Puerto Rico
Accounting Laws in Puerto Rico

Roger Stein

The Rovira Biscuit company has been a mainstay in the Puerto Rican snack market for more than 80 years. First established in 1929, the company specializes in a wide range of cookies, crackers and other comestibles that have continue to be enjoyed by Puerto Rican consumers even to present day. Additionally, Rovira is a company which continues to push forward, striving for additions to its already extensive product line, working to improve packaging and varying its delivery to satisfy the demands of an increasingly diverse cross-section of customers. According to Rovira (2013), "our constant growth during the past seven decades attests to the success of our commitment to customer service. Presently the 4th generation of the Rovira family, together with a highly qualified professional staff, looks into taking the business to the next generation of demanding consumers with new and exciting product ideas." (Rovira…...

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Works Cited:

National Association of State Boards of Accountancy (NASBA). (2013). Puerto Rico. NASBA.org.

PricewaterhouseCoopers (PWC) (2012). Puerto Rico's Excise Tax: New Regulations and Accounting Considerations. Pharma and life sciences tax news, 9(8).

Rovira Biscuits. (2013). Homepage. Rovirabiscuits.com.

Secretary of State of Puerto Rico (SoS). (2013). Laws of Puerto Rico Unannotated. Lexis Nexis.

(Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ)) "After spending 85 days in jail for not giving up the name of source Lewis 'Scooter' Libby as part of the controversial CIA leak case in 2005, former New York Times reporter Judith Miller could say she has a vested interest in getting a federal journalism shield law on the books. Since leaving the Times, Miller has become an advocate for the shield law." (Schwab, Judith Miller: The Media Shield Law Is Long Overdue)
How have they protected or failed to protect them?

The whistle blower statutes are silent on basic issues in jurisprudence. The practice of the courts relying on precedents creates difficulty in the act because earlier established laws and precedents are what determine the outcome of the issue. There are many issues that are yet to be solved in the act in the United States. Following the U.S. laws, Puerto ico too has…...

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References

Alford, C. Fred. Whistleblowers: Broken Lives and Organizational Power.

Cornell University Press, 2002.

Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ). Journalist Judith Miller released; CPJ relieved, but troubled by message in case. 30 September 2005.

The first immigrants came with the intention of making it rich and then going back to their home country, but many stayed, which did create a more prosperous island, as more wealth was being circulated in the island's borders, rather than exported back to Spain. This second chapter of coffee prosperity was then followed by a third story told by the children of these agrarian people, who became professionals or bureaucrats. Most of them settled upon the coastline, where the cities necessary for Puerto Rico's trade were concentrated. The working classes continued to prefer the less securely controlled areas of the island, where vagrancy laws that mandated employment or landowning for all residents were less likely to be enforced.
The wealth of the developing wealthy, bureaucratic and agrarian populations enabled these immigrants to become a new kind of elite, educated capitalists. However, although many members of this did become nationalists…...

Juan Gonzalez has described the Latino experience in the United States. One of the important things that he discusses in the demographics of Latino population in the United States, noting that Latinos are going to be a major demographic nationwide by 2050 and that half of all Americans could have Latino ancestry by the end of the century. This is something that is likely to be transformative in terms of culture, and will have a strong influence on the United States.
He discusses, for example, the current influence of Latino-Americans on immigration policy. He notes that there is tremendous resistance in conservative circles in particular to the recognition of the strong influx of Latinos to America, in particular undocumented immigrants, but that this policy is something that affects all Latinos, usually negatively. Yet, it is also at odds with the overwhelming demographic shift in America, where Latinos are going to have…...

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References

Gonzalez, J. (2008). Juan Gonzalez on Puerto Rico's overlooked primary and a bitter divide within the SEIU. Democracy Now. Retrieved March 31, 2014 from  http://www.democracynow.org/2008/6/3/juan_gonzalez_on_puerto_ricos_overlooked 

Gonzalez, J. (2011). Harvest of empire. YouTube/Democracy Now. Retrieved March 31, 2014 from  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ORz75JKlJ5g

Both Hurricane Irma and Hurricane Maria hit Puerto Rico hard, with Maria being especially devastating. As of October 24—many weeks after the hurricane hit—the island has barely recovered its essential services. The majority (80%) of the electrical system is back on, and third of the island is without safe drinking water (Saldaña, 2017). As Nedelman (2017) also points out, diseases like Leptospira are spreading through contaminated water. The hurricane is one of the biggest crises Puerto Ricans have faced in recent history. With the deplorable lack of responsiveness exhibited by the American government, families in Puerto Rico need to access additional resources in the private, nonprofit, and public sectors. Using the ABC-X model of stress and coping can help guide Puerto Rican families towards the institutions that support them. The ABC-X model begins with the (A), the stressor, which in this case is the Hurricane but also the widespread devastation in…...

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References

Nedelman, M. (2017). Suspected leptospirosis cases increasing in Puerto Rico after Hurricane Maria. CNN. Retrieved online:  

Rosino, M. (2016). ABC-X model of family stress and coping. Encyclopedia of Family Studies. Wiley Blackwell. DOI: 10.1002/9781119085621.wbefs313

Saldaña, J.M. (2017). Hurricane hammers home need for Puerto Rican statehood. The Hill. Retrieved online:  http://thehill.com/opinion/international/356964-hurricane-hammers-home-need-for-puerto-rican-statehood http://www.cnn.com/2017/10/24/health/leptospirosis-puerto-rico/index.html 

 

Homicide in Puerto ico
Puerto ico has been showing a higher number of Homicides in past two decades. ecently, its homicidal number is found to be 50% more than the Mainland figure. The main reasons identified are presence of gangs involved in drug and ammunition trafficking and domestic violence.

Analysis of the Possible Causes

Presence of Gangs

Economic Deprivation

Self-Defense Mechanism

Depression

Domestic Violence

Drug Trafficking

Gender Inequality

Theoretical Implications

Puerto ico has been the hub of major homicides in United States in the past decade. Where New York has shown the homicidal number of 600 casualties; the number reflecting statistics in Puerto ico was almost 50% higher as compared to the statistics of 2003. In 2012, the similar statistics for homicides have reached 900. In order to combat this issue, it is necessary that the possible causes for this wave of violence should be identified (Godoy, 2008).

Puerto ico has been a major residential area of Hispanic community. Due to its…...

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References

Buss, D.M., & Duntley, J. (1998). Evolved homicide modules. Paper presented to the Annual Meeting of the Human Behavior and Evolution Society, Davis, California, July 10.

Duntley, J.D & Buss, D.M. (2011). Homicide Adaptations. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 16, pp. 399 -- 410

Duntley, J.D., & Buss, D.M. (1999) The evolutionary psychology of anti-homicide: Why the mind is designed to prevent getting killed. Department of Psychology, University of Texas.

Godoy, R. (2008). Is Homicide rate in Puerto Rico is high? Homicide Studies. Sage Publications. Retrived from  http://www.primerahora.com/XStatic/primerahora/docs/espanol/estudio_homicidios_pr_eeuu.pdf

Second, there is a language and cultural divide between Puerto Rico and the rest of the United States that has created some issues in the area of statehood. Looking at Phyllis Schlafly's comments regarding Puerto Rican statehood, it becomes clear that this cultural divide is a significant part of the political question regarding Puerto Rico's status. Schlafly points out that, "The Puerto Rican independence faction is small, but that doesn't mean its members would acquiesce in being outvoted in a democratic election. They are among the most militant groups in the world and are responsible for domestic terrorist incidents in the United States.' (Schlafly). However, her greatest concern is the fact that Puerto Ricans are unwilling to accept assimilation as the price for statehood. According to Schlafly, "The most important issue about Puerto Rico statehood is that it would transform the United States overnight into a bilingual nation. Puerto…...

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Works Cited

Commonwealth." Webster's II New Riverside Dictionary: Revised Edition. Boston: Houghton

Mifflin Company, 1996.

Marino, John. "Puerto Rico Report: Status Goes National." Puerto Rico Herald. 2004. Puerto

Rico Herald. 19 May 2008  http://www.puertorico-herald.org/issues/2004/vol8n36/PRR0836-en.html .

Freshmen Students in Puerto ico: Speaking English
The objective of the research proposed in this study is to examine the problem of student in Puerto ico being unable to speak English.

Theoretical/Conceptual Framework

The theoretical/conceptual framework for this study is based on the relevancy of the content used in ESL instruction in Puerto ico schools and such that calls for English written material with content that is both interesting and pertinent to Puerto ican students. The work of obertson (2011) relates that culturally responsive content is critically important in promoting and motivating ESL learners. This is also termed as 'Content-Centered Language Learning' in the work of Crandall (1994) who states that the theory of Krashen (1992) held "Krashen suggests that a second language is most successfully acquired when the conditions are similar to those present in first language acquisition: that is, when the focus of instruction is on meaning rather than on form;…...

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References

Claudio, AM (2006) CRITIQUE NO. 1. Resnick, M.C. (1993). ESL and language planning in Puerto Rican Education. Tesol Quarterly, 7 (2), 259-273

Crandall, J. (1994) Content-Centered Language Learning. Center or Applied Linguistics. Retrieved from: http://www.cal.org/resources/digest/cranda01.html

English Language Valorization in Puerto Rico: A Review of Literature. Rivista Kalathos. Retrieved from:  http://kalathos.metro.inter.edu/Num_4/ArticuloValorizacion.pdf 

Principe, HR (2005) Factors Influencing Students' Academic Performance in the First Accounting Course: A Comparative Study Between Public and Private Universities in Puerto Rico. Retrieved from:  http://ponce.inter.edu/cai/tesis/hrodriguez/index.pdf

English Puerto Rico
Fostering English Instruction in Puerto Rico

Language can carry powerful cultural and economic implications. The use of language as a political weapon against ethnic minorities, the imposition of language as a way of asserting occupational authority over a colonized culture or the use of linguistic barriers to exclude certain groups from the economic and power structures of a society all demonstrate that language can be an apparatus of broader and more insidious agendas. Simultaneously though, language can be an instrument through which barriers are broken down, cultural gaps are bridged and shared opportunities are realized. This is the dichotomy defining the issue impacting my home province of Puerto Rico, where the English language has experienced a history of divided interests. The present discussion provides a brief overview on the central divides shaping the debate over the fostering of English language instruction in Puerto Rico and subsequently offers some general…...

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Works Cited:

Pousada, Dr. A. (1999). The Singularly Strange Story of the English Language in Puerto Rico. Milenio, 3, 33-60.

Pousada1, Dr. A. (2006). Fostering English Instruction in Puerto Rico From a Global Perspective. PRTESOL Metro Chapter Conference: Universidad Metropolitana.

Suarez, S.L. (2005). Does English Rule? Comparative Politics, 37(4).

ESL Teaches
Lillian Mecado Henandez

Poblem Statement Comment by Jose Otaola: Peliminay evidence that povides justification that this poblem is meaningful to both the local setting as well as to the education pofession and discipline. Povide thee to five key citations that highlight the In Pueto Rico, teaches lack pepaation to teach English. Teaches of Pueto Rico ae not cetified as English teaches. She o He is not able to teach English because they have not taken the equied couses fo teaching English. In my opinion it is necessay to pove that ESL teaches cannot teach efficiently to thei students because they do not have the needed pepaation. In this eseach, I will exploe the deficiencies in pepaation teaches do have and I will exploe at the same time ways to fix this poblem.

The most impotant eason fo leaning English is social, political and economic pespective and stong elations to the…...

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Community. Kappan Magazine Online. Retrieved in:

 http://www.kappanmagazine.org/content/92/2/36.abstract 

Gagne, N., & Parks, S. (2013). Cooperative learning tasks in a Grade 6 intensive ESL class: Role of scaffolding. Language Teaching Research, 17(2), 188-209.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362168812460818 

He, Y. (2015). Learning in the Community: ESL Teacher Preparation Beyond University Classrooms. International Journal Of Research On Service-Learning In Teacher Education, 3(0), 1-11. Retrieved from  http://journals.sfu.ca/ijrslte/index.php/IJRSLTE/article/view/42

Although the earliest reported sightings of the chupacabra were in the 1990s, the legendary creature has become deeply entrenched in the public consciousness. Those who believe that chupacabra exists insist on its reality in spite of there being no photographical or scientific evidence that it is an actual species (Radford, 2012). Yet “flesh and blood chupacabras have allegedly been found as recently as June” of 2017, making the “monsters eminently more accessible for study than, say, the Loch Ness monster or Bigfoot,” other stalwarts of the cryptozoology community (Than, 2010). The term chpacabra, or chupacabras as they are often called, means goat sucker, referring to the reports of the creature killing goats and drinking their blood. Therefore, the chupacabras has some symbolic link to the vampire as well as to its cryptozoological compatriots like bigfoot. As interesting as the chupacabra itself might be, equally as fascinating are the sociological and…...

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Bibliography

“Chupacabra,” n.d.. Paranormal Encyclopedia. Retrieved online:  

“Chupacabras,” 2001. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved online:  http://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/chupacabras 

Delsol, C., 2011. El chupacabras. SF Gate. Retrieved online:  http://www.sfgate.com/mexico/mexicomix/article/El-Chupacabras-Tracing-Mexico-s-most-infamous-2331802.php 

Derby, Lauren, 2008. “Imperial Secrets: Vampires and Nationhood in Puerto Rico.” Past and Present 2008(3).

Gabbatiss, J., 2016. The truth about a strange blood-sucking monster. BBC Earth. 10 Nov, 2016. Retrieved online:  http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20161109-the-truth-about-a-strange-blood-sucking-monster 

Moye, David. “Living Chupacabra Captured By Texas Couple?” Huffington Post: Weird News. April 2014. Retrieved online:  http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/04/03/living-chupacabra-capture_n_5085942.html 

Radford, Benjamin, 2011. Tracking the Chupacabra. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.https://www.paranormal-encyclopedia.com/c/chupacabra/ 

teachers address English as a second language must be considered. Traditionally, teachers of English as a second language (ESL) have used grammar exercises in an effort to teach children how to speak, read, and understand English (Adesope, et al., 2011; Iwai, 2011; Kumaravadivelu, 2012). While that may have seemed like the best choice, it has been shown in multiple studies not to be an effective means of actually teaching students to speak English as their second language (Adesope, et al., 2011; Allison & ehm, 2011; Mukoroli, 2011; Oxford, 2013). That is important for the students, but this paper does not focus on the learners. Instead, the teachers themselves and how they are going to handle teaching students is the issue at hand. While it is true that this also directly relates to the value the learners receive, it is significant to note that teachers who do not have effective…...

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References

Adesope, O.O., Lavin, T., Thompson, T., & Ungerleider, C. (2011). Pedagogical strategies for teaching literacy to ESL immigrant students: A meta-analysis. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 81(4), 629-653.

Allison, B.N., & Rehm, M.L. (2011). English Language Learners: Effective Teaching Strategies, Practices for FCS Teachers. Journal of Family & Consumer Sciences, 103(1): 22-27.

Foote, J.A., Holtby, A.K., & Derwing, T.M. (2011). Survey of the Teaching of Pronunciation in Adult ESL Programs in Canada, 2010. TESL Canada Journal, 29(1): 1-22.

Haley, M.H., & Austin, T.Y. (2013). Content-based second language teaching and learning: An interactive approach. NY: Pearson Higher Ed.

The Taino Lives but No One Knows It!The documentary e Are Still Here, the Tano Lives! by Ermelinda Corts explores the heritage of the Tano people, who were the original inhabitants of the Caribbean, particularly in Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic. Through interviews with experts, historians, and contemporary Tano people, the film uncovers the resilience and survival of the Tano culture, which had been dismissed as extinct due to the impact of colonization and the subsequent blending of cultures. The film emphasizes the importance of cultural preservation and endowment, highlighting the continuing influence of the Tano people on modern-day Caribbean societies.One aspect of the documentary that surprised me was the way in which the idea of total annihilation of the Indians (such as the Taino) was taught in Puerto Rico. For instance, one interviewee tells the story of being a young girl in school and the teacher was teaching…...

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Works Cited“We Are Still Here, The Taino Lives!\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\" Full Award Winning Documentary.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P_joZcD8ybA

The genetic factors were also excluded as having a major influence in the medical condition according to studies that showed that genetic factors that may influence the illness are overcome in proportion of 3:1 by environmental factors (uaranaccia, 1981, 11).
In her study, Laura onzales points out that Puerto Rican migrants are keeping in close contact with their relatives, friends and acquaintances from the islands, traveling back and forth, being engaged in what Christenson had defined as a "circulatory migration"(onzales, 2008, 2). The fact that the first language on the Puerto Rican Island is Spanish, English being widely taught in schools, but as a second language, made things harder for the older generations who migrated to the mainland. On the other hand, in a city like New York, one of the most targeted cities for the Puerto Rican migrators, Spanish is one of the languages "most commonly heard" after English,…...

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Guarnaccia, P. 1981. Puerto Ricans, Asthma, and the Health-Care System. Medical Anthropology Newsletter, Vol. 12, No. 2 (Feb., 1981), pp. 9-17

Landale et al. Migration and Infant Death: Assimilation or Selective Migration among Puerto Ricans? American Sociological Review, Vol. 65, No. 6 (Dec., 2000), pp. 888-909

Zayas, L.H. Palleja, J. 1988. Puerto Rican Familism: Considerations for Family Therapy. Family Relations, Vol. 37, No. 3 (Jul., 1988), pp. 260-264

Puerto Rico
The hite House Office of the Press Secretary describes Sonia Sotomayor as being an exemplar of the American Dream. hile it may be described as a rags-to-riches tale, there is more to the story of Sonia Sotomayor because she has channeled her energy and intelligence into the field of law and the pursuit of social justice. As such, Sotomayor is certainly one that may inspire others who grow up disadvantaged due to social class status, race, ethnicity, and gender.

Now one of the most powerful and influential people in the United States as a Justice of the Supreme Court, Sonia Sotomayor was raised in a public housing project in the South Bronx. Yet Sotomayor remained undeterred. She read a lot as a child, and was "driven by an indefatigable work ethic," (hite House Office of the Press Secretary 1). Sotomayor graduated from high school at the top of her class,…...

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Works Cited

Abcarian, Robin. "Sonia Sotomayor Gets it Right in Michigan Affirmative Action Dissent." Los Angeles Times. 23 April, 2014. Retrieved online:  http://www.latimes.com/local/abcarian/la-me-ra-sonia-sotomayor-affirmative-action-dissent-20140423,0,897526.story#axzz30FdjcNWf 

De Vogue, Ariane. "Justice Sonia Sotomayor: Affirmative Action 'Opened Doors in My Life.'" ABC. 22 April 2014. Retrieved online:  http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2014/04/justice-sonia-sotomayor-affirmative-action-opened-doors-in-my-life/ 

Fontana, David. Sonia Sotomayor: How She Became the Public Face of the Supreme Court's Liberal Wing. New Republic. Retrieved online:  http://www.newrepublic.com/article/politics/91013/sonia-sotomayor-supreme-court-liberal-voice 

Sotomayor, Sonia. My Beloved World. New York: Vintage, 2013.

Puerto Rico's unique identity has been shaped by a combination of Spanish, African, and indigenous Taíno influences, as well as more recent American influences. The blending of these cultural influences has created a vibrant and diverse society with its own distinct traditions, cuisines, music, and language.

1. Spanish colonial influence: Puerto Rico was a Spanish colony for over 400 years, and as a result, Spanish culture has had a significant impact on the island's identity. This influence can be seen in the language, religion, architecture, and cuisine of Puerto Rico.

2. African influence: The African influence in Puerto Rico can be traced....

Cultural Influences Shaping Puerto Rico's Unique Identity

Puerto Rico, a vibrant Caribbean island, has a multifaceted identity forged by a rich tapestry of cultural influences. Throughout its history, the island has been influenced by its indigenous, Spanish, African, and American colonial experiences, which have left an indelible mark on its language, music, dance, cuisine, and traditions.

Indigenous Legacy

Puerto Rico's original inhabitants, the Taíno people, were the first to shape the island's culture. Their traditions, beliefs, and rituals left a lasting imprint on the island's customs and folklore. Taíno words, such as "coquí" (the island's signature frog) and "arepa" (a cornmeal patty), are....