In addition the author suggests that the relationship between police and racial minority citizens has throughout history been controversial, and argues that racial profiling is simply a method by which police agents can perpetuate discrimination and prejudice (Bass, 2001).

Mcleod (2003) examines the viewpoint that the problem with racial profiling is that it unmistakable identifies a certain portion of the population as 'them' and pairs that description against 'we' suggesting that racial disparities upset the natural order of things (p. 343). Such thinking is not only outdated, but it also lays the foundation for ineffective policy and law enforcement efforts that are not focused on the problem, but are rather focused on a superficial aspect of a persons overall composition, namely their race (Mcleod, 2003).

Banks (2003) suggests that racial profiling is irrational and pervasive, and results in widespread investigation of black, Latinos and other racial minorities without empirical evidence to suggest…...

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References

Banks, R.R. (2003). "Beyond profiling: Race, policing and the drug war." Stanford Law Review,

Bass, S. (2001). "Policing space, policing race: Social control imperatives and police discretionary decisions." Social Justice, 28(1): 156

Harris, D. (2002). "Flying while Arab: Lessons from the racial profiling controversy." Civil

Rights Journal, 6(1): 8

acial profiling is not new, however, and was a theory of sociology in the late 19th century known as Social Darwinism. Incorrectly using Darwin's theory of evolution, the Social Darwinists believed that some species were morally superior to others, and even some races superior to othersJohnson ()
Public perception, though, believes in favor of seeing race as a reason for crime, and having a considerable fear of anyone outside their own ethnic group -- depending on the situation. Similarly, much so-called "organized crime," amounting to billions of dollars annually has similar stereotypes of ethnic origin (e.g. Mafia -- La Costa Nostra, ussian Mafia, Chinese Triads, Mexican Mafia, etc.). Still, over the past few decades, at least since the odney King beating, the use of race by law enforcement, and then after 9/11 by Homeland security, has received considerable political and media attention. One is agog, for instance, at the number of…...

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REFERENCES

Ayres, I. "Racial Profiling in Los Angeles: The Numbers Don't Lie." The Los Angeles Times (2008). Web. March 2013.

Clearly, J. "Racial Profiling Studies in Law Enforcement: Issues and Methodology." Minnesota House of Representatives Research Brief (2000). Web. March 2013.

Grogger, J. And Ridgeway, C. "Testing for Racial Profiling in Traffic Stops from Behind a Veil of Darkness." Journal of the American Statistical Association 475.1 (2006): 878-87. Print.

Johnson, D.P. The Historical Background of Social Darwinism. Contemporary Sociological Theories. New York: Springer 2008. Print.

acial Profiling Since 911
The racial profiling implies the discrimination by police to detail a person as suspect basing on the racial manifestations. In the present days the process of racial profiling has changed to a great extent. (Harris, 58) The racial profiling, till the present period was indicated towards the practice of police dragging over the black male drivers discriminately on the empirically valid but morally denounced hypothesis that they are more prone to be involved in crime. Presently, the very term is used parallel to the concept of racial discrimination. However, the racial profiling implies to anything specific that means logical discrimination that is racial prejudice with a non-racist justification. (Kinsley, p: B07)

The dependence on racial factor is quite hard to cabin or confine one aspect of law implementation. The racial profiles establish and reinforce popular labels about the inclination for criminality among the racial minorities. Popular labels are…...

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References

Abowd, Mary. Arabs Still Reeling from 9/11 backlash - Growing Fears. The Chicago Reporter. December, 2002. p. A5-7

Bai, Jane; Tang, Eric. The War at Home: National Targeting of Noncitizens Takes on New Dimensions - A New Era - Immigrants in U.S. After 9/11. ColorLines Magazine: Race, Action, Culture. Spring, 2002. pp: 27-31

Barbour, Christine; Wright, Gerald C. Chapter Six: The Struggle for Political Equality: What's at Stake in Racial Profiling? Retrieved from Accessed on 24 November, 2004http://college.hmco.com/polisci/barbour_wright/keep_repub/1e/students/sept11/ch06.html

Davis, Nicole. The Slippery Slope of Racial Profiling. ColorLines Magazine: Race, Action, Culture. 13 December, 2001. pp: 16-20

The inverse would also be true. However, that question is not entirely black and white, pardon the pun (Stenning).
The reason for this is that race can inform whether or why to stop someone for a traffic stop or on the sidewalk with racism not being the root reason. For example, a young white woman in her 20's would stand out like a sore thumb in a drug-infested area that is almost exclusively black and Hispanic. It is almost a certainty that the women is either horribly lost or that she's there for less than noble reasons such as buying drugs or something of that nature. There could be other explanations but they are very unlikely. It is not all that dissimilar from a person that is black and is in an affluent and mostly white area. The person could very well be rich and well-off but there are a…...

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Works Cited

Crank, John P. "Scholarly Debate on Racial Profiling: To What End?." Canadian

Journal of Criminology & Criminal Justice 53.1 (2011): 79-85. Academic Search

Premier. Web. 2 June 2013.

Fox, Dov. "The Second Generation of Racial Profiling." American Journal of Criminal

Racial Profiling
The distinguished Harvard Professor Henry Louis Gates Jr., director of Harvard's W.E.B. Du Bois Institute for African and African-American tudies, was arrested for trying to break into someone's house. It happened to be his own (Project America; 2008). This is but one of numerous cases of racial profiling that has been documented in this country and that points to the injustice and irrationality of singling out ethnic minorities for alleged crimes that these individuals have never perpetrated. This is the definition of racial profiling. More specifically, racial profiling is the practice of law enforcement officers stopping an individual of a certain race or ethnicity and investigating them based on their ethnicity. uch practices may occur in traffic routines, guns or drugs (African-Americans), illegal immigration (Hispanics or Latinos), or in matters connected with security (Muslims and Arabs).

Racial profiling was authorized in 2001 with the Bureau of Justice Assistance, a division…...

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Sources

About.com. "Racial Profiling in the United States"  http://civilliberty.about.com/od/lawenforcementterrorism/tp/History-of-Racial-Profiling.htm 

Aclu.org "Racial Profiling."

 http://www.aclu.org/racial-justice/racial-profiling 

Keating, C (2012) "Racial profiling law strengthened." Hartford Courant Project America

Ramirez et al. explains this clearly stating "when law enforcement practices are perceived to be biased, unfair, and disrespectful, communities of color and other minority groups are less willing to trust and confide in law enforcement officers and agencies, to report crimes that come to their attention, to provide intelligence and information, and to serve as witnesses at trials (Ramirez et al., 1996)." The author further explains that as it pertains to terrorism, Muslims and people of Arab descent might become unwilling to assist police when they have valuable information because they feel they are being discriminated against. In other words, racial profiling serves to increase instead of deter crime because it increases the hostility between police and the communities that they serve.
In addition to the inability of racial profiling to deter crime, one of the main problems often associated with racial profiling is the issue of civil liberties…...

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Works Cited

Amar, Paul (2010) Introduction: New racial missions of policing: comparative studies of state authority, urban governance, and security technology in the twenty-first Century. Ethnic and Racial Studies 33.4: April 2010 pp. 575

Florence, Justin Making the No Fly List Fly: A Due Process Model for Terrorist Watchlists The Yale Law Journal, 115. 8 (Jun., 2006), pp. 2148-2181

Kleiner, Y.S. Racial Profiling in the Name of National Security: Protecting Minority Travelers' Civil Liberties in the Age of Terrorism. Boston College Third World Law Journal 30.1: p. 103-44 (Winter 2010)

Ramirez, Deborah A., Hoopes, Jennifer, Tara Lai Quinlan. DEFINING RACIAL PROFILING IN A POST-SEPTEMBER 11 WORLD. The American criminal law review 40.3: 1195-1233. 2003

Detroit has also joined Los Angeles and Chicago in having such a regulation. A similar bill was attempted unsuccessfully thus far in Texas (2001). esponding to the concerns of organizations that represent Hispanics, Muslims and individuals of Arab descent, the Detroit City Council unanimously recently approved an ordinance that prohibits city officials from profiling people based on their appearance, race and similar factors. The regulation also bans city officials from asking the immigration status of people who have not participated in a serious crime. The city says that it is against the harassment of individuals who are Detroit residents or who come to Detroit, based on their physical appearance (Kruppa, 2007, B5). Ordinance exceptions for police investigations of active crimes are if the immigration status is relevant and in the assistance of federal investigations of terrorism.

Overall, changes in the law have been slow in coming -- especially on the national…...

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References

ACLU. (2007, April 29). Department of Justice Statistics Show Clear Pattern of Racial Profiling. Retrieved on May 10, 2007 at  http://www.aclu.org/racialjustice/racialprofiling/29532prs20070429.html 

Amnesty International (nd). Testimony from Amnesty International USA's hearings on Racial Profiling. The Case of Donald Boyd. Retrieved on May 10, 2007 at  

The individual who learns the intensity of the racial hatred that exists through experiential learning knows that it is never wise to walk amongst the roses with one's head in the clouds just thinking or dreaming because living in the world meant watching at all times for approaching insult, breach of rights, danger and even death due to racial profiling.
III. Perspective Two: The Public Official

The public official is ever aware of the votes that hold him or her into their position. The position holds within it realm a certain power and safety that cannot be entered into, at least too harshly, with such things as racial profiling which are scary things indeed. However, to admit that such things were scary, and indeed that they even exist while one is in office is the quickest way to lose that office to the next man in line who claims to have…...

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Bibliography

Racial Profiling: A Report on "Driving While Black" and the Controversial Law Enforcement strategy of racial profiling" (2001) PBS Online NewsHour 13 Mar 2001 Online available at:  http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/race_relations/jan-june01/profiling_3 -

Racial Profiling Amnesty International USA Online at:   / racial_profiling/index.do]http://www.amnestyusa.org 

Federal Commission says NYPD Engages in "Racial Profiling" CNN News 2000 May 13 CNN News Report 2000 May 13 Online available at: http://racerelations.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://www.cnn.com/2000/U.S./05/13/nypd.civil.rights/index.html

The Loudest Silence Ever Heard (1992) Fair site August/September 1992 Posted   Print Media Visibility of Conservative and Progressive Black Academics (In major papers and magazines on the Nexis database, Jan. 1, 1984 to July 20, 1992.)http://www.fair.org/extra/best-of-extra/black-conservatives.html 

acial Profiling of African-Americans in Lake County, Indiana
Students need to have an awareness about racial profiling, who are most likely to be targets for racial profiling, and about the steps necessary to work upon the solutions to racial profiling and this can be understood within the context of racial profiling in North West Carolina. acial profiling is considered to be one of the vital civil rights concerns of the present day. It has widespread influences adversely affecting more than just the victims to all the persons of all the generations and different status. It weakens the legitimacy of the criminal justice system and inhibits effective policing in the communities that necessitates it the most. In the circumstances of traffic stops by police officers, racial profiling is indicated to be the application of race or ethnicity by the enforcing officers as an element in concluding to stop, question, and search or…...

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References

"Badge challenge: Recruit minorities." Post Tribune. Retrieved from   Accessed on 16 May, 2005http://www.post-trib.com/news/race0826.html 

"Components of Racial Profiling Legislation." (5 March, 2001) Institute on Race and Poverty. Retrieved from Accessed on 16 May, 2005http://www1.umn.edu/irp/publications/racialprofiling.html

Danitz, Tiffany. (10 May 1999) "States Face up To Realities of Police Racial Profiling"

Retrieved from   languageId=1& contentId=13679 Accessed on 16 May, 2005http://www.stateline.org/live/ViewPage.action?siteNodeId=136& ;

New Jersey held hearings concerning racial profiling in which one state police investigator testified that 94% of the motorists stopped were minorities (Anderson Pp). Not only were minorities more likely to be stopped than whites, but more often than not are pressured to allow searches of their vehicles, and are more likely to allow such searches (Anderson Pp). In March 2001, the New York Times reported that a 1997 investigation by New Jersey police of their own practices found that "turnpike drivers who agreed to have their cars searched by the state police were overwhelmingly black and Hispanic" (Anderson Pp).

Although African-Americans and Hispanics have been the targeted victims of racial profiling, since the September 11th attacks, Arab-Americans and visitors from Middle Eastern countries also find themselves the target of racial profiling due to their ethnicity and the global profile of terrorists (Barnes Pp). Many believe that racial profiling is an…...

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Works Cited

Lund, Nelson. "The conservative case against racial profiling in the war on terrorism." Albany Law Review; 12/22/2002; Pp.

Barnes, Katherine Y. "Road work: racial profiling and drug interdiction on the highway." Michigan Law Review; 12/1/2002; Pp.

Anderson, William. "The Roots of Racial Profiling." Reason; 8/1/2001; Pp.

Racial Profiling
When discussing law enforcement and crime prevention, one inevitably hits up against a philosophical impasse -- the rights and freedoms of the individual are inherently at odds with the purpose of the government which has its interest in controlling their actions. As law enforcement becomes increasingly tough-minded, it is increasingly true that the rights of the innocent must be sacrificed along with the rights of the guilty. So those who are more interested in the law than in freedom will inevitably be at odds with those who are more interested in freedom than in the law -- as there is no way to logically determine which is more valuable, so there is no way to logically determine which deserves the greater protection. The issue of racial profiling is one which falls into this area of debate quite naturally. It is generally inspired not by rabid racism but is considered…...

4%, among whites, it was 7.2%, and was 6.4% among Hispanics, yet African-Americans represent more than 57% of those incarcerated for drug offenses in state prisons (Coker pp).
Police officers are more likely to stop African-Americans for traffic stops and once stopped, officers are more likely to search the vehicles of African-Americans. According to the 2001 traffic stop data in San Diego, African-American drivers had a sixty percent greater chance and Hispanic drivers had a thirty-seven percent greater chance of being stopped compare to white drivers, and once stopped, African-American drivers were more likely to have their vehicles searched (Coker pp). Many believe that this increased opportunity to discover criminal offending is a significant reason for the disproportionate rate of arrest and incarceration of African-Americans (Coker pp).

Drug enforcement concentrated in poor inner city areas populated predominately by African-Americans and other people of color results in deepened social disorganization in already troubled…...

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Works Cited

Banks, R. Richard. (2003 December 01). Beyond profiling: race, policing, and the drug war. Stanford Law Review. Retrieved October 12, 2005 from HighBeam Research Library Web site.

Coker, Donna. (2003 June 22). Foreword: addressing the real world of racial injustice in the criminal justice system. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology. Retrieved October 12, 2005 from HighBeam Research Library Web site.

As such, the question of fairness is not easily decided. Yet, we see that the Supreme Court has upheld racial profiling if used as a complementary technique. The American people as well support the utilitarian view that racial profiling is fair when evaluated in the context of all stakeholders, even if it seems unfair to a small few. The philosophical outlook of some may lead them to label racial profiling as unfair, but it is equally unfair to assume that one outlook -- especially a minority one -- is the only right outlook by which to evaluate racial profiling. Both legally and morally, America supports the use of racial profiling in limited context. To Americans, then, it is fair, because racial profiling is a valuable law enforcement tool that for all of its problems delivers more benefit to American society than it costs.
orks Cited:

Bunzel, H. & Marcoul, P. (2005).…...

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Works Cited:

Bunzel, H. & Marcoul, P. (2005). On the use of racial profiling as a law enforcement tool. Iowa State University. Staff General Research Papers 12397.

Cleary, J. (2000). Racial profiling studies in law enforcement: Issues and methodology. Minnesota House of Representatives, Information Brief. Retrieved February 23, 2010 from  http://www.house.leg.state.mn.us/hrd/pubs/raceprof.pdf 

Fetto, J. (2002). The usual suspects. American Demographics. Retrieved February 23, 2010 from  http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m4021/is_2002_June_1/ai_88679061/ 

Siggins, P. (2002). Racial profiling in an age of terrorism. Markkula Center for Applied Ethics.

In evaluating the legality of racial disparities in law enforcement, the courts have clearly sought to determine the motivation
for discriminating." (Knowles et al, 207) This illustrates a wide
political and philosophical variance in the way that Americans understand
this concept of police discrimination, with the courts asking questions
seeming to imply that discrimination is not in and of itself a negative
thing.
Quite to the point, across the last eight years, the ar On Terror
had promoted the idea, especially within the law enforcement culture, that
there were significant justifications for the intensification of methods
which focused specifically on the activities of individuals descending from
targeted nationalities, religions and ethnic backgrounds. Specifically,
even as the Bush administration had initiated the discourse on profiling by
explicitly stating a position of opposition where law enforcement is
concerned, it would quickly alter its stance when faced with the challenges
implied after the 9/11 attacks. This transition in perspective is well
captured by the statements of the former…...

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Works Cited:

AELE. (1999). New Jersey Attorney General issues a lengthy and

controversial Report on racial profiling by state troopers. State of New

Jersey: Department of Law and Public

Service. Online at

Dept. Of Justice. (2000). Addressing Police Misconduct. Civil Rights

Division: Coordination and Review Section. Online at

For the past several decades the emphasis in policing has been building trust in the community. Making the streets safe for everyone requires mutual cooperation between the general public and the police. Without community support, the police cannot do it alone. In this regard, respect as been shown to be a better tool for decreasing crime than fear and when fear is present residents tend to avoid contact with local police officials and other government officials that the residents believe may check on their immigration status or the status of family members. Information from these groups regarding criminal activities in their community is non-existent. Respect between law enforcement and community members is far more conducive to developing a good and lawful environment and involving local authorities in immigration enforcement creates an aura of fear. Auras that even the best law enforcement officials will have difficulty overcoming.
The process of racial…...

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Bibliography

Aguirre, A. (2004). Profiling Mexican-American Identity: Issues and Concerns. The American Behavioral Scientist, 928-942.

Friedersdorf, C. (2010, May 18). The Best Case Against Arizona's Immigration Law: The Experience of Greater Phoenix. Retrieved June 7, 2011, from The Atlantic:  http://www.theatlantic.com/special-report/the-future-of-the-city/archive/2010/05/the-best-case-against-arizonas-immigration-law-the-experience-of-greater-phoenix/56859/ 

Harris, D. (2010, June 17). Ending Racial Profiling: Necessary for Public Safety and the Protection of Civil Rights. (U.S. House of Representatives Judiciary Committee)

Jadallah, D. (2010). State Power and the Constitution of the Individual: Racial Profiling of Arab-Americans. Arab Studies Quarterly, 218-237.

Certainly! Here are a few suggestions for social injustice essay topics:

1. Income inequality and its effects on marginalized communities.
2. Gender bias and discrimination in the workplace.
3. Racial profiling and its impact on communities of color.
4. Access to quality education for low-income students.
5. Environmental racism and its consequences on disadvantaged communities.
6. The criminal justice system's disproportionate treatment of minorities.
7. Discrimination against LGBTQ+ individuals in society.
8. Disability rights and the challenges faced by disabled individuals.
9. Child labor and exploitation in developing countries.
10. The refugee crisis and the global response to displaced populations.

Remember, when writing about social injustice, it is essential to research....

Thesis Statement:

The Lack of Police Equity in America: Historical Context, Current Manifestations, and the Urgent Need for Comprehensive Reform

Introduction:

Police equity, a fundamental principle of a just and democratic society, entails the fair and impartial treatment of all individuals by law enforcement agencies. However, the reality of policing in America falls short of this ideal, with a long history of racial profiling, excessive force, and discriminatory practices. This thesis will delve into the historical context of police inequity, its current manifestations, and the urgent need for comprehensive reform to ensure equal justice under the law.

Historical Context:

The roots of police inequity in....

Essay Outline: Civil Rights and Criminal Justice

I. Introduction
- Thesis statement: The criminal justice system in the United States has a history of discrimination and disproportionately impacts minority communities, infringing upon their civil rights.
- Preview of main points:
- Historical context of racial bias in policing and sentencing
- Systemic racism within the criminal justice system
- The impact of mass incarceration on civil liberties

II. Historical Context of Racial Bias
- Roots of discrimination in policing from slavery and Jim Crow era
- Emergence of biased practices such as stop-and-frisk and racial profiling
- Historical over-sentencing of minority defendants

III.....

## Essay Outline: Social Justice Issues and Trauma-Informed Psychological Support

I. Introduction
Define social justice issues pertinent to trauma victims (e.g., systemic oppression, discrimination, poverty)
State the thesis statement: Social justice issues are crucial considerations for psychologists in providing effective trauma-informed support to victims.

II. Section 1: Impact of Social Justice Issues on Trauma
Explain how systemic oppression, discrimination, and poverty contribute to trauma experiences
Discuss the intersectionality of social justice issues and trauma (e.g., how race, gender, and socioeconomic status impact its manifestation)
Provide examples of specific social justice issues that lead to trauma, such as racial profiling, hate crimes, or....