Dolle (PAGE) emphasizes the influences these cultural histories have on all Americans. He points out that culture is not a static thing but a dynamic entity, constantly changing in response to influences from within and without. While one might think of him or herself as "White," or Lutheran, or male or female, or "second generation Chinese," or osnian, all of those labels tell only part of the truth of an individual. Is the Lutheran the child of immigrants from Germany? From Scandinavia? Is that person who self-describes as "second generation Chinese" a person looking to adopt the larger American culture, or trying hard to hold on to Chinese heritage? Does that person's parents want that individual to assimilate or maintain family traditions? If a person self-describes as osnian, does this mean osnian as a sub-culture of central Europe, or osnian only in legal identity on the individual's passport, technically coming…...

mla

Bibliography

Dolle, Raymond F. 1995. "A Mixed Race: Ethnicity in Early America. African-American Review, March 22.

Girgus, Sam B. 1993. "The new ethnic novel and the American idea." College Literature, October.

Oliphant, Andries Walter. 2004. "Fabrications and the question of a National South African Literature." Journal of Literary Studies, June.

Random House. Random House Unabridged Dictionary. New York: 1997.

Altruism and Acts of Kindness
Random and anonymous acts of kindness are indeed, an excellent way to touch the lives of other people and hence, make the world a better place to live. All it takes to perform such acts is a simple intention. Such acts make you feel good; even contented and satisfied at times. I experienced the feeling last Christmas Eve. It was while standing in my kitchen making coffee that I noticed a lone figure stumbling through the cold, bare streets of the neighbourhood outside. It was an old tramp, a lonely homeless and undoubtedly hungry man.

My heart melted. So, I opened my kitchen window and called out to him for a cup of coffee. Though startled at first, he quickly rushed up to grab the steaming, hot cup of espresso I offered. I watched him as he gulped down cup after cup of coffee and stuffed the…...

mla

Bibliography:

Batson, C.D., Ahmad, N., Lishner, D.A., & Tsang, J. (2002). Empathy and altruism. In C.R. Snyder & S.L. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of Positive Psychology (pp. 485-498). New York: Oxford University Press.

Lyubomirsky, S., Tkach, C., & Sheldon, K.M. (2004). Pursuing sustained happiness through random acts of kindness and counting one's blessings: Tests of two six-week interventions. Unpublished data, Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside.

Plante, T.G. (2011). Contemporary clinical psychology. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

desirable for the researcher to randomly assign subjects to the treatment and control groups than for the groups to evolve naturally?
The whole purpose behind random assignment is to try to single out a single factor that is changing the experimental results. Narrowing down results to a single variable means otherwise equalizing the experimental groups. Therefore, having two experimental groups that are as similar as possible is an important component in the experimental design. If subject can self-select, there is a possibility that there is something different about the members that self-select to be in different groups that makes their outcomes different.

Instead, an experimental design tries to achieve as much similarity between two groups as is possible. "One group (the program or treatment group) gets the program and the other group (the comparison or control group) does not. In all other respects, the groups are treated the same. They have…...

mla

References

Shuttleworth, M. (2009). Pretest-posttest designs. Retrieved February16, 2012 from Experiment-Resources website:  http://www.experiment-resources.com/pretest-posttest-designs.html 

Troohim, W.K. (2006). Experimental design. Retrieved February 16, 2012 from Research

Methods Knowledge Base website:  http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/desexper.php 

West, A. & Spring, B. (Unk). Randomized control trials. Retrieved February 16, 2012 from Evidence-Based Behavioral-Practice website:  http://www.ebbp.org/course_outlines/randomized_controlled_trials/

CTs
andomized controlled trials (CTs) are considered the "gold standard" in research that attempt to identify some type of causal relationship between an independent variable and dependent measure (Kraemer, Wilson, Fairburn, & Agras, 2002). The reason for this is that the process of random assignment to treatment groups or to the groups that receive the independent variable statistically controls for all the individual differences occurring in the participants that could affect the outcome except for the variable of interest (Kraemer et al., 2002). The control condition in an CT allows for comparisons between the different levels of the independent variable and no intervention at all. This is particularly important in medical studies where a particular condition such as depression or some illness may change over time without any type of intervention or treatment. CTs are not a remedy for poorly designed research methodologies and they do not reduce experimenter bias, certain…...

mla

References

Inal, S. & Kelleci, M. (2012). Distracting children during blood draw: Looking through distraction cards is effective in pain relief of children during blood draw. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 18, 210-219.

Jackson, S.L. (2012). Research methods and statistics: A critical thinking approach (4th

ed).Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

Kraemer, H.C., Wilson, G.T., Fairburn, C.G., & Agras, W.S. (2002). Mediators and moderators of treatment effects in randomized clinical trials. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59(10), 877.

5. Aside from the experimental intervention, were the groups treated equally? (co-intervention, compliance) What was the intervention? What was the difference between the groups?

Aside from the experimental intervention all the groups were treated equally. The intervention consisted of the preferred mobilization group receiving the unilateral PA pressure on the side of the symptoms (ipsilateral). The random mobilization group received 1 of the following 3 mobilization techniques that could be applied in the clinic as a placebo intervention: the central PA, ipsilateral unilateral PA, or contralateral unilateral PA pressure.

6. Overall, are the results of the study valid? Why or why not?

Overall the results of this study were valid because the researchers created a hypothesis that they then tested with a research design that measured whether patients suffering from unilateral mechanical neck pain preferred mobilization or the ipsilateral unilateral PA mobilization technique.

7. Was the treatment effect significant enough to consider using this…...

The first person that I helped was one of my good friends. She was scheduled to take a test in one of her classes when she got a call from her daughter's school that her daughter was sick and needed to go home. I was with her and offered to go pick up her daughter and watch her until she could finish her testing. I did not really feel rewarded by the behavior. I had plans for the afternoon, which I had to rearrange in order to babysit. While I did not resent babysitting, I felt as if I was obligated to watch her child. The reality is that I would be a horrible best friend if I had an afternoon free and did not watch my friend's child under those circumstances. Therefore, I do not even know that I would qualify this helping as a random act of…...

mla

References

Kassin, S., Fein, S., & Markus, H.R. (2010). Social psychology. Wadsworth/Cengage Learning.

There are sampling methods that are still under the quantitative paradigm but utilize non-random sampling to collect data from samples that are either too expensive or logistically difficult to select if random sampling will be used instead. These sampling methods can be convenience, purposive, quota, and snowball sampling (Babbie, 2003:211).
Convenience sampling is a non-random sampling method used when the goal is just to achieve the target sample size of a specific group for the study. No other criteria are set except for the kind of group being targeted and sample size that needs to be achieved. Purposive sampling, meanwhile, specifies characteristics of units that will be included in the sample. These units could be extreme characteristics of each other, or maybe only units from the extreme end of a characteristic spectrum are needed. The objective of this sampling method is to include units of a specific type or a…...

mla

Reference:

Babbie, E. (2003). The Practice of Social Research. NY: Wadsworth Publishing.

Another instance in which random sampling is not important is when a researcher is conducting a qualitative study. In qualitative studies, depth of information from selected units of analysis is given more importance rather than the number and representativeness of the target group or population. Thus, for a researcher conducting in-depth interviews of household mothers (for example), the characteristics/selection criteria set in identifying the target group (household mothers) are more important than the randomly selecting participants/members of the target group, which could result to household mothers who do not fit the criteria or characteristics set by the researcher. In effect, the type of information that would be generated from randomly sampled household mothers would not be as insightful as it would have been to specifically-selected household mothers fitting the researcher's selection criteria.

Components of a research study such as the objectives, review of literature, framework, methodology and analysis all work together…...

Reasonable suspicion -- A carefully considered presumption, based on specific facts and circumstances, that a person is probably involved in criminal activity. efore an officer can act on this level of suspicion, he must have enough knowledge to lead any reasonably cautious person to conclude that a crime has been (or is about to be) committed by the suspect.

The 4th amendment dictates that all people are guaranteed against unreasonable searches or seizures of their person or personal effects. Still though a student has less of this right due to court's giving more leeway to schools in the name of student safety and well-being.

Is this an invasion of the student's privacy?

Student privacy or lack of privacy in school, how much privacy should the students have or need? "The main drawback to locker searches is the loss of privacy that students may feel. A locker is the only place in school that…...

mla

Bibliography

American Civil Liberties Union of Utah. (2010). Search and seizure. Retrieved on April 9, 2010

from  http://www.acluutah.org/SKYR4.html .

Davis, K, Kelsey, J, Langellier, D, Mapes, M, & Rosenthal, J. (2003) Surveillance in School

Safety vs. Personal Privacy. Retrieved on April 9, 2010 from http://students.ed.uiuc.edu/jkelsey/surveillance/locker.htm

At the time of the survey, the typical class voter's interests would no doubt involve educational loans, rather than high property taxes, for example, or the quality of education from a student rather than a parent's point-of-view, and other specific interests particular to a younger, student age group, however large or randomly selected the class size.
Demographically, one's class might also be relatively homogeneous ethnically, geographically within the United States, and might be more likely to have liberal social views, in comparison to their parents, by virtue of their youth. A high school or college student would also even be more apt to be exposed to particular forms of media, such as the Internet, than would other voting groups.

Still, this would not mean that to survey young voters within a class would not be of interest -- the youngest tier of voters might be a very coveted demographic group, as…...

A fishbowl draw (or a similar method of physically randomizing the selection of numbers from the population contained in the table, such as dropping a coin from high above an enlarged version of the table and allowing it to bounce onto selected numbers) would be preferred for this study. This means of selection would fully randomize the selection, ensuring the validity of the sample, while at the same time would be fairly easy to accomplish. The creation or utilization of a computer program to randomly select numbers form this population would also be a highly valid and reliable way of accomplishing the necessary sampling, but this would be much more time-intensive as it would require the inputting of the entire population into the computer before the sample could be created. Analysis would be accomplished much faster by the computer after the data had been input, of course, but the data…...

random walk down the streets of central oscow will lead one to adopt a false perspective of the convertibility of the ruble. There are scores of small stores quoting rates for "pokupka" and "prodaja," bid and ask, prices for the U.S. Dollar and the Euro. These spreads generally amount to about.3 rubles; less than a penny. This reflects the relatively stable system of exchange that has predominated since the 1998 Russian bank defaults, steadily depreciating from 28 to the dollar to the current approximate exchange rate of 31.5. The Putin administration, until 2003, had favored a steady fall against the dollar and Central Bank officials had expressed confidence that the exchange rate would reflect only a slight weakening of the Ruble over the course of the next year; the exchange rate was expected to reach 33.7:1. According to the oscow Times, The bank has also had to reverse direction…...

mla

Moscow Times, 20 February, 2003. Russia's New Secret Weapon

Moscow Times, Feb. 26, 2003. Ruble Looses Steam Against Greenback.

Moscow Times, Friday, Feb. 21, 2000. Reserves Swell to 51.4 Bil.

In addition, they could be effective in super high-crime hot spots, such as the bar the authors describe in Minneapolis, which recorded an astounding number of assaults throughout the year; roughly 1 in 4 patrons would suffer an assault during the study (Sherman et al. 44). Thus, random patrols in a hot-spot area like this could help deter crime and apprehend offenders. However, chances are that the very nature of the random patrol would be so random that it would not encounter criminal activity, and so, it would be less effective than other forms of patrol.
Interestingly, most patrol officers disagree with the findings of these studies. Author Kelling and his colleagues write, "Three-fourths of those surveyed in the South Patrol Division [in Kansas City] more than moderately agreed that routine patrol was the most important function of the department" (Kelling, et al. 38). This is not only because they…...

mla

References

Kelling, George L., Pate, Tony, Dieckman, Duane, and Brown, Charles E. The Kansas City

Preventive Patrol Experiment: A Summary Report. Washington DC: Police Foundation, 1974.

Kessler, David a. "One or Two Officer Cars? A Perspective From Kansas City." Journal of Criminal Justice, Vol. 13, 1985. pp. 49-64.

Sherman, Lawrence W., Gartin, Patrick R, and Buerger, Michael E. "Hot Spots of Predatory Crime: Routine Activities and the Criminology of Place." Criminology, Vol. 27, No. 1, 1989. 27-55.

While the idea that the mere presence of police in a community cannot deter crime from occurring may be a bit saddening or hard to believe for many, the truth is simply that the Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment showed that it couldn't. While patrol may be considered the "backbone" of police work, as it has long been, the theory had not been scientifically tested until 1972 in Kansas.

One of the most significant findings of the experiment was that people -- citizens -- did not realize when there was a difference in the level of patrol deployed. Another finding, there was no change in the number of burglaries, auto thefts or vandalism when there were more or less police patrolling. These crimes were always considered "preventable" -- if only there were more police preventive patrolling going on in the community. The study proved that this just wasn't so.

While the findings…...

mla

Bibliography

Caro, Francis G. (1976). Readings in evaluation research. Russell Sage Foundation; 2nd edition.

Gilling, Daniel. (1997). Crime prevention, theory, policy and practice. Routledge; 1st edition.

Police Foundation. (2010). Community policing. Retrieved on September 30, 2010, from  http://www.policefoundation.org/docs/foundation.html

I don't go hungry, or feel the need to abuse drugs or alcohol, but I can see how this happens in these neighborhoods, where it seems there is little else to do and little else you can do to fit in with your peers. I do not think that is right, but I understand why it occurs. It is an easy way out, and it is readily available to just about everyone in the community, and it is common, and so, just about everyone engages in some kind of addictive behavior.
A cope with not having enough money by looking toward the future when I graduate and getting a good job so I can live the lifestyle I want. That is because I have choices. If I could not afford to attend college, or had to drop out to work or have kids, I would look at my future very…...

mla

References

LeBlanc, Adrian Nicole. Random Family: Love, Drugs, Trouble, and Coming of Age in the Bronx. New York: Scribner, 2003.

Looking for the best practices on endotracheal suctioning often involves determining whether open or closed suctioning is better.  Open suctioning requires disconnecting the patient from the ventilator, while closed suctioning allows the patient to remain connected to the ventilator.  While closed suctioning is generally preferred, it is not always the best practice, but the research investigated looked specifically at closed suctioning because of the research question presented.   

In 1999, Kinloch ran an observational study that compared oxygenation in patients that either had normal saline instilled at the start of endotracheal tube suctioning or did not have saline instilled.  Until....

Schmidt’s study on the effect of humor on memory is well-known, not only for its results, but also for its simple study design. The study, or actually the series of studies, suggested that humor increased attention and rehearsal of material, improving overall material of humorous material versus non-humorous material.  The study designs were simple comparative studies that directly compared humorous and non-humorous materials.  However, there is a problem with those studies.  While there are well-known health benefits of humor and laughing, humor is subjective.  That subjectivity can make it difficult to design a....

Fairness in the classroom can be seen through:

1. Equal Opportunities: Providing all students with equal access to resources, materials, and learning opportunities.

2. Consistent Rules and Expectations: Applying the same standards and expectations for all students, regardless of their background or abilities.

3. Clear Assessment Criteria: Clearly defining and communicating assessment criteria to ensure all students are evaluated on the same standards.

4. Respectful Environment: Promoting a classroom culture where all ideas and opinions are valued and respected, creating a safe space for everyone to contribute.

5. Differentiated Instruction: Offering a variety of instructional strategies and approaches to meet individual student needs and learning....

Sure! Here is a proposed research design for studying the influence of extracurricular activities on students' personal development and school engagement:

Title: The Impact of Extracurricular Activities on Students' Personal Development and School Engagement

Introduction:
- Briefly explain the importance of extracurricular activities in students' lives and their potential impact on personal development and school engagement.
- State the research question: How do extracurricular activities influence students' personal development and school engagement?

Methodology:
1. Participants:
- Sample: A random sample of high school students from diverse socio-economic and academic backgrounds.
- Inclusion criteria: Students actively involved in at least one extracurricular activity.
- Sample size: 200 students (100 boys,....