Race and U.S. Imperialism
When analyzing European imperialism (particularly that which occurred within the United States) it is crucial to note the role that race played in it. There is evidence that indicates that at one point, race itself became more of a factor in the justification of imperialism and the institutions which facilitated it and engendered its success than even religion did. Race was principally used to account for a difference in the peoples that Europeans encountered during their imperialist forays into the so-called 'New World'. The crucial aspect about race, as was the case with religion, is that it was used to place a value judgment on those that Europeans encountered. Not only were the Africans (used as slaves) and the indigenous Native Americans encountered throughout North and South America lacking in technologically savvy, socially distinct in dress and tradition, and decidedly pagan when compared to the virtuous 'purity'…...
mlaBibliography
Adas, Michael. 1998. "Imperialism and Colonialism in Comparative Perspective." The International History Review, Vol. 20, No. 2 (Jun., 1998), pp. 371-388.
Blackhawk, Ned. 2006. Violence over the land: Indians and empires in the early American West. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
Rifkin, Mark. 2009. Manifesting America: the imperial construction of U.S. national space. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Silver, Peter Rhoads. 2008. Our savage neighbors: how Indian war transformed early America. New York: W.W. Norton.
Race and poverty are closely connected in the U.S. And this is primarily owed to the fact that racism is still strong in the civilized world. Racism in this country goes back during the late eighteenth century when the 1790 Naturalization Act provided any European immigrant with the right to become a U.S. citizen while other nations were prevented from becoming citizens and ended up having to work in low paid positions with no papers. In addition to this, these people came to be discriminated by the masses and to be regarded as the lower class.
Affirmative action for whites continued throughout history and is present in most areas in the U.S. today. "In recent history, affirmative action for whites motivated racially-restrictive housing policies that helped 15 million white families procure homes with FHA loans from the 1930s to the 1960s, while people of color were mostly excluded from the same…...
mlaWorks cited:
Arrighi, Barbara A. Maume, David J. "Child Poverty in America Today: Families and children ," (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007)
Boger, John Charles, "Race, Poverty, and American Cities," (Univ of North Carolina Press, 09.09.1996)
Chih Lin, Ann, Harris David R. "The Colors of Poverty: Why Racial and Ethnic Disparities Exist," (Russell Sage Foundation, 2008 )
Hartman, Chester W., "Poverty & Race in America: The Emerging Agendas," (Lexington Books, 2006)
3.
According to Yosso, "Vincent Tinto's Stages of Passage" model argues that students engage in three processes early on in college: separation, transition and incorporation. However, in the Esmeralda section of Yosso's book, where Esmeralda narrates the story, one discovers that this is really just a specific formulation of stages geared to focus on the experiences of white students and doesn't at all encapsulate the very unique and very distinct experience of minority students. Esmeralda's first stage refers to the imminent culture shock that Chicana/o students are met with when they experience life on a college campus (Yosso, 125). The culture, lifestyle, and expectations turn out to be drastically, different from what they are used to. The second stage devised refers to the act of building up a sense of community among the Chicana/o and other ethnic minority students to help them combat the sense of racism they experience on college…...
mlaWorks Cited
Calfeti, Jessica. Arizona Bans Ethnic Studies. 12 May 2010. Website. 16 May 2012.
FBI.gov. Hate Crimes. 2012. Website. 16 May 2012.
Haney-Lopez, Ian. Racism on Trial: The Chicano Fight for Justice. Boston: Harvard University Press, 2003. Print.
Yosso, Tara. Critical race counterstories along the Chicana/Chicano educational pipeline. New York: Routledge Publishers, 2006. Print.
Race and Media
Larson, Stephanie Greco. (2006). Media & Minorities: The Politics of Race in News and Entertainment. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. Print.
The First Amendment of the Constitution of the United States guarantees, among other rights, that Americans will have the right to free speech. It is based on the premise of this right that there is also a free press in the U.S., and solidifies the fact that they are able to report without any fear of repercussion from an oppressive government. Unfortunately, this does not guarantee that everything that the media does will be unbiased. Many cases can be put forward that demonstrate this, but in the book Media & Minorities: The Politics of Race in News and Entertainment Stephanie Greco Larson looks at how the free media has treated racial diversity in the United States.
The basic premise of the book is that both the news…...
mlaWork Cited
Larson, Stephanie Greco. (2006). Media & Minorities: The Politics of Race in News and Entertainment. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. Print.
ace and ecreation Memo
FOM: Kristopher G. Arason, Principal of ed iver High School
ed iver High students who chose to wear Ku Klux Klan (KKK) uniforms to the school hockey team's State tournament Semifinal game, it is my responsibility to personally address this unfortunate situation. While it goes without saying that the actions of these three students is a disappointment to all of us, as the history of racial discrimination epitomized by the KKK is in no way representative of our school's values, simply condemning this insensitive act is not an adequate response. The three freshmen students responsible for making such an irresponsible
decision have been identified, and they will be disciplined accordingly, but as the Principal of ed iver High School it is my goal to determine exactly why any of our student's believed it would be acceptable to support our athletic achievements by donning the uniform of a racist and…...
mlaReferences
Associated Press. (2013, February 22). Hockey fans dressed like klan members identified, 'action is being taken,' grand forks school official says. The Forum of Fargo-Moorhead. Retrieved from http://www.inforum.com/event/article/id/391007/
Loumena, D. (2013, February 24). Hockey fans shown wearing kkk-style hoods to state semifinal. The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved from http://www.latimes.com/sports/sportsnow/la-sp-sn-hockey-fans-kkk-hoods-20130224,0,4758841.story
The determining factor seems to be the religion of the person or group in question as those who claimed to be Christian were granted the classification of "white." This ignorant and racially-based determination continues to plague the American psyche and Americans still seem to classify anyone who is Muslim as "non-white." The fact that the two responsible for the Boston Marathon bombings were immediately classified as non-white simply because they were Muslims is an example of this type of mentality. And the fact that they were from the region where the term "Caucasian" originates only makes those who claim that the Tsarnaevs were not white appear even more foolish.
The textbook claims that, according to symbolic interactionalists, labels can have an influence on the way people or groups are perceived. hen a label is widely used, it can cause what is know as selective perception, or it can "lead us…...
mlaWorks Cited
Beinart, Peter. "Are the Tsarnaevs White?" The Daily Beast 24 Apr 2013.
Web. 25 Apr. 2013. http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/04/24/are-the-tsarnaevs-white.html
Henslin, James. (2011). Sociology: A Down to Earth Approach. Boston: Allyn
and Bacon. Print.
Whites generally were associated with roles including plantation overseers and supervisors or small proprietors; free non-whites generally suffered from circumscribed social and political abilities prior to the revolution (Knight, 2005). While their wealth and education may place them about smaller merchants and proprietors in the white class, they were still not held to the highest castes or ranks. Slaves were often distinguished as property and subject to coercion and much control (Knight, 2005).
The presence of a slave society resulted in an extremely turbulent and volatile environment where tensions among whites and members of other races were constantly raised (Knight, 2005). Lacking among all races and groups was solidarity among classes with respect to humanity and civil rights or political rights (Knight, 2005). In each of these instances race served as the impetus for revolts and revolution. With lack of solidarity and a general in acceptance of legal and social…...
mlaReferences
Dominguez, Virginia R. White by Definition, Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick:
Knight, F.W. "Haitian Revolution." Today in Black History. (2005). Available:
http://www.swagga.com/haitian.htm
Oliver-Velez. "Color, Caste and class in the Americas." AfriGeneas World Research
Race
Personally, I define race as the different tribes of the earth. In my definition, race has a strong affiliation with color. In terms of color, there are a couple of different races such as Blacks, Whites, Asians (who are more or less yellow), Native Americans (red), and the various hybrids associated with the intermingling of these races. Race was defined in the movie "Race the Power of an Illusion" somewhat differentky. In the film it was defined as explicit distinctions between groups of people (such as those that were previously mentioned) that are not so immutable. It acknowledges the fact that there are differences between such people, but alludes to the fact that there are basic similarities between all people that render them essentially human.
A biological view of race contends that there are certain innate biological differences that accounts for race. There is also an inherent prejudice associated with biological…...
ace exists, suggests the social view, even in the biological categorizations of science, out of cultural customs and habits not reality. ace is a powerful illusion in culture, even amongst certain pockets of the culture of the scientific community, but it is just that -- an illusion and a delusion.
Question
Who has benefited from the belief that we can sort people according to race and that there are natural or biologically-based differences between racial groups?
A potent argument in favor of not reading human persons as existing within inherent racial categories is the fact that it is usually the majority, rather than the minority, who benefits from seeing persons as races, and victims of racial prejudice suffer. Examples are that of the 3/5ths compromise when the Constitution was framed, codifying racial differences into the American system of law, Jim Crow in the post-econstruction American South, Apartheid in South Africa, and Social…...
mlaReferenced
Race: The Power of an Illusion." Episode One. Produced by California Newsreel. 2006.
ace and Genetics
egardless of the way we look at it, race is indeed a subject that has much influence on the social, political as well as economic relations of people. Historically, supposed differences existing between individuals on the basis of race have been developed and sustained for various reasons. This has in some instances turned race into a highly emotive and divisive issue. However, it is important to note that studies have in the past clearly indicated that from a genetic perspective, human beings are largely identical. Thus the existing racial differences are socially constructed.
Why Arguments Citing Genetic Differences between the aces are Flawed
In the opinion of Delgado and Stefancic (2000), there is no single gene or even gene cluster that can be said to play a role in the determination of the race of an individual. For instance, the author notes that a look at the various genetic characteristics…...
mlaReferences
Delgado, R. & Stefancic, J. (2000). Critical Race Theory: The Cutting Edge (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Haviland, W.A., Prins, H.E.L., McBride, B. & Walrath, D. (2010). Cultural Anthropology: The Human Challenge. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning.
Zastrow, C. (2009). Introduction to Social Work and Social Welfare: Empowering People (10th ed.). Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning.
Invisible Man and The Hate U Give Ellison’s Invisible Man and Thomas’s The Hate U Give are two very different books on race. Ellison’s novel is mainly pessimistic and negative (though realistically so) while Thomas’s young adult novel is more optimistic and positive. Both portray the African American experience, violence, bloodshed, hatred and racism—but each takes a different path to and from the subject to arrive at a distinct position at the end. Ellison’s narrator goes underground and embraces his “invisibility” after finding no place for himself among either the white or the black population in the city. Thomas’s Starr becomes an activist, successfully defends her father’s shop from the local gang leader, and helps to bring the truth to light about the killing of a friend by the police. While being black means similar things for both of the main characters in these two novels, each is coming at the…...
mlaReferences
Ellison, R. (1992). Invisible Man. NY: Vintage.Thomas, A. (2017). The hate u give. NY: HarperCollins.
Blinded By Sight: Seeing Race Through the Eyes of the Blind In Western culture as a whole, sight or visual eyewitness proof or testimony is taken to be the ultimate proof of veracity, including of the construct of race. But what if sight were actually an impediment to true racial understanding? This is underlined in Osagie Obasogie’s book Blinded by Sight: Seeing Race Through the Eyes of the Blind which challenges the notion that racial identity exists outside of social constructs and that race can be identified visually. The book encourages a reevaluation of the concept of colorblindness just as much as race, and instead suggest a new way of understanding freedom of oppression, namely a focus upon equal outcomes and addressing historical injustices, rather than upon attempting to not see race. “It is precisely blind people’s lack of vision that can enable the rest of society to see the folly…...
Q1 From Jefferson to Ross to Baldwin, one sees a theme of struggle emanating from the issue of race. Jefferson (1781) acknowledged the problems that slavery placed on the nation: he acknowledged that “God is just” and that Americans were asking for His judgment by continuing to enslave their fellow man. And yet he hoped that the masters of slaves (of which he was one) would be so good as to free their slaves of their own accord, so that the order of the nation and of society could proceed in a stable and positive manner rather than an extirpative manner. Then came Ross (2005)—the slavery apologist, who declared that slavery was of God, that slavery was “for the good of the slave, the good of the master, the good of the whole American family.” This sentiment showed that Americans were not in agreement with Jefferson, that God would surely punish…...
mlaReferences
Eberhardt, J. L. (n.d.). Enduring racial associations. Digital file.Rosa, J. (n.d.). Community as a Campus: From “Problems” to Possibilities in Latinx Communities. Digital file.Rosa, J. & Bonilla, Y. (2017). Deprovincializing Trump, decolonizing diversity, and unsettling anthropology. American Ethnologist, 44(2), 201-207.Eberhardt, J. L. (n.d.). Enduring racial associations. Digital file.Jimenez. (2017). Preface, Intro. Digital File.Saperstein, A. & Penner, A. (n.d.). The dynamics of racial fluidity and inequality.Digital file.Baldwin, J. (n.d.). Notes on a native son. Digital file.Jefferson, T. (1781). Notes on the State of Virginia, Query XVIII: Manners. Digital File.
Literature Review This literature review examines the problem of racism and bigotry that continues to exist, not just in the U.S. but all over the world. As nationalism is surging in places like the U.S., the UK, Hungary, Italy, Russia and China, the problem of race and immigration has reared its head on a global stage. Some groups have tried to rise above instances of racism—and one group in particular is the Muslim population in the West: it experienced persecution in the wake of 9/11 (Sheridan, 2006). However, many in the Muslim population tried to extend a helping hand to the West by assisting the fight against terrorism (Mantri, 2011). By looking at how a marginalized and oppressed people set aside race and dedicated themselves to the aims of the nation that accepted them a new perspective on race and a greater appreciation of how racism can be transcended may be…...
mlaReferences
Abdelkarim, R. Z. (2002). American Muslims and 9/11: A community looks back... and to the future. The Washington Report on Middle East Affairs, 21(7), 82.Austin, A. (2004). From Concentration Camp to Campus. Chicago, IL: University of Illinois Press.Burridge, A. (2010). Youth on the line and the No Borders movement. Children\\\\'s Geographies, 8(4), 401-411.Haddad, Y. (2001). Muslims in U.S. politics: Recognized and integrated, or seduced and abandoned? SAIS Review, 21(2), 91-102.Hafetz, J. (2012). Immigration and national security law: Converging approaches to state power, individual rights, and judicial review. ILSA Journal of International and Comparative Law, 18(3):628.Inglehart, R., & Norris, P. (2003). The true clash of civilizations. Foreign Policy, 135, 63-70.Mantri, G. (2011). Homegrown Terrorism. Harvard International Review, 33(1), 88-104.Robertson, A. (2015). Media and politics in a globalizing world. John Wiley & Sons.
Representational Intersectionality Beyond Race:
Persons of Mixed Races and Categories of “Otherness” in Feminist Studies
Intersectionality is not simply a popular term in academia or a hot buzzword in the popular discourse. It is something that feminism must come to terms with to make a difference in people’s lives and to change the ways in which women are represented and their ability to access social justice. The term intersectionality was coined by scholar Kimberlé Crenshaw in 1989, referring to how identity is based upon an interconnected web of social categorizations such as “race, class, and gender” rather than something that could solely be reduced to a singular category, such as gender (“What Is Intersectionality,” 2017, par. 5). The category of gender, Crenshaw notes, also includes sexuality, given the extent to which non-heterosexual women were likewise excluded from many of the concerns of 20th century feminism at the time she coined the term…...
mlaReferences
Adewunmi, B. (2014). Kimberlé Crenshaw on intersectionality. The New Statesman. Retrieved from: intersectionality-i-wanted-come-everyday-metaphor-anyone-couldFriedan, B. (2013). The feminine mystique: 50th anniversary edition. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Co.hooks, bell. (1992). Eating the other.” In Black looks: Race and representation. Boston: South End Press, 1992. Retrieved from: https://genius.com/Bell-hooks-eating-the-other-desire- and-resistance-annotatedWhat is intersectionality, and what does it have to do with me? (2017). YW Boston. Retrieved from: https://www.ywboston.org/2017/03/what-is-intersectionality-and-what-does-it- have-to-do-with-me/ https://www.newstatesman.com/lifestyle/2014/04/kimberl-crenshaw-
Police Brutality Essay Titles:
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