ailroad Policy Analysis
The national railroad system has been a tremendous asset to this country since its debut. Without the iron horse, our country would not have developed the means for transporting large quantities of goods from coast to coast. The changing of time has created many technological changes for the rail industry, but to a great extent these changes have been slow to be implemented. Additionally, the nation has undergone a digital revolution in the way business is conducted. Digital and wireless technologies have replaced many positions traditionally filled by staff, and while the downsizing can create a short-term problem, the increased levels of efficiency which businesses can pursue have created jobs in new sectors, along with increased revenues, and allowed businesses to improve their overall operating posture. As head of DSP Consulting, this paper proposes ways to improve efficiency on the Indiana Belt Line railway while improving their market…...

mla

Resources:

Kotler, P. Et Al. 1998, Principles Of Marketing, Prentice-Hall, Hemel Hempstead.

Porter, M. 1980 Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors New York: Simon and Schuster.

Dibb, S. And Simkin, L. 1997, "Marketing And Market Planning: Still Barriers To Overcome," EMAC Conference Proceedings, Warwick.

P.W. MacAvoy and J.W. Snowed., "Railroad Revitalization and Regulatory

Social, Economic and Political Results From Railroad Development in the United States
In the span of about fifty years in the middle of the 19th Century, the United States changed from a vast country separated by wide, empty spaces to a country connected by railroads. In the process, the railroads affected the social and economic development of the country and had major effects on some of the most important political events in our country's history.

When railroad construction began in the United States, most travelers who crossed the country to the west coast could travel for up to six months, very often walking beside their wagons. Until the completion of the transcontinental railroad, only wagon paths crossed the United States (UP, 2002).

y comparison, shortly after the transcontinental railroad was completed, people were being encouraged to travel by train across the country as a leisure activity. IN 1969 Samuel owles wrote, the railroad]…...

mla

Bibliography

Author not given (AUG). The Civil War. In History Central: The History of Railroads. 2002 [cited 21 November 2002]. Available from World Wide Web:  http://www.historycentral.com/railroad/History.html 

Author not given (AUG). Immigrants and Railroads. In History Central: The History of Railroads. 2002 [cited 21 November 2002]. Available from World Wide Web:

What this study determined was that no one single innovation was vital for economic growth during the nineteenth century. It has been said that that the railroad was this one such invention, but despite its dramatically rapid and massive growth it did not on its own make an overwhelming contribution to the production potential of the economy. The author believed that economic growth was a consequence of the knowledge that was acquired during the course of the scientific revolution that occurred during the seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. This knowledge provided a basis for the many innovations that were applied to economic processes. All of these developments in fact began before the birth of the railroad.

The author concludes that the railroad was a part rather than a condition for the Industrial Revolution. It emerged out of a widespread effort to apply scientific and technological knowledge to the improvement of products…...

Lastly the development of the railroad as a collective source of the growth of tourism, reshaped the lands surrounding New York city and allowed city and rural dwellers alike to interact and spend leisure time visiting places in the state they had not seen before. The real initial development of tourism, and especially national tourism could easily be linked to the development of the railroads. This industry being almost a completely new economic avenue, would transform how people thought of travel, previously thought of as a necessity to relocation, now it could be a temporary extended visit to those who had resulted before or to see places that had only been read about in books up to this point. The flyer, reproduced here is one that demonstrates this new emphasis on rail travel as a way to rather quickly leave the city behind and seek a calmer venue for leisure…...

mla

Works Cited

The Impact of Railroads on New York State in the 1800s" Website:  http://www.yorkers.org/dbqs/railroad/document_07.pdf 

 http://www.yorkers.org/dbqs/railroad/document_03.pdf 

 http://www.yorkers.org/dbqs/railroad/document_05.pdf 

 http://www.yorkers.org/dbqs/railroad/document_02.pdf

Railroad Maps
Describe the economic opportunities beckoning newcomers in all regions of the country as a result of industrialization, urbanization, and immigration.

The expansion of the nation's railroads by 1870, helped to fuel a tremendous amount of economic growth westward. as, the nation was rapidly developing regions that were considered to be difficult due to: adverse weather conditions, vast distances and the possibility of violence from Indian attacks. Once the railroad was established in the West, a shift occurred in how the nation was able to deal with these challenges. Where, many of these problems became non-existent and an increasing number of people began to move to these regions of the country. (illington, 2001, pp. 357 -- 375)

At the same time, the nation had developed a vast network of railroads throughout the entire Eastern half of the nation. This meant that many different natural resources in the West could be extracted and…...

mla

Bibliography

Billington, R. (2001). Westward Expansion. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press.

Urbanization is changing the way people live and work in America. With higher population density, residents are creating economies of scale that allow greater access to goods from around the world at competitive prices. All the cities of the Eastern United States are linked via trade routes to the Old World and beyond, introducing items ranging from spices and food to luxury goods. The American trade industry is booming so much so that this nation's raw materials are in demand all over the world. New immigrants to American cities can participate in the exiting endeavors of world trade, working on docks loading and unloading cargo or helping ship raw materials from mines and factories to the ships that will take them overseas.

The American housing industry needs laborers to build and help move large tracts of lumber across many miles of land. Similarly, giant steel companies are hiring as many laborers…...

mla

References

American Industrialization." Retrieved Feb 25, 2009 at http://home.earthlink.net/~gfeldmeth/lec.indust.html

Industrialization, Immigration, Urbanization." Retrieved Feb 25, 2009 at  http://faculty.utep.edu/LinkClick.aspx?link=industry_immigration.ppt&tabid=20250&mid=66301 

Transportation Revolution." Interactive Maps. Retrieved Feb 25, 2009 at  http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0073124923/student_view0/chapter17/interactive_maps.html

" The U.S. railroads stated featherbedding bill figures to be approximately $500 million a year. (Time & CNN, 1959; paraphrased)
Summary and Conclusion

One cannot presume to visit any city or town in the United States in today's world without seeing or hearing a train as it chugs down the railroad tracks from one destination to another every busy. While not much attention is given to today's railroad companies, it is certain that the railroad in the United States is still going just as strong as in its' historical heyday. As a matter of fact, the railroad is the oldest form of across land transportation in the history of the United States excepting the horse and wagon originally used by settlers in the establishing of the United States of America.

ibliography

Samson, William D. And Previts, Gary John (1995) Reporting for Success: The altimore and Ohio Railroad and Management Information 1827-1856. Culverhouse College of…...

mla

Bibliography

Samson, William D. And Previts, Gary John (1995) Reporting for Success: The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and Management Information 1827-1856. Culverhouse College of Commerce. Online available at  http://www.h-net.org/~business/bhcweb/publications/BEHprint/v028n2/p0235p0254.pdf 

Reading Co." A Brief History (nd) Reading Company Technical & Historical Society, Online available at  http://www.readingrailroad.org/reading/rdg_history.html .

Union Railroad (nd) Trainweb.org online available at  http://www.trainweb.org/pt/union.html .

Central Railroad of New Jersery (nd) Trainweb.org online available at  http://www.trainweb.org/pt/crnj.html

railroad industrialized America, a Track That Unified a Nation
How the railroad industrialized America

In the nineteenth century, the railroad system of the United States of America came to life. The systems' sole purpose was to transport people and goods across the country. Railroad system in the country began on the East and moved westwards. The move to the west resulted in development of towns, which further made the system branch to meet other regions in the state. These resulted in a web like rail system over the country. These had an impact on the life, culture and the way of life for the people of America. The railroad system in America in the nineteenth century interconnected various societies. The railroad systems at that time decreased work time since people were able to travel easier. People were able to travel great distances with the invention of the railroad system.

In the nineteenth…...

mla

Bibliography

William Thomas, 2011 . "Railroads and the Making of Modern America." Railroads.unl.edu.

John F. Stover, 1997. "American railroads.," Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press

Albro Martin., 1992. "Railroads triumphant: the growth, rejection, and rebirth of a vital American force." New York: Oxford University Press.

H. Roger Grant and Charles W. Bohi., 1978. "The Country Railroad Station in America."

Union Pacific ailroad Logistics
The Union Pacific ailroad is the largest railroad in the nation, and it serves 23 western states, with agreements with other railroads to link it to the East Coast. It was one of the first railroads to operate in the West, it participated in the building of the transcontinental railroad, and it continues to make history today. It has participated in a variety of new technologies, and it is one of the largest logistic and intermodal companies in the country. It operates several different logistical operations, including Union Pacific Intermodal, and it operates many different terminals around the country with state-of-the-art technologies.

The purpose of this paper is to introduce, discuss, and analyze the topic of transportation. Specifically it will discuss the different types of transportation modes the Union Pacific railroad is involved in throughout the country. Union Pacific is one of the country's most historic railroads, and…...

mla

References

Arbona, J. (2005). Union Pacific railroad opens new $100 million international container facility to handle future growth. Retrieved 22 Feb. 2010 from the Union Pacific Web site:

 http://www.uprr.com/newsinfo/releases/service/2005/0919_dallas_intermodal.shtml .

Berman, J. (2009). Norfolk Southern, Union Pacific launch intermodal reefer service. Retrieved 22 Feb. 2010 from the Logistics Management Web site:

 http://www.logisticsmgmt.com/article/336888-Railroad_Intermodal_shipping_Norfolk_Southern_Union_Pacific_launch_intermodal_reefer_service.php .

All of the streets in elmar begin at the Ocean and ends at Shark River. The open trolley cars in summer ran the streets with people hanging from the cars clustered like grapes.
VI. The Train Station in elmar

The train station in elmar was the hub of the entire world one believes after having fully researched the history of elmar's square mile and the surrounding area on the Jersey Coast. Although the railways of New Jersey may not have survived for long in the humanity packed area that comprises New Jersey and the adjacent New York area the "complex social foci" Roper (1978) contained in the element of the railway station is one worth giving consideration to. During the 1920's the average individuals abandoned use of the railway for intercity transportation and this was after dependency on the railways for service for more than 75 years. Pictured below is an…...

mla

Bibliography

Roper, Grace Trott (1978) "Belmar in Retrospect" [Online} available at http://www.belmar.com/history/begin.,html

Wall Township History [Online] available at http://www.wallnj.com/history1.htm

Project Diana Site 1946 - Marconi Road, Wall, New Jersey [Online] available at  http://www.infoage.org/diana.html 

Monmouth County and 40 Towns Embark on Smart Growth Regional Planning: Commissioner Levin Announces Smart Future Initiative Support for the Monmouth County Shore Regional Strategic Plan [Online] available at  http://www.state.nj.us/dca/news/2003/pr042503.shtml

The appellant could not have reasonably foreseen the danger that the dropped package posed to the respondent, therefore the claim of negligence is unsupported by the facts.
HOLDING: Judgment reversed.

Lucy v. Zehmer, 196 Va. 493, 84 S.E.2d 516 (1954)

FACTS:

While both parties had been drinking, Lucy offered $50,000 to Zehmer for a farm.

In an effort to force Lucy to reveal that he did not have $50,000, Zehmer wrote up a contract for sale of the property and had his wife sign it.

When Lucy attempted to pay Zehmer the asking price, Zehmer refused despite admitting the price was more than fair.

Lucy sued Zehmer for specific performance and the lower court found in favor of Zehmer.

Lucy appealed to the Virginia Supreme Court.

ISSUE: Intentions hidden from other parties to a contract are irrelevant to whether a contract is valid (17 C.J.S., Contracts, § 133 b., p. 483; Taliaferro v. Emery, 124 Va. 674, 98…...

mla

References

Lucy v. Zehmer, 196 Va. 493; 84 S.E.2d 516; 1954 Va. LEXIS 244.

Palsgraf v. Long Island RR, 248 N.Y. 339; 162 N.E. 99; 1928 N.Y. LEXIS 1269; 59 a.L.R. 1253.

eta of CSX Railroad
Find the eta of CSX

What is the estimated beta coefficient of CSX? What does this beta mean in terms of CSX to include them in my overall portfolio?

The estimated beta coefficient on CSX is 1.24. It is used to determine the underlying volatility in the stock. In general, when you see a beta factor greater than 1.0 this is an indication that the security is more volatile than the stock market average. In the case of CSX, the reading of 1.24 indicates that the stock is 24% more volatile than the major stock market averages. This will increase the overall amounts of volatility in the portfolio. While providing, a way to see above average returns, because of the increased volatility. ("eta," 2010)

Given the beta of CSX, the present yield to maturity on U.S. government bonds maturing in one year (currently about 4.5% annually) and an assessment…...

mla

Bibliography

Beta. (2010). Investopedia. Retrieved from:  http://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/beta.asp 

Capital Asset Pricing Model. (2010). Investopedia. Retrieved from:  http://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/capm.asp 

Cost of Equity. (2010). Investopedia. Retrieved from:  http://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/costofequity.asp 

CSX Corp. (2010). Yahoo Finance. Retrieved from:  http://finance.yahoo.com/q/ks?s=CSX+Key+Statistics

Capital Projects CSX
Capital Projects: CSX Railroad

CSX Railroad, the nation's third largest rail carrier by revenue (nine billion in 2009) according to Fortune 500 (CNN Money 2010), spends a considerable amount of its revenue (15%) on capital projects to update existing infrastructure, purchase new rail cars, expand intermodal and line access, and meet regulatory standards imposed by the Surface ransportation Board and the Federal Railroad Administration. (Mancini, L.N.D.). In 2009 the company spent 1.4 billion dollars on capital projects designed to "create competitive advantages for customers, grow the business, create jobs and deliver shareholder value" (Progressive Railroading. October 13, 2010). Of particular importance to CSX is the recent announcement of the National Gateway, "a multi-million dollar public-private infrastructure initiative, which will significantly improve the efficiency of the freight network between the Mid-Atlantic ports and the Midwest" (CSX Annual Report 2009).

he development of National Gateway is estimated to cost 842 million dollars…...

mla

The development of National Gateway is estimated to cost 842 million dollars over a nine-year period (2007-2015), with costs trifurcated between federal monies of 258 million, state funds of 191 million, and CSX contribution of 393 million (CSX National Gateway. June 2010.). The initiative involves CSX along with six states and the District of Columbia, and is designed to "provide higher clearances under bridges and through tunnels for trains to move double-stack containers" (CSX Annual Report 2009). In addition CSX would build or expand several high-capacity, job-producing intermodal terminals where product shipments are exchanged between trucks and trains" (CSX. May 1, 2008). The anticipated gains from expanding rail lines to haul double stack containers include "reduced truck traffic and increase intermodal capacity on key corridors without increasing the number of trains" (CSX Annual Report 2009).

With any capital expenditure an analysis of its return on investment and impact on free cash flow must be addressed. CSX considerable investment must account for not only its cost of capital but potential risks associated with funding, cost overruns, and government regulation. Annual incremental cash flow associated with National Gateway will come from significant decreases in operating costs including: fuel, utilization of economies of scale, and increased capacity per freight line haul. In 2009 CSX achieved a record performance of 74.7% on their operating margin; succinctly the company makes 74.7 cents before interest and taxes on each dollar of sales. With operating income of 2.285 billion in 2009, CSX with its National Gateway initiative expects to see substantial increases in operating income and subsequently free cash flow (CSX Annual Report 2009). National Gateway "enables each train to carry about twice as many cargo boxes; and trains can move a ton of freight 423 miles on a single gallon of fuel, and can carry the load of more than 280 trucks," (CSX. May 1, 2008). Because of the efficiency and cost effectiveness of this initiative "the Company expects to deliver double-digit earnings per share growth for 2010" (CSX Annual Report 2009).

Potential problems though could derail the company's rosy forecasts for National Gateway. The first of these is funding concerns specifically from federal and state sources. The project was injected with "$98 million in funding through the American Recovery Reinvestment Act of 2009" (CSX Annual Report 2009) however, that leaves 160 million in yet unfunded commitments from the federal government. Given the emerging consensus that U.S. debt and deficits are spiraling out of control; significant cutbacks on infrastructure spending are more likely in the coming years, which will leave CSX open to carrying more of the funding requirements. State funding though is also a

CSX Railroad Investments
railing only Union pacific and Burlington Northern Santa FE, CSX Railroad is the nation's third largest rail carrier by revenue (nine billion in 2009) according to Fortune 500 (CNN Money 2010). In fiscal year 2009 the company spent 1.4 billion dollars on capital projects designed to "create competitive advantages for customers, grow the business, create jobs and deliver shareholder value" (Progressive Railroading. October 13, 2010). In 2010-2011 "as part of their long-term focus, CSX will invest $1.7 billion annually to maintain their network, comply with new government requirements, install new technology, purchase railcars and build or expand intermodal terminals" (CSX Annual Report 2009). With the resurgence of railroad as a cost effective and efficient method of cargo transportation, CSX understands the strategic importance of capital spending in its efforts to gain competitive advantage in the industry. With that in mind CSX has initiated two projects which require significant…...

mla

The cost of National Gateway is quite expansive and is estimated to cost 842 million dollars over a nine-year period (2007-2015). These costs will with be spilt between federal monies of 258 million (a portion, 98 million coming from stimulus spending, state funds of 191 million, and a CSX contribution of 393 million (CSX National Gateway. June 2010.). Because of its strategic importance CSX has determined that the project meets or exceeds their defined hurdle rate and will deliver shareholder returns over the coming quarters and fiscal years.

Funding sources for CSX are readily available and consist of: common and preferred stock issuance, bond issuance, utilization of credit facilities, and use of existing cash on hand.

In 2009, the company increased overall long-term debt obligations by 177 million with new debt issuance of $500 million. Additionally the Company generated $2.1 billion of cash from operating activities, of which over $1 billion of cash was available and held in cash equivalents and short-term investments. Further, CSX has access to numerous financing sources including a $1.25 billion five-year unsecured revolving credit facility that expires in May 2012. This facility can be increased by an additional $500 million to $1.75 billion with the approval of the

American est
United States became one of the most industrialized nations and sought to grow its industries at an alarming rate. For this purpose, the western part of United States, which had not yet been discovered, was subjected to massive development, economic growth, formation of industries and allowing settlers to move towards the west. Railroads played a significant role in contributing towards the development and urbanization of America's est. The goal of this paper is to analyze the impact of railroads on America's est in the lights of broad and diverse academic resources.

Railroads in America est

Railroads had been developed in United States during the nineteenth century and start of twentieth century. They owe their existence to Industrial Revolution. During the nineteenth century, Industrial Revolution promoted technological and industrial development and thus, laid down the foundations of railroads in United States. During this time, United States became one of the most industrialized…...

mla

Work Cited

Bain, David Haward. Empire Express; Building the first Transcontinental Railroad. Viking Penguin. 1999.

Banerjee, A.E.D. a. N.Q. "The Railroad to Success: The Effect of Infrastructureon Economic Growth," Providence, Brown University. 2006.

Beebe, Lucius. The Central Pacific & The Southern Pacific Railroads: Centennial Edition. Howell-North. 1999.

Bianculli, A.J. The American Railroad in the 19th Century: Locomotives. University of Delaware, Newark. 2001.

1. The Evolution of Trains: From Steam Engines to High-Speed Rail

2. How Trains Revolutionized Transportation and Shaped Standard Time

3. The Impact of Trains on Economic Growth and Urbanization

4. Standardizing Time: The Role of Trains in Establishing Coordinated Time Zones

5. The Transcontinental Railroad: Connecting a Nation, Unifying Time

6. From Greenwich Mean Time to the GMT+ Railway Standard: How Trains Set the Clocks

7. Trains and the Industrial Revolution: Timekeeping for Efficiency

8. The Influence of Trains on Social Life and Cultural Practices

9. The Romantic Era of Train Travel: Luxury, Speed, and Timekeeping

10. Trains and Standard Time in the Digital Age: Challenges and Innovations
11.....

How Has Industrialism Shaped Societies and Economies in the Modern World? Introduction: Industrialism, the transformative process that characterized the 18th and 19th centuries, profoundly reshaped human societies and economies. Driven by technological advancements, the industrial revolution marked a shift from agrarian to manufacturing-based economies, leading to urbanization, technological innovation, and social upheaval. 1. Economic Impacts: Economic Growth: Industrialization accelerated economic growth by increasing productivity, enabling mass production, and expanding markets. The availability of machinery and new technologies lowered production costs and increased output. Factory System: The factory system concentrated labor in urban centers, leading to economies of scale and division of labor. This....

Causes of the Industrial Revolution

Technological Advancements:
Steam engine: Invention of the steam engine by James Watt provided a reliable power source for factories.
Power loom and spinning jenny: These machines revolutionized textile production, increasing efficiency and productivity.
Iron and steel production: Advances in iron and steel production enabled the construction of bridges, railroads, and ships.
Telegraph and telephone: Communication and information exchange became faster and more efficient.

Economic Factors:
Capitalism and entrepreneurship: The rise of capitalism fostered a spirit of innovation and investment.
Free trade and markets: The removal of trade barriers and the creation of larger markets stimulated production and....

Impact of Hazardous Materials on Railroad Transportation Systems

Railroad transportation systems are crucial for the movement of goods and materials across vast distances. However, the transportation of hazardous materials (hazmat) poses significant safety and efficiency concerns that can impact the operations and well-being of railroad systems.

Safety Risks

Hazmat refers to any substance or item that poses a risk to human health, the environment, or property during transportation. Railroads transport a wide range of hazmat, including flammable liquids, corrosive chemicals, radioactive materials, and explosive substances.

The presence of hazmat increases the potential for accidents, spills, and releases that can have devastating consequences. For example:

....