MEDICAL AND NUSING Medical and Nursing: Quantitative esearch DesignProblem IdentificationDiabetic patients suffering with stage 2 or 3 pressure ulcers use antibiotic creams and daily changing of the dressing in the standard care method. However, the healing time is quite long, sometimes weeks or months.Purpose StatementThe research aims to test the theory that low-pressure pulsatile lavage would help decrease healing time for diabetic patients along with standard care treatment.Hypothesis or esearch QuestionThe proposed research question is:Would low-pressure pulsatile lavage decrease the healing time of standard care treatment for diabetic patients with stage 2 or 3 pressure ulcers?InterventionLow-pressure pulsatile lavage might be beneficial for decreasing the healing time for diabetic patients since healing in diabetes is a challenge (Spampinato et al., 2020). It is because the biochemical components within the blood system of the diabetic patient show complex immunity, slower blood circulation, and malfunction in the microvascular system (Spampinato et al., 2020).…...

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ReferencesBattelino, T., & Mauricio, D. (2021). Randomized controlled trials in diabetes research: A pathway to interpreting published results. Diabetes Therapy: Research, Treatment, and Education of Diabetes and Related Disorders, 12(10), 2635–2644.   S. F., Caruso, G. I., De Pasquale, R., Sortino, M. A., & Merlo, S. (2020). The treatment of impaired wound healing in diabetes: Looking among old drugs. Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland), 13(4).  https://doi.org/10.3390/ph13040060 Stoppler, M.C. (2021, March 29). Medical Definition of randomized controlled trial. Medicine Net.  https://www.medicinenet.com/randomized_controlled_trial/definition.htmhttps://doi.org/10.1007/s13300-021-01143-6 Spampinato,

Validity, in essence, has got to do with the extent to which a given research study measures the accuracy of a specific concept – effectively meaning that a study can be said to have passed the validity test if it accurately mirrors that which the researchers set about to investigate. In quantitative research, as Polit and Beck (2012) point out, “researchers strive to design studies that are strong with respect to all four types of study validity” (p. 303). As the authors further point out, while an attempt to enhance one kind of validity may benefit another form of validity, efforts to ensure one kind of validity sometimes end up interfering with the achievement of other validity types. The four kinds of validity to be taken into consideration in the review of a research design are identified as external validity, internal validity, construct validity, and statistical conclusion validity (Balnaves and…...

Strengths/Weaknesses of the Quantitative ApproachIntroductionQuantitative research is a widely used approach in public administration research that involves the collection and analysis of numerical data. This approach has several strengths, including the ability to use probability sampling methods to select representative samples, the ability to replicate studies to verify findings, and the ability to collect large amounts of data quickly and efficiently. However, there are also limitations to quantitative research, such as the potential for data collection to be time-consuming and expensive and the risk of oversimplifying complex human experiences. This paper will explore the strengths and weaknesses of using quantitative methods in public administration research and how data analysis can be used to inform public decisions and educate public leaders on the application of quantitative methods.StrengthsQuantitative methods have both strengths and weaknesses in public administration research. One strength is objectivity. Objectivity in quantitative methods is ensured through the collection and…...

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ReferencesBloomfield, J., & Fisher, M. J. (2019). Quantitative research design. Journal of the Australasian Rehabilitation Nurses Association, 22(2), 27-30.Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications.

Black Women in White Male Dominant Industries: Are Set-Aside and Inclusion Programs eally Assisting?
A research design is the plan or technique which could be adopted for a research to take place. It is a systematic method of finding answers to the questions or hypotheses for the study. It is important for the results to be reliable with maximum efficiency based on correct hypotheses formulated so that a clear direction is set, which would lead the researcher to an accurate selection of the research design that would give maximum accurate results.

Flexible Design

Flexible design of research mainly involves freedom during data collection process since one of the reasons for using this design can be that the variable data that needs to be measured cannot be taken into account quantitatively. In the given research topic, which is black women in white male dominant industries, the flexible design would not be able to measure…...

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References

Atieno, O.P. (2009). An analysis of the strengths and limitation of qualitative and quantitative research paradigms. Problems of Education in the 21st Century, 13. Retrieved from  http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1393665925.pdf 

Coryn, C.L.S., Noakes, L.A., Westine, C.D., & Schroter, D.C. (2011). A systematic review of theory-driven evaluation practice from 1990 to 2009. American Journal of Evaluation, 32. DOI: 10.1177/1098214010389321

Mogashoa, T. (2014). Understanding critical discourse analysis in qualitative research. International Journal of Humanities Social Sciences and Education, 1 (7), 104-113. Retrieved from  https://www.arcjournals.org/pdfs/ijhsse/v1-i7/12.pdf

For each selected school, there will be three groups of which quota sampling will be employed to achieve equal number of respondents. The three groups would be the faculty members, student administrators, and students. espondents will once again be randomly-selected from the list that we shall be acquiring from the university.
Instrumentation

A questionnaire shall be devised by the researcher in order to gather opinion and understand attitudes on post-tenure review. An Educational Administration Disposition Belief Scale shall also be provided to better assess school administrators' views and disposition to better understand their particular disposition in the issue of post-tenure review. This instrument by Charles Southern University (n.d.) has already been used in previous studies conducted. This scale shall be modified to a 5-point scale in order to gauge disposition.

Data Gathering

The timetable for the data gathering part of this research was based on a seven-week schedule. One week shall be allotted…...

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References

Charles Southern University (n.d.) Educational Administration Belief Scale Worksheet.

Retrieved from   on 11 Jan 2010.http://www.csuniv.edu/academics/graduate/ed_docs/Disposition%20Belief%20Scale%20for%20Ed%20Admn.pdf 

Licata, C.M. & Morreale, (2006). Faculty and Administrator Views About Post-Tenure

Practices: Qualitative Findings, in Post-Tenure Faculty Review and Renewal III:

Discussion of the Differences Between Quantitative and Qualitative Research Q1. How does a research problem/question guide the determination to conduct a quantitative versus a qualitative research study?
In general, qualitative research is exploratory in nature and seeks to understand a particular phenomenon from a particular subject’s perspective (McLeod, 2017). It is open-ended in its focus and the researcher has no predetermined conclusions before embarking upon the study. As a result, it focuses on a small rather than a large population. In stark contrast, a quantitative study seeks to understand a phenomenon in an objective fashion that is generalizable to a large population (McLeod, 2017). It is often framed in the form of a predetermined hypothesis and is narrow in its focus.
Q2. Discuss the value of using a conceptual framework or theory (grand or mid-range) to guide a quantitative research study. Address the debate of the appropriateness of using of a conceptual framework…...

The Challenges of Dual Credit: A Research Proposal Problem Statements
Dual credit or dual enrollment programs “are designed to boost college access and degree attainment, especially for students typically underrepresented in higher education,” (United States Department of Education, 2017, p. 1). With this lofty goal set, it should seem that dual credit programs would be reducing the educational achievement gap. After all, dual credit programs by definition allow all students the opportunity to potentially shorten the amount of time they spend in college, thereby reducing their tuition fees that enable the completion of a degree program. Yet recent research shows that college enrollment and completion gaps may be getting wider, based both on ethnicity and on socioeconomic class (Gewertz, 2017). The results of the RAND study reported by Gewertz (2017) may not be applicable specifically to the state of Hawaii, and yet educational attainment disparities do continue to exist and it is…...

Mediation and Moderation AnalysisIntroductionMediation and moderation analyses are powerful quantitative methods that help researchers understand the complex relationships between variables in public administration research. These methods allow researchers to explore the mechanisms and contingencies that underlie the relationships among variables, thereby providing valuable insights for decision-making and policy development (Hayes, 2018). This paper discusses the advantages of these methods, the challenges they pose, and the importance of a solid theoretical framework.Advantages of Mediation and Moderation AnalysisSome of the advantages of mediation and moderation are that it enhances our understanding of relationships, improves decision-making, and allows us to address factors that can cause problems down the road. Mediation and moderation analyses provide a nuanced understanding of the relationships between variables by identifying the indirect effects and conditional effects, respectively (Preacher & Hayes, 2008). This allows researchers to examine the underlying mechanisms and contingencies that shape the relationships between variables in public…...

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ReferencesHayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879-891.  https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.3.879

Data Collection in Leadership As a social science, leadership research may involve any type of quantitative or qualitative data collection method. Qualitative research data collection methods include observation, participant-observation, interview, and document or content analysis (“Data Collection Methods,” n.d.). Quantitative data collection methods used in leadership research may include surveys and experiments, which allow for statistical analysis, the establishment of causality between independent and dependent variables, and the tracking of results over time. Whereas quantitative data collection methods had once been the most commonly used in the social sciences, recent trends in leadership research have shifted towards qualitative methods (Antonakis, Schriescheim, Donovan, et al., 2003). Qualitative methods often reveal nuances, patterns, and ideas that quantitative methods overlook or take for granted, making mixed-methods approaches extremely attractive in emerging literature on leadership and organizational behavior.
Methods of data collection and research design trends eventually feed the formation of new theories in leadership. Just…...

Participants and Instruments
The anticipated participants in the study I would like to conduct (the effect of teaching diagramming on students learning the basics of English grammar) are 6th grade students of predominantly white students in the outlying DC area of Winchester, VA. This is a suburban community about an hour outside of Washington, DC. The approximate number of students involved in this study will be about 200 students from seven different middle schools in Winchester. The demographics of the community are predominantly white, which is why the ethnicity of the sample is predominantly white. This will also reduce the number of variables that could inadvertently impact the DV. Proportional stratified sampling will be used so that the percentage of the population's boys and girls are reflected in the sample used in the study, unless identifying subgroups within the population appears to be beyond the scope of this study, in which…...

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References

Chapter Five: Selecting a Sample. (n.d.). Power Point Presentation.

Cheat Sheet Topic: Sampling. (n.d.). Week 3.

Cresswell, J. (2007). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing among Five

Approaches. CA: Sage.

Methodology for Why Having a College Education is More Beneficial as Opposed to not Having a College EducationIntroductionThe purpose of this research study is to investigate the benefits of having a college education as opposed to not having a college education. The study will explore the effects of a college education on career opportunities, earning potential, and overall quality of life.ParticipantsThe population for this study will be individuals aged 25 and above who have completed high school or its equivalent. Participants will be selected through random sampling using online survey tools such as Qualtrics or SurveyMonkey. The sample size will be 500 participants, with 250 participants having a college education and 250 participants without a college education. To ensure an equal distribution of gender, age, and ethnicity, the sample will be stratified.MaterialsThe survey instrument used will be a structured questionnaire consisting of both open-ended and close-ended questions. The questionnaire will…...

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ReferencesBloomfield, J., & Fisher, M. J. (2019). Quantitative research design. Journal of the Australasian Rehabilitation Nurses Association, 22(2), 27-30.Cox, K. A. (2019). Quantitative research designs. Research Design and Methods: An Applied Guide for the Scholar-Practitioner.Lam, C., & Wolfe, J. (2023). An Introduction to Quasi-Experimental Research for Technical and Professional Communication Instructors. Journal of Business and Technical Communication, 37(2), 174-193.Rogers, J., & Revesz, A. (2020). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs. Routledge.

Additionally, participating teachers will be drawn from public schools in the same state to mitigate the possibility that geographic factors will intervene to too great a degree. That said, consideration will be made to distinguish the specific school districts, socioeconomic conditions and racial factors present in different schools. Without making any preemptive deductions, these preliminary details may be used to help yield evidence of connections which might be used for future study.
The Likert Scale model of survey will be distributed through the email listserv at participating schools, requesting respondents to rate on a scale of 1 to 5 to what extent they agree or disagree with statements provided in the survey. These statements will primarily concern the presence or absence of sufficient outdoor recreational opportunities and the connection between said opportunities and academic performance.

This would be considered a true experimental quantitative study, where a control and experimental group would…...

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References

Brown, P.; Sutterby, J.A. & Thornton, C.D. (2002). Dramatic play in outdoor play environments. Parent Teacher Organization Today.

Burberry, J. & Learoyd, B. (2005). Leeds Childhood Obesity Prevention and Weight Management Strategy. Leeds Children & Young People. Online at .

Montessori, M. (1986). The Discovery of the Child. 4th. New York: Ballantine Books.

Office of Communications (Ofcom). (2004). Children's food choices, parents' understanding and influence, and the role of food promotions. Office of Communications. Online at  http://www.ofcom.org.uk/research/tv/reports/food_ads/ .

e., contemporary or historical issues (Eisenhardt 1989; in Naslund, 2005);
(3) the extent of control required over behavioral events in the research context (Yin 1994; as cited in Naslund, 2005); and (4) the researcher's philosophical stance, i.e., his/her understanding of the nature of social reality and how knowledge of that reality can be gained. (Naslund, 2005)

Naslund (2005) states that qualitative research methods "primarily create meanings and explanations to research phenomena" and include data collection methods such as:

(1) Observation;

(2) Fieldwork including interviews and questionnaires, diary methods, documents and texts, case studies; and (3) the researcher's impressions and reactions to observed phenomena. Quantitative research methods serve to make provision of a broad range of situations as well as being fast and economical.

Commonly utilized quantitative research methods include those of:

(1) Laboratory experiments;

(2) Formal methods; and (3) Numerical methods and techniques. (Naslund, 2005)

Naslund states that analysis identifies a number of interesting trends and trends that…...

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Experimental Research (2009) Experimental Resources. Online available at:  

experimental method, otherwise known as quantitative research or laboratory study, is to formulate a hypotheses, to collect the data, and test this hypotheses according to scientific principles that obstruct, as carefully as possible, bias, and then to analyze this data using statistical measures. The experimental method uses random sampling as part of its discourse.
Practical considerations usually limit the amount of control we have in structuring experiments, for instance we cannot always hope to randomize; we sometimes (more usually) often have to make do with the sample of participants given. This is when quasi-experimentation is employed.

This particular study is a quasi-experiment

Levels of measurement of the variables

There were two levels / conditions: (1) inquiry-based science curriculum and (ii) an inquiry-based science curriculum and reading strategy instruction

Types of statistics used to analyze the data and generate results

Three types of relevant psychological instruments were used to measure science literacy. An ANVOC (analysis of…...

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References

Fang, Y. & Wei, Z. (2010) Improving Middle School Students'Science Literacy Through Reading Infusion The Journal of Educational Research, 103:262 -- 273,

Hough David L. & Schmitt Vicki L. (2011) An ex post facto examination of relationships among the developmental designs professional development model

Middle Grades Research Journal, 6(3), 163 -- 175

Measurement and Instruments for a Quantitative Research Plan: Human Trafficking
For a study into human trafficking and how many people end up being trafficked every year, quantitative measurement is necessary. Qualitative methods could be used, but they would be better suited toward providing insight into the feelings of those who were trafficked, as opposed to the prevalence of the trafficking problem itself (Creswell, 2003; Given, 2008). Since there are several options and ways this issue can be measured, it is important to decide not only what type of measuring instrument will be used but the level of measurement that is really important for the study (Bales, 2004).

Human trafficking can be very difficult to measure, based on the secretive nature of much of it and the unwillingness of traffickers (and many victims) to talk about the issue (Bales, 2004; Berger, 2012). However, that does not mean there is no way to get…...

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Any measurement instrument has limitations, however, and this is true of the SPSS software. The main issue is that there is no room for interpretation. Only objectivity can be provided. This is a good thing in many cases, but for a study that addresses something as sensitive as human trafficking there may be more questions than answers with this method. The why's and how's of the issue are not explored, and the computer program will only provide mathematical data that does not lend itself to any information about the experience itself. That can be what the researcher is looking for from a quantitative standpoint, but delving deeper into the issue is not something SPSS will be able to be used for. That could leave the study falling a bit flat.

The Scale Used

For this study, a Likert scale will be used. This kind of scale is based on the "agree or disagree" method of asking questions (Trochim, 2006). Often, there are five separate

Sure, here is an example of the methodology section for a research proposal on exploring the factors influencing student dropout rates:

Methodology:

1. Study Design:
This research will employ a quantitative research design to explore the factors influencing student dropout rates. A survey will be conducted to gather data from a sample of students who have dropped out of school. The survey will include questions about demographics, academic performance, social factors, and reasons for dropping out.

2. Sampling:
The target population for this study will be students who have dropped out of school within the past academic year. A convenience sample of 200 students will....