.. therefore the child to be born will be called holy" (Luke 1:34). In the corresponding story within the Qur'an, "She said: 'How can I have a son, O Lord, when no man has touched me?' He said: 'That is how God creates what He wills... And he will be Apostle to the children of Israel" (3:47-49). In this case, the books tell the same story. However, even in the areas where the story does not overlap, both books focus on the glorification of prophets and God / Allah through stories and exclamations of their greatness.
Despite the similarities in their stories, the Qur'an and the Gospel of Luke are both written for those who are already devoted followers of their respective religions. The Gospel of Luke begins by offering the author's intentions: "it seemed good to me... To write an orderly account for you... that you may know the truth…...

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Works Cited

Holy Bible Containing the Old and New Testaments. Revised Standard Version. New York: Thomas Nelson & Sons, 1952.

The Qur'an. Trans. Ahmed Ali. New York: Akrash Publishing, 1992.

" And to exercise the opposite acts and forms of behavior befitting the followers of Jesus, in whom dwells His Spirit (Galatians 5:22-23):
ut the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, longsuffering, gentleness, gentleness, goodness, faith, meekness, temperance. Against such, there is no law."

Islam believes that Jesus was a messenger of God, but that there were other messengers and prophets before him, like Adam, Moses and Muhammad (McVey). It also agrees that Jesus and his mother Mary were wholly devoted to truthfulness and that both of them ate food as other mortals do (Ali, trans. Quran 5:75). It concedes that Mary, his mother, was a chaste woman and a virgin, who miraculously bore and gave birth to Jesus. Quran 19:6-21 gives account of Mary's seclusion and the visit of the Angel Gabriel in the form of a man, rather than as an Angel from God, to inform her that…...

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Bibliography

Ali, Abdullah Yusuf, trans. The Quran. Tahrike Tarsile Quran: Trade Publishers, 2001

Ally, Shabir. The Bible Denies the Divinity of Jesus. Islam Answers Back. http://www.islam_guide.com/cha3-10.htm

Anonymous. The Quran and the Bible, 2005. http://www.geocities.com/cath_apolo/vislam.htm

Dave and Angel. How the Koran Contradicts the Word of God - the Bible. Christian Resource Network, 2004. http://www.davendangel.com/CRN/How_the_Koran_Contradicts_the_Bible.htm

Sacred Pages: Conversations about the Qur'an.
Museum pieces

The museums have a single reason for their existence which is to try and keep the past alive through preservation of the rare historical artefacts of all kinds. This is why museums are protected entities throughout the world.

The particular pieces in this museum display are sections of the pages of the ancient writings that were or are related to the Holy Quran. They are authentic pieces that were excavated and analyzed by various scholars in the discipline of Islam studies.

The pages displayed here are of great importance since they do not just give the history of the writing of the Holy Quran, but also the account of how this writing process had intersection with other disciplines like art. The calligraphic page is an outstanding example of the writing process of the excerpts from the Holy Quran intersecting with Art, since the writer of this…...

The 'Umayyads' and their opponents both developed their hadiths to prove their respective work but this only started out quarrels between both and the result was same and the text was still lacking standardization. But the 10th century witnessed a new era of development and Ibn Mujahid was able to standardize the work to a great extent. (Herbert, 557)
Later Qur'an was translated into various languages, but Muslims doubt the translations of Qur'an to different languages from Arabic and did not consider it as a true imitation of Qur'an. (the Qur'an, Islam eligion Overview) in the year 1143, the first translation of Qur'an took place by obert of Ketton into Latin. Hagrasim during 1977 as a result of some extensive research came out with "The Making of the Islamic World" and it has been regarded as the most important literal development. The jist and finding of this work revolve around…...

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References

Barlas, Asma. Believing women in Islam.

University of Texas Press. 2002.

MacDonald, Duncan B. Development of Muslim Theology, Jurisprudence and Constitutional

Theory. Charles Scribner's Sons. New York. 1903.

(Kubai 43)
While the Qur'an views a society focused upon the unity as well as equality of all its believers, a society wherein moral as well as social justice will offset all kinds of suppression and exploitation, Islam as a radical ideology is prone to change the social order of the entire globe and reconstruct it in consonance with its own doctrine and ideals. (Kubai 43) Qur'an states that for every society, God has deputed messengers and they would be judged on the basis of justice, and they would not be proved wrong. It also announces that for each community god has fixed a varied path recognized as Shrah and way recognized as minhaj. Such varied communities with different stress of beliefs are optimistic to compete with one another with regard to just deeds. Variations of belief appear as God's plan as per the Qur'an. The abolition of such variances…...

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References

Kubai, Anne N. The Muslim view of Power. Journal of Social and Religious

Concern, vol. 14, no. 3, 1999. pp: 41-44.

Lampman, Jane. Islam: beliefs and practices. Christian Science Monitor.15 November, 2001.  http://www.csmonitor.com/2001/1115/p18s1-lire.html 

Qureshi, Mohammad Asghar. Islamic Social Order. Hamdard Islamicus, vol. XX, no. 3, July-September 1997. pp: 52-55.

Quran
The objective of this study is to consider how the language, arrangement and general compositional strategies of the text in the Quran result in a particular understanding of Allah's love of man and man's love of Allah.

For the reader of the Quran who has never encountered the writings love may not be at first obvious to the reader. However, when better understanding the context of the Quran and the meaning that hit holds for believers of the Muslim faith, it is clear that love is interwoven throughout the entirety of the Quran.

Love of God for Humans

According to the work of Ghazali the love of God for human beings in the Quran is God drawing people "nearer to Himself by warding off distractions and sins from [them]…"( Ghazi, 2012, p.12) The word 'mahabbah' is used for 'love' in the statement as follows:

"In its ordinary use, 'love' means the soul's inclination…...

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Bibliography

Ghazi, HRH Prince (2012) Love in the Holy Quran. Revised 6th Ed. Retrieved from: http://main.altafsir.com/LoveInQuranIntroEn.asp#.UwXan_ldUtQ.

Where is the Love in the Quran? (2014) On Islam. Retrieved from: http://www.onislam.net/english/ask-about-islam/ethics-and-values/muslim-character/168414-wheres-the-love-in-the-quran.html

Mahally, F. (nd) A study of the word "love" in the Qur'an. Retrieved from:  http://www.answering-islam.org/Quran/Themes/love.htm

Esposito finds that the premodernist revival movements of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries contributed to the pattern of Islamic politics that developed and left a legacy for the twentieth century. These movements were motivated primarily in response to internal decay rather than external, colonial threat (Esposito 40-41).
At the same time, many areas of the Islamic world experienced the impact of the economic and military challenge of an emerging and modernizing est beginning in the eighteenth century. Declining Muslim fortunes also reversed the relationship of the Islamic world to the est, from that of an expanding offensive movement to a defensive posture. Muslim responses to these changes ranged from rejection to adaptation, from Islamic withdrawal to acculturation and reform. Some responded by secular reform, and by the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Islamic modernist movements had also developed in an attempt to bridge the gap between tradition and modernity…...

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Works Cited

Ahmed, Leila. Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate. New Haven: Yale University, 1992.

Binder, Leonard.

Islamic Liberalism. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1988.

Eickelman, Dale F. The Middle East: An Anthropological Approach. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1989.

In some ways, the men who practice violence against women and attempt to control them to the degrees that the Taliban has decreed are simply carrying out the violence and the repression that was practiced against them; though it serves no constructive purpose and is indeed highly detrimental both to women and to the country as a whole, the Taliban's action against the women is at least partially a result of the cultural psychological repression that Afghanistan has suffered for thirty years. That, and the fact that a common enemy in women makes the Taliban that much stronger in its operations and control of the government and society as a whole, can be seen as the primary psychological motives for the Taliban's treatment of women.
Women in Islam

According to the Taliban themselves, however, their actions and attitudes towards women simply carry out strict Islamic law, and are necessary for establishing…...

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References

Sengupta, Kim. "Abuse of Afghan women: 'It was my decision to die. I was getting beaten every day'." The Independent, 24 November 2006. Accessed 20 February 2010.  http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/abuse-of-afghan-women-it-was-my-decision-to-die-i-was-getting-beaten-every-day-425580.html .

Skaine, Rosemarie. The Women of Afghanistan Under the Taliban. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2000.

Dhimmis (minorities of other religions) participated as equal citizens in this renaissance and Muslim scholars made more scientific discoveries during this time than in the whole of previously recorded history (Goldschmidt & Davidson, 2007). The break between the hiis (those who considered Ali to be legitimate ruler of the nation) and the unnis (those who revered Muhammad and all four rashidun) occurred during this period. Mystic Islam (best known as ufism), or esoteric groups were born during this period as well as Muslim philosophy.
Today, approximately 80-90% of Moslems are unnis whilst 10-20% are hiites. The key difference between unnis and hiites is that unnis believe that the first four caliphs were rightful successors to Mohamed and that caliphs should be chosen by the whole community. The alafi sect (otherwise notoriously known as Wahabbissm) is an extreme Islamic movement derived from unnism. hiites, on the other hand, believe in the…...

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Sources

Armstrong, K. (2000). Islam: A Short History The Modern Library: UK.

Brown, D. (1999). Rethinking Tradition in Modern Islamic Thought Cambridge: Cambridge Univ,. Press

Goldschmidt, A. & Davidson, L. (2010) A concise history of the Middle East Boulder, CO: Westview Press

Hourani, A. (1991) A History of the Arab People London: Penguin

The poems Catullus wrote to the woman Lesbia are among his best known. How would you characterize their affair?

Catallus describes a conflicted and stormy affair with the women of Lesbia. Sexual tension is evident in his poems, which have a strong erotic content. Therefore, his affairs were passionate and physical.

If the gender roles were reversed and the woman were the narrator, do you think this series of poems would read differently? Explain.

The poems would read differently not because their content would have changed but because they would subvert social norms. As a male, Catallus is allowed, almost expected to write such explicit details about his physical affairs including references to love and hatred. Females would have been more subtle because of the widespread social persecution they might suffer if they admitted to promiscuity or tumultuous romantic interludes especially with married people.

Catullus ends up calling his lady a whore. Would you…...

And just as different divisions of Christianity are more or less fundamentalist in their interpretation of religious texts and traditions, different divisions of Islam are more or less strict. The most fundamentalist version of Islam, one that is primarily associated with Saudi Arabia, is Wahhabism. Muslims who follow this minority version of Sunni believe that they are the only true Muslims and that other branches of Islam are illegitimate (Cleveland, 2004, p.123). In some ways, the division between Wahhabism is like that between Catholics and Protestants during the eformation and Counter-reformation or that between Orthodox and eform Judaism. All major religions have internal divisions, and all major religions -- including also Hinduism and Buddhism -- can be organized along a spectrum from most conservative to most liberal.
Some followers of Wahhabi Islam have been responsible for horrific violence. There is no justification for their actions. It is true that --…...

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References

Cleveland, W.L. (2004). A history of the modern middle east. (3rd ed.) Boulder: Westview Press.

Jenkins, P. (2009, March 8). Dark passages. Retrieved from  http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/articles/2009/03/08/dark_passages/ .

The Koran preaches that "the message of Abraham was the very same as Muhammad's, but it would become corrupted by the Jews" (Kjeilen para. 15). In the Koran, Abraham is a messenger who teaches others about the Islamic God. Kjeilen writes that sources outside the Koran tell many stories about Abraham, one of which includes his circumcision. This is not nearly as significant as it is in the Hebrew texts.
Thus, both religions use the hero of Abraham to evoke their missions. The Biblical Abraham makes a compact with the Jewish God and resigns himself to Judaism. In Islam, however, Abraham is a hero in that he is a prophet, spreading the Islamic message to those who have not heard.

orks Cited

Brians, Paul. "The Story of Abraham, from the Hebrew Bible." ashington State

University. 1998. Department of English. 10 June 2009.

Kjeilen, Tore. "Abraham/Ibrahim." Look Lex Encyclopedia. 2009. 10 June 2009.

...

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Works Cited

Brians, Paul. "The Story of Abraham, from the Hebrew Bible." Washington State

University. 1998. Department of English. 10 June 2009.

Kjeilen, Tore. "Abraham/Ibrahim." Look Lex Encyclopedia. 2009. 10 June 2009.

Abdal-Hakim Murad, in his "Bin Laden's Violence is a Heresy Against Islam," generally makes the point that violence against civilians and innocents is not in accordance with Islamic scholarship or tradition. According to Murad, it was a 19th century Iranian reformer called "the Bab" who "ignored the accumulated discussion of the centuries and wrote a Koranic commentary based on his own direct understanding of scripture." (Murad) Over time, Murad asserts that this led to many Muslim groups ignoring Islamic tradition and making their own pronouncements on what the Koran means. One of these groups were the ahhabi Muslims of Saudi Arabia, who traditionally have been considered "heretics" by mainstream Islamic scholars, but with the influx of oil money in the 1960's, began to export this extreme view of Islam around the world. Because of their seeming ability to decide the meaning of the Koran, Muslims who follow this type…...

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Works Cited

"Al Qaeda in its Own Words." (2008). ed. By Kepel, Gilles and Jean-Pierre Milelli. Cambridge Mass: Harvard UP. Print.

Murad, Abdal-Hakim. "Bin Laden's Violence is a Heresy Against Islam." Islam For Today. Retrieved from www.islamfortoday.com

Qutb, Sayyid. Milestones. Indianapolis: American Trust, 1990. Print.

Any of these conflicts might seem limited when they start, but given the cultural differences involved, at any time they could turn into a broader cultural war involving not a small part of the Middle East but all of it, and that sort of war would be a major threat to world civilization, a Huntington shows in his book.
Khater (2004) offers a look at many documents of Middle Eastern history, documents written by participants and observers of events and trends from the eighteenth to the twentieth century. A survey of these documents helps show how the West has gotten the issues wrong numerous times an how the Islamic countries fail to understand the nature of the West at the same time. Of particular note are the many diplomatic cables and other correspondence addressing the situation in Iran before the revolution and the return of Ayatollah Khomeini in the 1970s,…...

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References

Cleveland, W.L. (1999). A History of the Modern Middle East. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.

Gelvin, J.L. (2008). The Modern Middle East: A History. New York, (2nd Edition) Oxford University Press.

Gumley, F. & Redhead, B. (1992). The Pillars of Islam. London: BBC Books.

Huntington, S.P. (1993, Summer). The Clash of Civilizations? Foreign Affairs, 22-49.

Islam and Human Rights
a Critique of Contemporary Muslim Approaches

The basic objective of this research is note the errors that are committed by Muslims in their argument of human rights in Islam or in other words to explore possible means of formulation of a more coherent alternative expression of values to point out the errors committed by Muslims in their attempt to argue the case of human rights in Islam in the hope that efforts and resources expended in that direction can be derived to a more agreeable end; which is the exploration of possible means of formulating a more coherent alternative expression of values to the so-called "Islamic human rights."

A considerable amount of literature has been produced on these issues by competent Muslim thinkers and scholars but because they either

purposefully or 2) inadvertently chose to follow almost the same style as explored in the Western tradition in the advancement of…...

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Bibliography

Hassan, Riffat, Ph.D. ( ) Are Human Rights Compatible with Islam? The Issue of the Rights of Women in Muslim Communities, University of Louisville, KY [Online available at: .org/hassan2.htmhttp://www.religiousconsultation

Islam 101 "Human Rights in Islam" 2005 [Online available at: 101. com/rights/index.Htm 'Allamah Abu Al'A'la Mawdudi at Tawid Journal 'Vol.. IV No. 3 Rajah-Ramadan 1407 ajab-Ramadahan 1407 Human Rights in Islam.]http://www.islam

## Islam's Promotion of Equality

Islam, as a comprehensive religion, places great emphasis on fostering equality and inclusivity among its followers, regardless of their race, gender, ethnicity, or socioeconomic status. This principle of equality is deeply rooted in the teachings of the Quran, the sacred text of Islam, and the actions and sayings of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him).

### Quranic Teachings on Equality

The Quran repeatedly emphasizes that all human beings are created equal in the eyes of God. In Surah Al-Hujurat, verse 13, it states: "O mankind! We have created you from a single (pair) of a male and....

Women's Rights and Roles in Islam: A Comparison with Other Religious Traditions

Throughout history, women's rights and roles have been shaped by religious and cultural beliefs. Islam, like other major religions, has its own set of teachings that define women's status and responsibilities within society. While there are similarities among different religious traditions, there are also significant variations.

Education

Islam: Islam strongly emphasizes the importance of education for both men and women. The Quran encourages Muslims to seek knowledge and wisdom, and it specifically mentions the right of women to education.

Christianity: Christianity also values education, but the role of women in formal education....

1. Oral traditions and storytelling: Literature has its roots in the oral traditions of ancient civilizations, where stories, myths, and poems were passed down verbally from generation to generation. This tradition of storytelling laid the foundation for the development of written literature.

2. Religious and philosophical texts: Many early works of literature were closely tied to religious or philosophical beliefs, such as the Bible, the Quran, the Bhagavad Gita, and the works of ancient Greek philosophers. These texts inspired and influenced later literary works and helped shape the ideas and themes explored in literature.

3. Classical texts: The works of ancient Greek....

Oral Tradition:

Epic Poems: Ancient societies passed down stories of heroes, battles, and cultural myths through epic poems like the Iliad, Odyssey, and Mahabharata. These narratives laid the foundation for literary forms such as drama and novels.
Folk Tales and Legends: Oral storytelling also included folk tales, fables, and legends, which often contained moral lessons and reflected cultural values. These narratives inspired later literary genres such as children's literature and fantasy.

Written Records:

Cuneiform and Hieroglyphics: The development of writing systems in ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt enabled the recording and dissemination of stories, religious texts, and historical accounts. These written records....