Article 33.1 states:
No Contracting State shall expel or return ('refouler') a refugee in any manner to the frontiers of territories where his life or freedom would be threatened on account of his race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion."

This is the guiding principle that guides asylum laws around the world. United nations human rights commission is seriously concerned about the plight of refugees and those under fear of persecution and thus wants contracting states to extend assistance. However countries are concerned about their own security problems and thus refuse to acknowledge all refugee applications. The number of applications has thus gone down seriously. One key article states: "...2005 saw the lowest number of asylum-seekers since 1987. During the first months of 2006, applications dropped a further 14 per cent, compared to the same period last year. While this continued decline can be partially attributed…...

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References

http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/o_c_ref.htm

 http://www.migrationwatchuk.org/pdfs/Legal/8_11_distinction_asylumseeker_and_refugee.pdf .

Jose Riera, Migrants and Refugees, Why Draw a Distinction?

 http://www.un.org/Pubs/chronicle/2006/issue4/0406p31.htm

Refugees
In the last 18 months, the U.S. has begun the process of resettling 60,000 Bhutanese refugees. This group of refugees has a couple of unique features that makes it a compelling story. This group comes from Bhutan, and are of Nepali origin, people who had settled in Bhutan decades ago. However, they were evicted from Bhutan in the 1990s, but Nepal has also refused to give them citizenship as well. The United States has been at the fore of the countries that have been able to step in and resettle them from their refugee camps.

The Bhutanese have come to the United States with no real community to help them resettle, different from other groups, which lends an element of uniqueness to the story. The Bhutanese also have an interesting element as a stateless people, a situation that tends to only arise rarely, but which has a compelling human narrative.

The story…...

Ukrainian authorities have mobilized few resources to deal with migrant problems, though international organizations have been somewhat more helpful. (Popson & Ruble, 2001)
However, the phenomenon of urban refugees is not always seen in negative light. There are a number of countries with large urban refugee populations that manage to deal with the refugees in a positive and generally effective manner. However, it must also be pointed out that these are usually First rather than Third World or developing countries.

One such country is Canada. As Siemiatycki & Isin (1997) state,."Few city regions in the world have been more dramatically transformed by recent immigration than Toronto. And few institutions have a more direct impact on immigrant settlement and integration than municipal governments." (Siemiatycki & Isin, 1997) Canada has developed governmental policy to manage and order the immigration and refugee situation in that country. For instance, Toronto's ex-mayor David Crombie, has described…...

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Bibliography

Brown, L.R. 2003, Deflating the World's Bubble Economy: "Unless the Damaging Trends That Have Been Set in Motion Are Reversed Quickly, We Could See Vast Numbers of Environmental Refugees Abandoning Areas Scarred by Depleted Aquifers and Exhausted Soils," USA Today (Society for the Advancement of Education), Vol.132, pp. 14+.

Hyndman J. And McLean J. 2006, Settling Like a State: Acehnese Refugees in Vancouver, Journal of Refugee Studies, vol 19, no 3, 2006, pp. 345-360.

Hoffmann, M., & Echandi, M. 2006, Cuba's Free Education System Benefits Refugees. UN Chronicle, vol. 43, no. 73

Landau L.B. FMO Research Guide: Urban Refugees, [Online] Available at  http://www.reliefweb.int/library/RSC_Oxford/data/FMO%20Research%20Guides%5CUrbanRefugees.pdf.Landau

efugee?
The term 'refugee' as defined under the UN Convention for efugees, 1951 is applied to determine permissibility for entering other nations (Jupp, 2003). According to the UNHC (United Nations High Commissioner for efugees) (UNHC, 2004), the word refugee refers to an individual, who, because of a justifiable fear of persecution on grounds of race, nationality, religion, political views, or membership in any specific social group, moves out of his/her country of origin, and cannot or (because of fear) is not poised to take advantage of home country protection.

efugees in Canada

Historically, Canada is renowned all over the world for instituting a pluralistic structure, as well as officially passing policies endorsing multiculturalism; the country's population has risen in terms of both number and cultural diversity owing to an inflow of migrants, recently (Winston, n.d.). As per a census report for the year 2006, Canada's overall population comprises 19.8% residents of foreign…...

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References

Fleras, Augie. (2012). Unequal relations: An introduction to race, ethnic, and aboriginal dynamics in Canada. Toronto: Pearson.

Jupp, J. (2003). There has to be a better way: a long-term refugee strategy, Arena, no 65, Blue book no. 5, pp.BB1 -- BB12.

Mountz, Alison. (2011). Where asylum-seekers wait: feminist counter-topographies of sites between states. Gender, Place and Culture. 18(3), pp. 381-399

No One is Illegal. (2013). Refugee Process in Canada. No One is Illegal -- Toronto. Retrieved from  http://toronto.nooneisillegal.org/node/378

Security-Driven Policies Tuathail and Dahlman (2006) examine the Bosnian war's impact on homes and homelands, highlighting the concept of 'domicide' - the deliberate destruction of homes. This concept shows the need for policies to acknowledge and address such destruction and to go past mere physical resettlement to consider the deeper, often invisible, scars left by conflict. Homes and lives are often destroyed, yet people have to keep going. The authors argue that the Bosnian war was essentially a war against homes in the name of idealized homelands. The international community's efforts in post-war Bosnia, and especially the promotion of 'minority returns' under the Dayton Peace Accords, attempted to reverse the effects of ethnic cleansing and restore multiethnic communities. However, this process was only partially successful in reconstituting the pre-war multiethnic spatiality of Bosnia.The Positive Peace Report 2020 emphasizes the importance of creating and sustaining peaceful societies through the development of…...

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References

Ó Tuathail, G., and Dahlman, C. (2006). Post-domicide Bosnia and Herzegovina: Homes,

homelands and one million returns. International Peacekeeping, 13 (2), 242-260.

Institute for Economics and Peace. (2021). Positive Peace Report 2020: Analysing the factors

In this regard, the main fault can be attributed to the ruling elite because: "Primary responsibility for assisting and protecting internally displaced persons rests with their own governments. Should governments prove unable or unwilling to discharge this responsibility, however, governments are expected to invite or at least accept international assistance for ensuring the welfare and security of internally displaced persons" ('Internally displaced persons' 2012). Nevertheless, it is also clear that the international community has a moral obligation to stop this violence and assist the people who are already disaffected by its impact.
There have been some efforts to enlist the support of neighboring countries to help the SPLA consolidate its power, but the stated mission of this organization may make some neighboring countries headed by autocratic rulers nervous in the post-Arab Spring environment, but Nilsson reports that many have lined up in support of the SPLA anyway. In this regard…...

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References

Black's Law Dictionary. (1991). St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Co.

'Convention relating to the Status of Refugees.' (1954, April 22). Office of the United Nations

High Commissioner for Human Rights. [online] available:   / english/law/refugees.htm.http://www2.ohchr.org 

'Internally displaced persons.' (2012). International Organization for Migration. [online]

In fact, little prior research had been conducted earlier regarding to mental health interventions within the context of traumatized Muslim refugees. Based on this lack of proper study on the matter, current programs targeting Muslim refugees have little informative experiences to lead to more effective treatment. By increasing awareness of such stress along with the best treatment options, care workers can greatly improve the quality and effectiveness of care for Muslim refugees dealing with the psychological ramifications of leaving their home and resettling abroad.
eferences

The Cultural Orientation Project. (2004). Muslim refugees in the United States. Culture.

etrieved January 30, 2009 at http://www.cal.org/co/muslims/mintro.html.

Gade, Fakhrurradzie & McDowell, obin. (2009). Muslin group flees Myanmar but faces more woe. The Connecticut Post. etrieved January 30, 2009 at http://www.connpost.com/ci_11580044.

Snyder, Cindy; May, J. Dean; Zulcic, Nihada N.; & Gabbard, Jay. (2005). Social work with Bosnian Muslim refugee children and families: a review of the literature. Child Welfare.…...

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References

The Cultural Orientation Project. (2004). Muslim refugees in the United States. Culture.

Retrieved January 30, 2009 at http://www.cal.org/co/muslims/mintro.html.

Gade, Fakhrurradzie & McDowell, Robin. (2009). Muslin group flees Myanmar but faces more woe. The Connecticut Post. Retrieved January 30, 2009 at  http://www.connpost.com/ci_11580044 .

Snyder, Cindy; May, J. Dean; Zulcic, Nihada N.; & Gabbard, Jay. (2005). Social work with Bosnian Muslim refugee children and families: a review of the literature. Child Welfare. 84(5): 607-30.

Fortunately most counselors can overcome their biases and opinions of refugee populations by participating in intensive multicultural training. This training is rapidly becoming emphasized in social work circles whether or not a counselor plans to interact with refugees or not during the course of his or her lifetime. Multicultural training can also benefit counselors in traditional practice settings when working with diverse populations in general (Clark & Hofsess, 1998).

Need For Sensitivity

Counselors must be knowledgeable and sensitive to the needs of refugees for many reasons. For one working with refugees or immigrants by nature must be based on a foundation of "culturally competent practice" which includes a set of "beliefs, knowledge and skills" that enable a counselor to work closely with members of a culture different from that of the social worker (Potocky-Tripodi, 123).

Because the needs of refugee populations are so specialized, they are most likely to realize help and assistance…...

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References

Clark, L., and Hofsess, L. 1998. Acculturation. In S. Loue, ed., Handbook of immigrant health. New York: Plenum, pp. 37-60.

Devore, W., and Schlesinger, E.G. 1999. Ethnic-sensitive social work practice (5th ed.).

Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

Potocky-Tripody, M. (2002). Best practices for social work with refugees and immigrants. New York: Columbia University Press.

And towns where millions of resettled villagers and farmers have been located have no choice but to accept already overcrowded conditions, and job and housing shortages.
ecause of the many dams, those farmlands located close to the estuary will be rendered useless due to the lower than usual flow of the river. This will occur because salt water will intrude during dry seasons, ruining the land for growing crops (Hsu, n.d.).

Sedimentation will affect fisheries downstream from Three Gorges Dam, while the reservoir behind the dam will affect those in the middle stretches of the Yangtze by slowing the flow of water. This changes the fish habitats and results in a drop in fishing productivity. The dam will also trap 75% of the nutrient-rich sediments which are usually used as fertilizer for fisheries and agriculture resulting in additional losses to fishing and agricultural production.

Even tourism will be affected, at least for…...

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Bibliography

Associated Press. (2009, February 5). Scientists: Deadly Chinese earthquake may have been man-made. Retrieved January 12, 2010, from Foxnews.com:  http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,487967,00.html 

Bezlova, A. (2007, October 12). Environment-China: three Gorges Dam may displace millions more. Retrieved January 15, 2010, from ipsnews.net:  http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=39621 

Bosshard, P. (2009, November 30). Lessons from China's Three Gorges Dam. Retrieved January

15, 2010 from japanfocus.org:  http://www.japanfocus.org/-Peter-Bosshard/3262

Manchester (2004) discusses the work in New Zealand of ON TACC, Auckland's Transcultural Care Centre, which offers an intersectoral approach to severe behavioral and mental health issues for children and young people from refugee backgrounds living in the central city. Established as a pilot program last year, it provides specialized interventions involving the school, family and mental health services for refugee children who have been identified as having high and complex needs. Delivered in partnership with refugee communities, it involves three major services: The Ministry of Education Special Education, the Auckland District Health Board Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service (Kari Centre), and the Department of Child, Youth and Family Services. The ON TACC team consists of psychologists, a psychiatrist, social workers, cultural advisers and a behavioral support worker. Some of the team members are from refugee backgrounds. It is the first time such a transcultural and intersectoral service has…...

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References Cited

Fazel, M., & Stein, A. (2003) Mental health of refugee children: comparative study [Electronic version]. British Medical Journal 327(7407), 134-135.

Human Rights Watch. (2004) [Electronic version]. Brazil: Real Dungeons. Juvenile Detention in the State of Rio de Janeiro Human Rights Watch. 16( 7).

Fleitlich, B. (2001) Social factors associated with child mental health problems in Brazil:

cross sectional survey. [Electronic version]. British Medical Journal 32, 599-600.

Rise of Populist Movements and Large Numbers of Refugees in Germany
Germany has witnessed a significant increase in the number of asylum seekers migrating into the country in the recent past. As of 2016, the number of refugees seeking asylum in Germany was more than 700,000, which represented a huge increase from the less than 100,000 refugees who asylum in the country in 2006. The huge numbers of refugees seeking asylum in Germany has come at a time when Europe is facing a refugee crisis. According to Postelnicescu (2016), Europe is currently facing a refugee crisis that has generated concerns on whether it should maintain its core democratic values and freedoms or maintain freedom and justice. The increase in the number of refugees seeking asylum in Europe including Germany is attributable to the prevalence of terrorism, which is a global security concern. Moreover, this increase is attributable to the current security…...

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References

Amann et al. (2015, December 11). The Rise of Germany’s New Right. Retrieved November 17, 2017, from

Fischer, S. (2016, September 5). The Rise of the Populists – A Problem for Merkel and Germany. Retrieved November 17, 2017, from http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/rise-of-populist-afd-a-problem-for-merkel-and-germany-a-1110954.html

Leonard, M. (2016, March 5). The Germany Crisis: Angela Merkel, Refugees and the Rise of the Right. New Statesman. Retrieved November 17, 2017, from https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2016/03/germany-crisis-angela-merkel-refugees-and-rise-right

Postelnicescu, C. (2016, May). Europe’s New Identity: The Refugee Crisis and the Rise of Nationalism. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 12(2), 203-209.

 

http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/refugee-crisis-drives-rise-of-new-right-wing-in-germany-a-1067384.html

Since this has been the case, there have been others that have called for the United Nations to deploy their Western European military forces to Darfur, as well as for the United States, whose military forces would also be seen to fall under the jurisdiction of the United Nations, to send troops that could be utilized in helping to stabilize Darfur, but so far this has not taken place (Lacey & Polgreen, 2006).
Even though the United Nations seems hesitant to involve themselves in Darfur's problems and help the refugees, a peace-keeping resolution for Darfur was unanimously passed by the United Nations on the 16th of May of this year (UN, 2006). According to this particular resolution, an assessment team must go to Sudan to prepare it for the United Nations, which will then take control of a peace-keeping mission that is already over there and is currently being led…...

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Bibliography

Darfur crisis: More urgent than ever. (2006). International Rescue Committee. Retrieved at  http://www.theirc.org/media/www/darfur_hope_amid_the_violence.html .

A de Wall, A. (2005). Famine that kills: Darfur, Sudan. Oxford University Press.

Flint, J., & de Wall, A. (2006). Darfur: A short history of a long war. Zed Books.

Lacey, M., & Polgreen, L. (2006). The tragedy of Darfur: Ethnic conflict in Sudan has killed 200,000 and civilians and created 2 million refugees. New York Times Upfront.

This result of Aiken's analysis stemmed from the problematic conceptualization of the definition of 'terrorism.' Like UN international laws against terrorism, the lack of clear definition identifying terrorism and terrorists and other innocent individuals makes Canada's Immigration Law not only mutually exclusive, but also unfairly defined and does not favor and in fact, causes detriment, against 'aliens' sincerely seeking and non-maliciously seeking asylum.
Similarly, Zard (2002) looked into the technical details surrounding several laws pertaining to refugees, such as the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, UK Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act of 2001, and Uniting and Strengthening Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act (USA-PATRIOT Act). hile the first law does not provide a clear definition of acts relating to terrorism, allowing them to assume the identity of refugees when seeking asylum to other countries, the two other laws created in the UK and U.S., respectively,…...

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Works cited

Aiken, S. (2001). "Manufacturing "terrorists": Refugees, national security, and Canadian Law." Refuge, Vol. 19, No. 3.

Zard, M. (2002). "Exclusion, terrorism and the Refugee Convention." Forced Migration Review, Vol. 13.

Adjustment for Iraqi and Cuban efugees
Theoretical framework of theory of work adjustment finds that Iraqi and Cuban immigrants require developing person-work environment co-responsiveness. This is through continuous adjustment, develop their identities that relate with their work environment, and through a slow and gradual process. The theory identifies the work environment requires specifics from migrant workers, and migrant workers need requirements from the work environment. Lastly, is the matching of work requirements and individual capability, work needs and individual skills, work values and personal abilities. This is because the theory recognizes Iraqi and Cuban immigrants have poor work environment relations and adjustment problems. These arise from prejudices, assumptions, and preconceived notions against western culture, live in their traditional collectivist and group-oriented culture, which are detrimental to the development of their careers and work experiences.

Theory of Work Adjustment for Iraqi and Cuban efugees

This study creates a theoretical formula for Iraqi and…...

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References

Bemak, F., Chung, R., & Pedersen, P.B. (2003). Counseling Refugees: A Psychological Approach to Innovative Multicultural Interventions. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

Brown, S.D., & Lent, R.W. (2012). Career Development and Counseling: Putting Theory and Research to Work. Wiley Publishers.

Capuzzi, D., & Stauffer, M.D. (2012). Career Counseling: Foundations, Perspectives, and Applications. 2nd ed., New York, NY: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.

Hardin, E.E., Leong, F.T., & Osipow, S.H. (2001). Cultural Relativity in the Conceptualization. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 58, 36-52.

Social Problem and Personal Statement Part 1: Trauma and Resilience of the Karen Population
Traumatic and stressful experiences usually characterize migration and resettlement processes. Immigrants may experience pre-migration trauma in their home countries and trauma during and their migration (Goodman et al., 2017). Immigrants are at a more significant risk for pre-migration exposure to violence making them susceptible to trauma- and war- connected mental health conditions such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and psychological distress (Arnetz et al., 2013). In the recent years, the resilience concept as a protective factor against the trauma-related psychological disorder development has garnered growing consideration. The Karen population from Burma that has settled in Saint Paul, Minnesota has found sources of resilience to help them get through the hardships (Voigt, 2016). This paper highlights the essentiality of acknowledging the resilience of refugees and the need for social workers to have a better understanding of the different methods…...

Global issues are those issues that have an impact on more than one area of the globe, whether that impact is direct or indirect.  These issues can be things that impact all people, such as global warming, or issues that may not currently impact all people but have a potential global impact, such as the political unrest in the modern day United States.  We have compiled a list of suggested topics for an essay on global issues.  Each of them has at least two perspectives, though one of the perspectives may be stronger or more....

Title: The Impact of Global Wars on Societies: Causes, Consequences, and Lessons

Introduction:
Global wars have shaped world history, leaving indelible imprints on societies and cultures. This essay explores the causes, consequences, and lessons derived from the major global wars in history. By examining significant conflicts such as World War I, World War II, and the Cold War, we gain an understanding of the profound socio-political changes and humanitarian crises resulting from these wars. Utilizing a range of authoritative resources, this essay aims to present a comprehensive examination of global wars and their legacy.

I. Causes of Global Wars
A. Imperialism and Expansionism
-....

Certainly! Here are a few suggestions for social injustice essay topics:

1. Income inequality and its effects on marginalized communities.
2. Gender bias and discrimination in the workplace.
3. Racial profiling and its impact on communities of color.
4. Access to quality education for low-income students.
5. Environmental racism and its consequences on disadvantaged communities.
6. The criminal justice system's disproportionate treatment of minorities.
7. Discrimination against LGBTQ+ individuals in society.
8. Disability rights and the challenges faced by disabled individuals.
9. Child labor and exploitation in developing countries.
10. The refugee crisis and the global response to displaced populations.

Remember, when writing about social injustice, it is essential to research....

Yes, there are several news topics related to adversity that would make for a compelling essay subject. Here are a few examples:

1. The COVID-19 pandemic: You can explore how people worldwide faced numerous adversities due to the pandemic, such as health challenges, economic struggles, mental health issues, and social isolation. You can discuss stories of resilience, innovative solutions, community support, and lessons learned.

2. Climate change and natural disasters: Write about the adversity faced by communities affected by natural disasters like hurricanes, floods, wildfires, or droughts. Discuss the challenges of rebuilding lives, adapting to new circumstances, and finding sustainable solutions to....