cultural groups in America is the Amish. The Amish have a strong cultural belief in both folk medicine and faith healing, both of which may impact the decision to access modern medical providers and might actually conflict with prescribed medical treatments. However, their traditional healing methods are very successful for minor ailments. Moreover, there is nothing in their religious or cultural practices that prohibits them from seeking "modern" medical treatments when it is absolutely necessary. However, their definitions of what would be absolutely necessary are probably more stringent than those in mainstream culture. The reasoning behind this is not a fear of modern medicine itself, but based on the cultural tradition that they avoid the world. However, another reason that many Amish may avoid modern medical treatments is based in more practical concerns; Amish prohibitions against interacting with the outside world mean that most of…...
mlaReferences
Hmong shamans help at Valley hospitals. (2009, November 10). Retrieved March 5, 2012 from Fresno Bee website: http://www.fresnobee.com/2009/10/10/1669868/hmong-shamans-help-at-valley-hospitals.html
Robinson, B.A. (2005). The Amish: History, belief, practices, conflicts, etc. Retrieved March
6, 2012 from Religious Tolerance website: http://www.religioustolerance.org/amish.htm
Birth Control Ethics
The author of this report has been asked to consider the ethical dilemma of whether businesses and organizations should be required as a matter law to offer certain birth control options as part of the health insurance offerings given by the organization. For many publicly traded and diverse organizations, there is not really a question involved and compliance is pretty automatic. However, organizations that are privately held and/or religiously oriented tend to be an entirely different matter. Such has been the case with Hobby Lobby and Wheaton College. The former went to court to demand that they not be required to offer certain contraception options and they won. The latter decided to drop offering insurance altogether because of the ethical and legal implications involved in doing so. While birth control may be seen as a right for all women, there are many people that do not see things…...
mlaReferences
ACLU. (2016). Anti-LGBT Religious Exemption Legislation Across the Country. American Civil Liberties Union. Retrieved 27 March 2016, from https://www.aclu.org/anti-lgbt-religious-exemption-legislation-across-country
Morton, G. (2016). Part-Time Staff Hours in Flux Due To Obamacare - The NonProfit TimesThe Non-Profit Times. The Non-Profit Times. Retrieved 27 March 2016, from http://www.thenonprofittimes.com/news-articles/part-time-staff-hours-in-flux-due-to-obamacare/
Pashman, M. (2015). Wheaton College ends coverage amid fight against birth control mandate. chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 27 March 2016, from http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/ct-wheaton-college-ends-student-insurance-met-20150728-story.html
Religious Freedom" is one of the hottest arguments in America. Some believe that religion -- specifically their religion -- is the only way and should be the law of the entire land. Others believe that Religion was invented when the first conman met the first sucker; they have no use for Religion at all, they stress that there should be complete separation of Church and State and that Religion should have no say about legal rights in America. Between those two positions is at least one other position: that Religion is a positive force but that every religion has basic truths and every religion is as legitimate as the others.
In America, the courts handle a lot of the arguments about Religious Freedom. I believe the relationship between religion and the courts is a double-edged sword because it helps define religious rights in the United States but it can also…...
Ethics & Gay ights
The author of this report seeks to explain and fathom the current debate that is going on as it relates to gays and other "non-traditional" couples like lesbians, transgenders and so forth getting married much like heterosexual couples in the United States have done for centuries. The author of this report shall be truly ethical and say up front that she supports gay marriage but she will justify that belief through evidence and good ethical standards throughout this report. The main focal point of this report will be the recent legal fracases in states like Indiana that have tried to (or have) passed laws that allow LGBT people to be discriminated against on the grounds of religion as stated in the United States and/or elsewhere. While many point to the First Amendment's freedom of religion when it comes to saying that gays should not be married, there…...
mlaReferences
ACLU. (2013). Court Rules Bakery Illegally Discriminated Against Gay Couple - ACLU -- Colorado. ACLU - Colorado. Retrieved 6 May 2015, from http://aclu-co.org/court-rules-bakery-illegally-discriminated-against-gay-couple/
Cornell. (2015). Article VI | Constitution | U.S. Law | LII / Legal Information Institute.
Law.cornell.edu. Retrieved 6 May 2015, from https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/articlevi
Cornell. (2015). Equal Protection | Wex Legal Dictionary / Encyclopedia | LII / Legal
First Amendment
Shutting Mosques, Trump and First Amendment
The proposal by trump, at its very core, would seek to sanction a religious institution by virtue of the adherence of its members to certain religious beliefs. Indeed, this is exactly what the first amendment speaks against. The first amendment protects religious freedom and outlaws anything that would bar the free exercise of one's religion of choice. It is referred to as the Free Exercise Clause. Trump could say that he only sought to sanction the mosques that propagate what he refers to as radical Islam. However, he did not provide any evidence of activity or advocacy on any mosques.
The crucial right to religious freedom is enshrined in the U.S. constitution's first amendment. It states that Congress is bound not to make any law that respects establishment of a given religion or stops the free exercise of religious practice. The Free Exercise Clause,…...
mlaReferences
Dreisbach, D.L. & Hall, M.D. and Morrison, J. (2009). The Forgotten Founders on Religion and Public Life Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.
Dreisbach, D.L. and Hall, M.D. (2009). The Sacred Rights of Conscience: Selected Readings on Religious Liberty and Church-State Relations in the American Founding. Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund Press.
Emerson, T.I. (1963). Toward a General Theory of the First Amendment, Yale Law Journal, vol. 72, no. 5, pp. 877 -- 956.
Kabala, J. S. (2013). Church-State Relations in the Early American Republic, 1787-1846. London: Pickering and Chatto.
Isaac ackus Role in Shaping of the Southern aptist Religion in the Early American Colonies
Only a few aptists were present in colonial America but their number was highest in Pennsylvania and Rhode Island because of the freedoms in those places. aptists were greatly despised in nearly all regions but mainly in New England. Luckily for the aptists present in America, they actually gained more from the Great Awakening compared to other denominations. Isaac ackus[footnoteRef:1], a young New Light Congregationalist minister, was among their very first converts from New England Congregationalism back in 1751. Over the eighteenth century, aptists started to grow and thrive among the rich religious maltreatment and harassment which was still evident in the majority of the colonies- particularly Massachusetts. Through speeches, tracts, petitions, and protests, Isaac ackus (1724-1806) headed the quest of religious freedom during the chaotic era of the American Revolution.[footnoteRef:2] [1: Michael Williams. "rief asics…...
mlaBibliography
Ascol, Thomas K. From the Protestant Reformation to the Southern Baptist Convention: What Hath Geneva to Do with Nashville? Founders Press, 2013.
Carwardine, Richard. "Baptists and the Shaping of America." Accessed October 4, 2016. http://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/bq/35-4_158.pdf .
Davis, Derek H. "Baptists and the American Tradition of Religious Liberty. "PERSPECTIVES IN RELIGIOUS STUDIES 33, no. 1 (2006): 5-7
Derek H. Davis, Religion and the Continental Congress, 1774-1789: Contributions to Original Intent (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), 125-28.
S. citizens. In this program designed to help young ones value the freedoms they currently experience:
according to Tyler Barnwell, stands for grievance, as in "to petition the government for a redress of grievances." which denotes religious freedom, Leslie Anne Hill, a Presbyterian, states:
"means you don't have to follow a certain religion." stands for freedom of assembly, Sherri Jones states is "the right to get together with other people peaceably, but not to disturb anyone." which is for freedom of speech, Stephanie Kenfield relates: "means you can say anything you want to say, and nobody can stop you or anything, but not bad words and stuff." stands for freedom of the press, Justin Jolly explains: "You could write and say anything you want on a piece of paper or in a newspaper or anything like that." "Getting a grasp..., 1994)
The ruling for The Alpha Epsilon Pi v. The College of Staten…...
mlaReferences
http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5000957726
Blankley, T. (2001, March 7). Freedom under Siege. The Washington Times, p. 17.
Cicero, Marcus Tullius. (1996). The Columbia World of Quotations. New York: Columbia University Press, 1996. Retrieved 12 December 2006 from www.bartleby.com/66/65/12465.html.
COURT THROWS OUT LAW USED TO BAN WEEDSTOCK 4TH DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS DECIDES SAUK COUNTY'S OPEN AIR ASSEMBLY LAW VIOLATES THE FIRST AMENDMENT.(LOCAL/WISCONSIN)," Wisconsin State Journal (Madison, WI), July 25, 2003.
Religious Field Search
AHMADIS: THE OTHER FACE OF ISLAM
For the purposes of this paper I visited the local Ahmaddiya Muslim Community or as they prefer to called Ahmadis. Ahmadis are a sub-sect of the Islamic Community. What attracted to me to study this community was that unlike the general image we have of the Islamic community, this community is non-violent and is considered heretical by the larger Islamic community for having a prophet in succession to Muhammad, the founder of the Islamic faith. In many Muslim majority countries the Ahmadis are banned and in many others they have been ex-communicated from the Islamic mainstream. Apparently -- as I discovered- one of the other contentious issues between them and the rest Islamic community is the controversy over Jesus Christ's death, which I found interesting given that I considered Jesus an exclusively Christian figure. To my amazement it turns out that all Muslims…...
mlaBibliography
1. Ahmad, M.T (1989). MURDER in the NAME of ALLAH London, UK:
Lutterworth Press Cambridge
2. Durant, W. (1950), The Story of Civilization, 11 volumes, New York:
Simon and Schuster.
Authors Donald Lively and ussell Weaver describe Hustler Magazine as Falwell's "antagonist (p. 79)," no doubt representing for Falwell abuses of our Constitutional freedoms.
"In 1983, Hustler Magazine decided to parody Falwell using a Campari Liqueur advertisement. The actual Campari ads portrayed interviews with various celebrities about their 'first times.' Although the advertisement actually focused on the first time that the celebrities had sampled Campari, the ads portrayed the double entendre of the first time that the interviewees had engaged in sex. Hustler mimicked the Campari format and created a fictional interview with Falwell in which he stated that his 'first time' was during a drunken incestuous rendezvous with his mother in an outhouse (p. 79)."
The Oregon Commentator, May, 2007
There is probably no limit to the outrage that was felt by Falwell, and by his support base, both of which would have been offended, first, by using Falwell in any…...
mlaReferences
Block, H. (Artist) (1979). Spiritual Leader, Washington Post, Field Newspaper
Syndicate, April 8, 1979. Found online at Pop Art Machine, retrieved March 1, 2010.http://popartmachine.com/item/pop_art/LOC+1158615/SPIRITUAL-LEADER-/-HERBLOCK.-UNPROCESSED-%5BITEM%5D-%5BP&P%5DREPRODUCTION ...,
Chunovic, L. (2000). One Foot on the Floor: The Curious Evolution of Sex on Television
From I Love Lucy to South Park. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, MI.
Coding AnalysisIntroductionIn examining the theme of religious tolerance and discrimination in governmental workplaces, this paper engages with six interviews conducted with various stakeholders: a government employee, a citizen, a Christian at church, a businessperson, an educator, and a community group member. The interviews probed these individuals\\\' perspectives on the subject and sought to understand the nuances of the issue at hand.Description of DataThe interview data offers perspectives on the issue of religious tolerance in the workplace. Interviewees encompassed government employees, private citizens, businesspeople, educators, and community group members. Their experiences and beliefs shed light on the multifaceted nature of religious tolerance and discrimination in the professional sphere.Government employees provide an inside look into the inner workings of governmental organizations. They can speak to the day-to-day dynamics and experiences that may or may not lead to discrimination or intolerance. In contrast, citizens and businesspeople represent external viewpoints, with potentially different perceptions…...
mlaReferencesAli, S. R., Liu, W. M., & Humedian, M. (2004). Islam 101: Understanding the religion and therapy implications. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 35(6), 635-642.Allport, G. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Cambridge/Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (2000). Aversive racism and selection decisions: 1989 and 1999. Psychological science, 11(4), 315-319.González, H. M., Tarraf, W., Whitfield, K. E., & Vega, W. A. (2010). The epidemiology of major depression and ethnicity in the United States. Journal of psychiatric research, 44(15), 1043-1051.Homan, A. C., van Knippenberg, D., Van Kleef, G. A., & De Dreu, C. K. (2007). Bridging faultlines by valuing diversity: Diversity beliefs, information elaboration, and performance in diverse work groups. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(5), 1189-1199.Jones, K. P., Peddie, C. I., Gilrane, V. L., King, E. B., & Gray, A. L. (2016). Not so subtle: A meta-analytic investigation of the correlates of subtle and overt discrimination. Journal of Management, 42(6), 1588-1613.McKay, P. F., Avery, D. R., Tonidandel, S., Morris, M. A., Hernandez, M., & Hebl, M. R. (2007). Racial differences in employee retention: Are diversity climate perceptions the key?. Personnel Psychology, 60(1), 35-62.Nishii, L. H. (2013). The benefits of climate for inclusion for gender-diverse groups. Academy of Management Journal, 56(6), 1754-1774.Schneider, S. K., O\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'Donnell, L., Stueve, A., & Coulter, R. W. (2012). Cyberbullying, school bullying, and psychological distress: A regional census of high school students. American Journal of Public Health, 102(1), 171-177.Sue, D. W., Capodilupo, C. M., Torino, G. C., Bucceri, J. M., Holder, A. M. B., Nadal, K. L., & Esquilin, M. (2007). Racial microaggressions in everyday life: implications for clinical practice. American Psychologist, 62(4), 271-286.
Federalist PaperAs Smith points out, in diverse populations, there are often gaps in beliefs that can be challenging obstacles to creating political unity. However, it is possible for a political community to cope with divergent beliefs by expressing affirmation of particular beliefs at some levels without requiring a single unified approach to all issues. This concept, of \\\'layered believing,\\\' can help a community bridge those divides while still respecting individual beliefs and ideas. Such an approach has the potential to ensure that differences in belief can coexist within a given community without impeding its collective growth and cohesion. As such, layered believing is a vital tool for maintaining social harmony in diverse societies with multiple points of view.[footnoteRef:2] [2: Steven Smith, Our Agnostic Constitution, NYU Law Rev, 83.1 (2008) https://www.nyulawreview.org/issues/volume-83-number-1/our-agnostic-constitution/]However, with that said, one change that should be seriously considered to help achieve this goal is a broadening and clarification…...
mlaBibliographySteven Smith, “Our Agnostic Constitution,” NYU Law Rev, 83.1 (2008) of Canterbury, “Civil and Religious Law in England,” 2008. https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2008/feb/07/religion.world3https://www.nyulawreview.org/issues/volume-83-number-1/our-agnostic-constitution/ Archbishop
Conclusions
There is no one standard for what is considered right and wrong in the world of American religion. The American religion that exists today may be described as "Agnostian-Secularian" meaning it is made up of multiple faiths, beliefs and convictions, some more Christian based and some more abstract in nature.
By and large the American 'religion' or modern society is varying accepting of people of many different faiths and idealisms. Though the government of this country is somewhat heavily influenced by Christian fundamentalist ideals such as those that Bush emphasizes, the public by and large particularly in the eyes of the media, is much more open and flexible in nature. There are some beliefs that may be considered more 'universal' in nature than others. There is for example an obvious preference among people living in the modern American world to belief in the basic concepts of right and wrong.
There is evidence…...
Religious Symbols be worn in Schools?
Many parents and students were confused, when a school district in Nebraska stopped a 12 years old girl, Elizabeth Carey from wearing a necklace because it resembled a rosary. Rev. Joseph Taphorn said to press that "One ought to be able to figure out whether she's trying to promote a gang," he added. "If she's not, why would she be punished for her right of religious freedom and religious expression? (Haynes)"
Symbols are the powerful source of meaning and ideas. They have different meanings in different religions and are considered very important by the religious individuals and communities. The religious symbols also have a very close connection with the identity of a religion. The individuals believe their identity to be strongly connected with the symbols; therefore preserving these symbols is very important in their daily lives (Renteln 1575). Unfortunately, the United States of America, which…...
mlaWorks Cited
Ash. The Ban on Religious Symbols in Public Schools. Darkness Embraced. 2007. Published Aug 3,
2007. Retrieved Dec 10, 2012.
Clark, Matthew. Victories: Students can wear religious symbols to School. American Centre for Law and Justice. 2011. Published Dec 16, 2011. Retrieved Dec 10, 2012.
1. The role of the church in addressing social justice issues such as racial inequality, poverty, and immigration.
2. The impact of technology on the church and religious practices.
3. The controversy surrounding LGBTQ+ rights and the church's stance on sexuality.
4. The role of women in leadership positions within the church.
5. The challenges and opportunities of outreach and evangelism in a modern, secular society.
6. The church's response to climate change and environmental stewardship.
7. The intersection of religion and politics in contemporary society.
8. The rise of the "nones" - those who identify as having no religion, and its implications for the church.
9. The....
1. The Struggle for Autonomy: The Impact of British Colonial Policies on Colonial Identity
Discuss the British policies that restricted colonial autonomy, such as the Navigation Acts and the Stamp Act.
Analyze how these policies fostered a sense of collective grievance and the desire for independence.
Examine the ways in which colonists resisted British control through boycotts, protests, and the formation of political organizations.
2. The Economic Foundations of the American Colonies: Agriculture, Trade, and Manufacturing
Describe the various agricultural practices and products that formed the backbone of the colonial economy.
Trace the development of trade networks between the colonies and....
Key Aspects of American Culture
American culture is a vibrant and dynamic tapestry woven from a rich blend of influences that have shaped its unique identity over centuries. Here are some key aspects that distinguish it from other cultures:
1. Individualism:
American culture places a high value on individual freedom, autonomy, and self-reliance. Individuals are encouraged to pursue their own goals, express their opinions, and assert their rights. This emphasis on individualism contributes to a strong sense of personal responsibility and self-determination.
2. Egalitarianism:
Despite the presence of social stratification, American culture espouses the idea of equality for all. The Declaration of Independence famously proclaims....
The Puritan Dilemma:
The Puritan dilemma refers to the tension and conflicts faced by the Puritans in colonial America. On one hand, the Puritans sought religious freedom and the establishment of a "city upon a hill" based on their strict moral beliefs and devotion to God. On the other hand, they struggled with the challenges of governing a diverse society, religious intolerance, and interacting with people of different beliefs. This dilemma ultimately influenced their actions and decisions as they navigated the complexities of building a new society in a foreign land.
The Puritan dilemma also encompassed issues related to maintaining their....
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