Quantitative Research Healthcare relies on quantitative research for evidence-based practice in nursing, for organizational structure, design, and marketing, for public health and value-based purchasing issues, safety, and a practically unlimited array of other uses. Using quantitative research methods generates numerical data: data that can be used to generate statistics, to track patterns reliably using metrics, and to make fairly accurate predictions based on quantitative modeling. The research methods used in quantitative studies are often scrutinized carefully, ensuring consistency, reliability, and validity. Therefore, effective healthcare service delivery and operations depend on quantitative research.
Implications for Knowledge Generation in Healthcare
Both quantitative and qualitative research contributes to knowledge generation in healthcare. The implications of each depend on the ontological and epistemological frameworks used by stakeholders. For example, a positivist framework emphasizes the importance of numerical, quantifiable data for determining the efficacy of treatment interventions or marketing methods used in healthcare. A phenomenological approach deems human…...

Some specific examples of this include the following:
Quantitative methods are used to construct the sample of participants to the drug test or clinical trial

Quantitative methods are used to describe the features of the participants, such as their age, their medical history, the gravity of their conditions, the projections of success of the trial / drug test for the various patient categories and so on Quantitative methods are used to identify the proper dosage of the new drug to be administered and the intervals to which it would be administered in order to maximize its efficiency

Finally, quantitative methods are used to assess the rates of success for the drug test and the medical trial by assessing the patient responses to the administered treatment.

Overall then, quantitative methods do not only support the advancement of modern day medicine, but they are essential to the creation of new drugs and new treatments.

c) Outsourcing

This…...

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References:

1999, Ways of approaching research: quantitative designs, Fortune City,   last accessed on July 1, 2011http://www.fortunecity.com/greenfield/grizzly/432/rra2.htm 

2008, 14 exit poll statistics about Obama's victory, The Society Pages,   / last accessed on July 1, 2011http://thesocietypages.org/colorline/2008/11/06/14-exit-poll-statistics-about-obama%E2%80%99s-victory 

2011, Quantitative techniques, Answers,   last accessed on July 1, 2011http://www.answers.com/topic/quantitative-methods 

2011, The world factbook -- United States, Central Intelligence Agency,   last accessed on July 1, 2011https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html 

Mixed-Method Evaluation Techniques
Were I to employ a mixed methods approach to address counterterrorism in Africa, I would integrate both qualitative and quantitative methods in my design. Furthermore, I would do so in a way in which the strengths of one of these methods would certainly augment the other. Specifically, I would design the study so that there was a quantitative analysis of the number of threats that this continent faced regarding terrorism and counterterrorism. Additionally, I would deploy a statistical analysis to provide additional quantitative data. I would buttress these results with a qualitative study that yielded additional knowledge into the nature of those threats. This would involve in-depth details of the means of carrying about these threats, and how they could be counteracted.

As per the guidelines issued in the USAID (2013), I would formulate my study along the lines of beginning with the quantitative analysis. This analysis would determine…...

The high stakes testing proponents believes that the use of testing will motivate students, their families and teachers to take education more seriously. (Nathan, 2002, p.595) Many opponents on the other hand believe that "teaching to the test" will likely prove disastrous for the schools and curriculums involved and this is especially true if the test is the only gauge of success or if there is any question as to the validity of the test. (Toch, 2005, 26)
Either way, the debate rages on and the situation of quantitative data as the driving force behind school improvement is upon us. This change also requires that administrators and others become statisticians, interpreting and adding to data at every possible turn, in order to seek out as much qualitative information as possible from the quantitative data. This may mean finding and utilizing data systems, secondary to the high stakes yearly (or every…...

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References

Bon, S.C., S.C. Faircloth, and G.K. Letendre. (2006) The School Violence Dilemma: Protecting the Rights of Students with Disabilities While Maintaining Teachers' Sense of Safety in Schools. Journal of Disability Policy Studies 17.3: 148.

Bridges, A. (October 20, 2007), NP Panel: Kids Shouldn't Use Cold Medicines

Associated Press Retrieved December 8, 2007 at  http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2007/10/18/national/w000553D36.DTL 

Burst Media. (2004) Current research You Can Use Online Insights 4.11 NP. Retrieved December 8, 2007 at http://www.burstmedia.com/release/advertisers/online_insights/november_2004.pdf

Qualitative vs. Quantitative Methods in Education esearch
All educational (and other) research falls into two broad methodological categories: qualitative and quantitative (Lincoln & Denzin, 1994; Charles, 1998; Merriam, 1998; Holliday, 2001). "esearch that relies on verbal data is called qualitative research, while research that relies on numerical data is called quantitative research [emphasis original]" (Charles, p. 30). Various opinions exist, depending on one's viewpoint, experience, or preference, about which of the two major approaches to education research, qualitative or quantitative, is better. In my own opinion, neither quantitative research in education nor qualitative research in education is inherently "better" or "worse"; one's research method must spring from the design and content of the project itself. To decide on one research method or another, based on other reasons, seems to me both artificial and possibly harmful to the project. I believe that both of these methods are inherently, equally useful depending on…...

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References

Charles, C.M. (1998). Introduction to educational research. New York: Longman.

Holliday, A. (2002). Doing and writing qualitative research. London: Sage.

Lincoln, Y.S., & Denzin, N.K. (2003). Turning points in qualitative research. (2nd

ed.) Walnut Creek, CA: Alta Mira Press.

experimental strategies of inquiry.
Quantitative methods: Surveys vs. experiments

Surveys are primarily used to compile data on a particular phenomenon. Cross-sectional studies attempt to encapsulate a phenomenon that is occurring at a particular point in time while longitudinal studies track a phenomenon for an extended duration of time (Survey methods, 2013, IS School). Regardless, the purpose of surveys is informative. The method is not designed come to a conclusion about why something is taking place and how we should address it. For example, a cross-sectional survey might attempt to discern the patterns of Internet use of low-income students within a particular district. A longitudinal study might track those patterns of Internet use over time. Surveys can be useful to gather data for experiments even though they rarely establish causal relationships themselves.

An experiment, in contrast, poses a hypothesis that can be proven or disproven. The experimenter understands that many different factors can…...

excel spreadsheet to show your work - if I can't see how you got a particular answer you will get a zero.
I will allow you to resubmit this assignment. Please understand that this is the last assignment I will allow you to resubmit. Going forward you will have to take the grade you get.

M2A1: CENTRAL TENDENCY AND VARIABILITY

Sonja Myles

Piyusha Singh

M2A1: CENTRAL TENDENCY AND VARIABILITY

M2A1: CENTRAL TENDENCY AND VARIABILITY

M2A1: CENTRAL TENDENCY AND VARIABILITY

Instructions: Complete the following questions. Enter answers and explanations in this document. Show calculations in the Excel file, using a separate worksheet (tab) for each question.

The table shows socioeconomic characteristics of parolees who report to one parole officer. Calculate the most appropriate measure of central tendency for each of the variables: Age, Sex, Education, and Offense.

Initials

Age

Sex

Education

Offense

J.D.

Male

High school

Homicide

G.T

Male

No high school

Drugs

T.J.

Male

High school

Drugs

R.T.

Female

Drugs

P.M.

Female

Drugs

J.D.

Male

No high school

Homicide

H.W.

Female

No high school

Burglary

L.B.

Female

Drugs

H.K.

Male

Burglary

R.T.

Male

No high school

Burglary

2. The number of homicides in a U.S. city during a 5-month period…...

studied so that it could be determined what was being done differently that extended the hold times so much. Anyone attempting to solve this problem through the use of data would need to look at the call records for the time period determined to see why individuals who were answering the phones were not getting to customers in a rapid and efficient manner. Important data to look for would include the kinds of questions that customers were asking (are they involved questions that take a lot of time to answer); are there enough people working at the call center or should the staff be expanded; and are there issues within the call center that are causing the workers to work more slowly than they would normally do -- for example are the hours very long or the pay very low. There are other issues that could be looked at,…...

Consider how qualitative and quantitative research methods complement one another, and consider the role of mixed methods designs. Quantitative and qualitative social science study techniques have, for long, remained discrete, barely overlapping, spheres. But, of late, innovations have shed light on quantitative and qualitative techniques’ complementarity (Maxwell, 1998). Complementarily employing both methods offers broader understandings besides facilitating research findings’ confirmation or triangulation using different techniques, thus improving overall result validity and making the research more useful for targeted entities. However, the quest for genuinely complementary research techniques is also a greatly challenging task as it implies extra expenses, in terms of human as well as monetary resources, in addition to the development of ethical quandaries pertaining to follow- up and a need for collaboration and respecting diverse epistemological and methodological stands (Maxwell, 1998).
Using a qualitative process prior to engaging in survey work is, without a doubt, the most widely considered form…...

Mediation and Moderation AnalysisIntroductionMediation and moderation analyses are powerful quantitative methods that help researchers understand the complex relationships between variables in public administration research. These methods allow researchers to explore the mechanisms and contingencies that underlie the relationships among variables, thereby providing valuable insights for decision-making and policy development (Hayes, 2018). This paper discusses the advantages of these methods, the challenges they pose, and the importance of a solid theoretical framework.Advantages of Mediation and Moderation AnalysisSome of the advantages of mediation and moderation are that it enhances our understanding of relationships, improves decision-making, and allows us to address factors that can cause problems down the road. Mediation and moderation analyses provide a nuanced understanding of the relationships between variables by identifying the indirect effects and conditional effects, respectively (Preacher & Hayes, 2008). This allows researchers to examine the underlying mechanisms and contingencies that shape the relationships between variables in public…...

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ReferencesHayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879-891.  https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.3.879

Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research According to Lopez-Alvarado (2017) and Muijs (n.d.), research design decisions are linked to ontology and epistemology. Ontology refers to the researcher’s beliefs about whether reality is absolute or contextual, universal or relative. Whether the researcher is a realist or a relativist determines research questions and designs, with an increased tendency for relativists to focus on phenomenological and qualitative methods and a realist to use quantitative methods. Muijs (n.d.) describes quantitative research as using numerical data and mathematical methods, showing how a realist will use these types of methods to seek for an objective truth. Likewise, epistemology refers to how the researcher acquires knowledge, or what sources of knowledge are deemed valid. A researcher who believes in absolutism and realism will veer towards quantitative methods, which yield absolute and generalizable results. On the other hand, a researcher who values subjectivity would take a phenomenological and qualitative approach. Lopez-Alvarado…...

Although every research setting will be unique in some fashion, there are some generalities involved in content analysis that can be followed by novice researchers. For example, according to Riffe, Lacy and Fico (2005), "Usually, but not always, content analysis involves drawing representative samples of content. The data collected in a quantitative content analysis are then usually analyzed to describe what are typical patterns or characteristics, or to identify important relationships among the variables measured" (p. 2).
Narrative analysis. This research methodology considers the narrative stories provided by narrators as representing their authentic social reality (Etherington, 2004). According to Etherington, "Narrative analysis views life as constructed and experienced through the telling and re-telling of the story, and the analysis is the creation of a coherent and resonant story" (2004, p. 81). Narrative analyses is not intended to identify commonalties or conceptual themes among narrative accounts, but rather relies on the…...

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Correlational research. This type of research identifies and evaluates the natural relationship that exists between different variables. According to Groat and Wang, "This characteristic means that it is particularly appropriate in circumstances when variables either cannot be manipulated for practical reasons or should not be manipulated for ethical reasons" (2003, p. 244).

Developmental designs. This type of research is used to measure changes that occur over lengthy periods of time (Developmental research, 2012). For example, a developmental design would be suitable for analyzing the differences in academic and social development in low-income vs. high-income neighborhoods. This research design is most common when working with children as subjects and can be undertaken using several methods: longitudinal, cross sectional, and cross sequential (Developmental research, 2012).

Survey research. Survey research collects data from a large number of respondents in an attempt to gain a better understanding about this sample as a whole (Grinnel & Unrau, 2005). According to Grinnel and Unrau, "It is essential, therefore, that survey research procedures produce data that is accurate, reliable, and representative so that findings can be generalized from a sample to the larger population or to different research situations" (p. 272). One of the main strengths of survey research concerns its flexibility for data-gathering purposes. De Vaus (2002) notes that, "A survey is not just a particular technique of collecting information: questionnaires are widely used but other techniques, such as structured and in-depth interviews, observation, content analysis and so forth, can also be used in survey research. The distinguishing features of surveys are the form of the data and the method of analysis" (p. 3). This main strength, though, is offset somewhat by the constraints that are inherent in the approach, but these constraints are frequently related to

Descrptive Design
esearch Method and Design Proposal

A research design is the approach utilized for a study used as a guide in gathering and analyzing data. There are two popular methods of research; qualitative and quantitative research methods. Qualitative research is an inductive, holistic, subjective, and process-oriented method technique employed to understand, interpret, describe, and establish a theory on a given topic, phenomena, or setting. Investigators employ this technique when their studies attempt to describe life experiences and give them meaning. In most cases, the method has associations with words, language and experiences, rather than measurements, statistics and numerical figures. When the investigators use this method, they adapt a person centered, and holistic view to comprehend the given phenomenal without focusing on particular concepts. In addition, this method is dynamic and developmental, and it does not employ the use of formal structured instruments (Hodkinson, 2009).

Most importantly, qualitative data methods are flexible and…...

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References

Bickman, L. (2008). Chapter 1 Applied research design: A practical approach. Retrieved from  http://www.sagepub.com/upm-data/23770_Ch1.pdf 

Grimes, A.D., & Schulz, F.K. (2002). Descriptive studies: What they can do and cannot do.

Lancet, 359, 145-149.

Hofferth, S.L. (2005). Secondary data analysis in family research. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67, 891 -- 907.

(362) One additional note on this half of the duel research study was that the pair of applicants with and without fictitious criminal records was rotated throughout the experiment to reduce the odds that a single applicant would alter results if assigned the rigid role of ex-con or clean record applicant.
In the second half of the research study the same set of potential employers was surveyed using a vignette method. The vignette described the scenario of applicants who matched the (tester) applicants. The employers who were screened by asking for the person in charge of hiring at the place of business were then asked to respond to the scenario by answering questions regarding if they would or would not hire or consider hiring the applicant in the vignette. Data was collected utilizing the responses to the survey questions, which avoided direct racial comparisons but simply stated the race of…...

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Works Cited

Pager, Devah and Lincoln Quillian.. "Walking the Talk? What Employers Say vs. What They Do." American Sociological Review 70: 2005, 355-380.

Gray, Paul S., John B. Williamson, David a. Karp, and John R. Dalphin the Research Imagination: An Introduction to Qualitative and Quantitative Methods: Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 2007.

Indeed, as Muntaner (2003) posited in her research, qualitative methods can be included in a dominantly quantitative research design "in situations where qualitative research adds knowledge that would not be available via quantitative methods" (p. 55). Through a mixed-methods design, the researcher can provide better analyses and stronger interpretations and recommendations through balanced strengths of data reliability and validity -- that is, the achievement of "triangulation" in the research study.
IIA. ased on your reading of books such as eaglehole (1993), describe what you know about observational epidemiology as a research approach and compare it to experimental studies. Describe some of the designs within each, e.g., RCT, case-control studies, etc.

Observational and analytical/relational studies provide different results and answer different research questions and hypotheses when compared to the experimental approach. In observation and analytical/relational studies, the highest kind of analysis that can be done is correlational and not causal.

This is reflective…...

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Bibliography

Bonita, R. And R. Beaglehole. (2006). Basic epidemiology. Geneva: WHO Press.

Muntaner, C. (2003). "Qualitative and quantitative research in social epidemiology: is complementarity the only issue?" Gac Sanit, Vol. 17, Supl. 3.

Olsen, J. And K. Christensen. (2010). An introduction to epidemiology for health professionals. NY: Springer.

Rosnow, R. And R. Rosenthal. (1996). Beginning Behavioral Research. NJ: Prentice Hall.

Title: Exploring the Impact of Mental Health Workers Responding to Emergency Calls

Introduction:

Mental health crises often lead to emergency calls, resulting in police or emergency medical services (EMS) interventions. However, these responders may not have the expertise or training to adequately address mental health issues, potentially escalating situations and causing harm. This thesis investigates the potential benefits and challenges of having mental health workers respond to specific emergency calls, aiming to improve outcomes for individuals in crisis.

Chapter 1: Literature Review

a) Review existing research on the current state of emergency response to mental health crises.

b) Examine the limitations of traditional police and....

Research Proposal

Title: Ethical Implications of AI in Society

Introduction:
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become an integral part of society, impacting various aspects of our lives. However, with the advancements in AI technology, ethical concerns have been raised regarding its implications on society. This research proposal aims to explore the ethical implications of AI in society and analyze the potential risks and benefits associated with its integration.

Research Objectives:
1. To investigate the ethical principles and guidelines that should govern the development and use of AI technology.
2. To identify the potential ethical dilemmas that arise in the deployment of AI systems in various sectors....

Research Proposal

Title: Ethical Implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Society

Introduction

Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming various aspects of society, from healthcare and transportation to finance and manufacturing. As AI systems become more sophisticated and pervasive, it is crucial to examine their ethical implications. This research proposal aims to explore the ethical challenges and potential consequences of AI on individuals, communities, and society as a whole.

Research Objectives

Identify the key ethical issues raised by AI, such as privacy, fairness, bias, and job displacement.
Examine the potential social impact of AI, including its effects on employment, social equality, and human rights.
Analyze....

Yes, the research entitled "Ethical Implications of AI in Society" is a mixed-method study. This means that the research design incorporates both qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis methods. The qualitative component may involve interviews, focus groups, or content analysis, while the quantitative component may include surveys, experiments, or statistical analysis. This mixed-method approach allows for a comprehensive understanding of the ethical implications of AI in society by examining different aspects of the topic from multiple perspectives.
Overall, the mixed-method research design provides a more holistic view of the ethical implications of AI in society. By combining both qualitative and....