Public Policy Analysis
There is a sense that politics operates on a continuum scale whose extremes are rationality and irrationality. Politicians make laws that can be seen from both perspectives depending on the particular position of the person judging whether the particular statute is good or bad. Public policy can be judged by either rational choice theory or the converse of that. The difference in the two can be seen in how crimes are litigated. A rational person can make the choice whether an act is right or wrong and has specific knowledge of how society will view that act. An irrational person is one who, for some reason, is not deemed competent to understand that what they have done is criminal in nature. Irrationality is the reason that individuals below a certain age cutoff are generally not treated with the same deterrent stance as adults, why people with metal deficiencies…...

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References

Dye, T.R. (2012). Understanding public policy. Upper Saddle river, NJ: Pearson Education, Ltd.

Keel, R. (2005). Rational choice and deterrence theory. Retrieved from  http://www.umsl.edu/~keelr/200/ratchoc.html 

Kelling, G.L. & Bratton, W.J. (1998). Declining crime rates: Insiders' views if the New York City story. Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology, 88(4), 1217-1229.

Nordin, M., Pauleen, D.J., & Gorman, G.E. (2009). Investigating KM antecedents: KM in the criminal justice system. Journal of Knowledge Management, 13(2): 4-20. Retrieved from http://lpis.csd.auth.gr/mtpx/km/material/JKM-13-2a.pdf

Introduction
Since 1986, the World Health Organization has promoted a Healthy Communities/Healthy Cities initiative, also known as the Alliance for Healthy Cities, with hundreds of participating municipalities across the world (Hancock, 1993; World Health Organization, 2018). The purpose of the Alliance for Healthy Cities is to encourage local governments to incorporate health promotion into all areas of public practice, economic policy, and urban development (World Health Organization, 2018). Goals of the Healthy Communities/ Healthy Cities approach include reducing public health risks including obesity, and promoting healthy lifestyles, public safety, and health equity. The success of Healthy Cities programs and policies directly depends on the empowerment of nurses at all levels of practice, including community-based nurses. Because each community presents different needs, goals, and challenges, nurses in each community can collaborate with partners and stakeholders to promote and reach realistic public health goals.

Healthy Communities: Relevance to the Nursing Profession

The Healthy Communities/Healthy Cities…...

Policy Studies
The study of public policy gained significant importance in the late fifties and sixties. However, policy science did not come into existence all of a sudden. It started to emerge when social scientists started researches on a wide range of sociopolitical problems. After the World War II, significant developments were made in the areas of operations research, economics and social psychology. These developments proved to be helpful in formulating new ways for more systematic and empirical investigations of policy making. Although, a considerable level of research was done in the areas of sociopolitical studies but the clear concept of a policy science was first introduced in 1951 by Harold Lasswell. "Lasswell's seminal work identified six basic characteristics of an emerging field of study, concerned with explaining policy making and policy executing process. (McCool)

The study of public policy gained momentum in the late 1960s. With the introduction of the Great…...

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References

Daniel Mc Cool: The Theoretical Foundation of Policy Studies: Prentice Hall Press

Macrae Duncan: Policy Analysis for public decisions: Rowman and Littlefield Publishing Group Inc., 1985

Clarke E. Cochran: American Public Policy: An Introduction: Wadsworth Pub Co: August 1998

Van Horne, Carle E: Politics and Public Policy: CQ Press.

Policy Analysis Critique
ationale for the chosen policy

Avian influenza is a virus causing lethal infection in human beings (Sims et al., 2003). It can be transmitted from patients to other human beings. It is a deadly virus with track record of 6 deaths in Hong Kong in 1997. That incident was just the start of this health issue. The virus spread enormously and caused H5N1 infection numerous times in Hong Kong. The dawn of 21st century witnessed multiple instances of H5N1 virus (Ellis et al., 2004).

It was expected that the virus could be found in the poultry animals and was infectious. In order to prove it, there were certain laboratory tests conducted on chickens. These tests helped prove the presence and effects of H5N1 virus (Shortridge et al. 1998). Subsequently, it was proved that the chickens were highly pathogenic (Shortridge et al., 1998). It was also proved that the virus was…...

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References

Ellis TM, Bousfield RB, Bissett LA, Dyrting KC, Luk GS, Tsim ST, Sturm-Ramirez K, Webster RG, Guan Y, Malik Peiris JS. Investigation of outbreaks of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza in waterfowl and wild birds in Hong Kong in late 2002. Avian Pathol, 2004 Oct; 33(5): 492 -- 505.

Ferguson NM, Fraser C, Donnelly CA, Ghani AC, Anderson RM. Public health risk from the avian H5N1 influenza epidemic. Science 2004; 304:968-9.

Ferguson NM, Galvani AP, Bush RM. Ecological and immunological determinants of influenza evolution. Nature 2003; 422:428-33.

Fielding R, Leung GM, Lam TH, Lam WWT. The use of live animal markets and perception of risk among the Hong Kong population. Department of Community Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, 2004.

Public Policy
The author of this response is asked to answer to five major questions and requirements in this assignment relative to the school shootings and focus group research done within the Clemons and McBeth text. The author is asked to look at the content analysis/problem definition, critique the facilitator, survey/focus group analysis, symbols and metaphors and answer the question of "what's next." The author will do answer to these in the order listed in the assignment.

As for the content analysis and the overall description of the problem, the case study does better than most salacious and over-dramatic media reports about events like Columbine and the like but there is still a tinge of that element present and it's not tamped down at all later on. ather than focus on the root cuases and the best ways to do deal with school shootings and the like (e.g. help parents be better…...

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References

Clemons, R.S., & McBeth, M.K. (2009). Public policy praxis: a case approach for understanding policy and analysis (2nd ed.). New York: Pearson / Longman.

intended for a quantitative public policy perspective analysis of strategic and financial changes in small, private as well as not for profit advanced schooling organizations and institutions in Jamaica. The primary intent behind this paper would be to assess the framework by which strategic and financial innovational changes in small, private, not for profit advanced schooling institutions in Jamaica operate. They concentrate on the conditions which will make financial investments much better than be adopted and even implemented in a variety of contexts. In this way hopefully to lay smooth the road for just about any future studies conducted in the region or on the main topic of financial investments with the associated implications. This could, hence inadvertently, provide all potential studies and researches an excellent service. It might provide them with a foundation base on which to consult in most regions of conflict and trouble that may arise…...

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References

Allen, K.M. (1999). The response of small private colleges to financial distress in the nineties. Dissertations Abstracts International, 60 (04), 1034A.

Bauer, J.E. (1987). An analysis of the relationship between the use of adaptive and interpretative survival strategies and financial resilience in Lutheran colleges. Dissertations Abstracts International, 48 (09), 2250A.

Black, P., & Wiliam, D. (1998). Assessment and classroom learning. Assessment in Education: Principals. Policy & Practice, 5(1), 7 -- 74.

Bower, J.L. (1970). Managing the resource allocation process: A study of corporate planning and investment. Boston, MA:Harvard Business School Press.

("Federal Public Policy," 2011) I am in agreement with these initiatives.
Improving economic activity is when the federal government has been providing assistance to those businesses that are considered to be too big to fail. The resources that they are using: is to provide additional liquidity to these organizations and guarantee a number of different loans. ("Federal Public Policy," 2011) I am in agreement with this program and the effects that it having.

Three State Policies

Three state policies include: improving the quality of health care services, revitalizing the manufacturing sector and improving access to various IT services. As far as health care is concerned, the states have been trying to provide more specific resources for addressing the problem. This is accomplished through additional funding and expanding their Medicare / Medicaid program. I am in agreement with these initiatives. ("Center for Public Policy Research," 2011)

Revitalizing the manufacturing sector is when the states…...

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Bibliography

Center for Public Policy Research. (2011). NCCPPR. Retrieved from:  http://www.nccppr.org/drupal/content/news/2011/03/10/4074/center-for-public-policy-research-assesses-three-key-components-of-stat 

Federal Public Policy. (2011). CIHRG. Retrieved from: http://www.cihrg.org/2011-04-12_PolicyUpdate.pdf

Defining Public Policy. (2006). Prof Work. Retrieved from:  http://profwork.org/pp/study/define.html 

The Public Policy Institute of New York. (2011). PPINYS. Retrieved from:  http://www.ppinys.org/

This results in several other problems. First, without quality city and school services, there is nothing to attract new businesses and individuals to the town. Further, without quality and opportunities, there is nothing to retain the current population. As opportunities, especially social and recreational opportunities, decrease, drug use and crime will often increase. Again, this will prevent the city from attracting new citizens and businesses.
Clearly, the loss of the initial businesses has caused a downward spiral for the community of Waterville, creating a Catch-22 for policy officials. With the loss of business there is a loss of income which leads to a loss of quality and opportunities which prevents the recruitment of new businesses, which only furthers the cycle, leading to such problems as increased drug use and criminal activity.

What is the solution to this cycle? Without a budget, the city cannot improve quality or opportunities. This being the…...

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Bibliography

Clemons, Randall S., Mark K. McBeth. (2001): Public Policy Praxis Theory an Pragmatism: A Case Approach. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall.

HEALTHCAE Healthcare: Policy Analysis- Certificate of Needs (CON) LawFor the regulation of the American healthcare system, certain laws have been instituted to facilitate the functions of healthcare convenience. With the notion that healthcare delivery would be accessible to all, without discrimination of gender, race, ethnicity, religion, or location proximity, CON has been under debate for particular reasons. This paper aims to highlight what CON is in reality, whom it has impacted, and the points of concern regarding disseminating its benefits.Background (What Are CONs)A Certificate of Needs (CON) is the permission that healthcare providers need from lawmakers before introducing a new treatment or service to the population (Mitchell, 2021). It needs to be ensured that the new healthcare intervention is harmless and would not harm the populations health. The expansion of facilities for a specific purpose and investment in healthcare technology must be approved by lawmakers for authentication as well as…...

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ReferencesBotti, M.J. (2007, February 23).Competition in healthcare and certificates of need. U.S. Department of Justice. Conover, C.J. & Bailey, J. (2020). Certificate of need laws: A systematic review and cost-effectiveness analysis. BMC Health Services Research, 20.  https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-020-05563-1 Mitchell, M.D. (2021, May 21). Certificate of need laws: How they affect healthcare access, quality and cost. Mercatus Center.  https://www.mercatus.org/Certificate-of-Need-Laws-How-They-Affect-Healthcare-Access-Quality-and-Cost#conlawhistory Ohlhausen, M.K. (2015). Certificate of need laws: A prescription for higher costs. Antitrust, 30(1), 50-54. Sandefur, C. (2020, February 26). Competitor’s veto: State certificate of need laws violate state prohibitions on monopolies. Regulatory Transparency Project.  https://regproject.org/paper/competitors-veto-state-certificate-of-need-laws-violate-state-prohibitions-on-monopolies/ State Policy Network. (2021, April 1). Certificate of need laws: Why they exist and who they hurt.  https://spn.org/blog/certificate-of-need-laws/https://www.justice.gov/atr/competition-healthcare-and-certificates-need

In Canada, a much higher percentage of the population lives in remote areas whereas covered healthcare services are often concentrated in large cities (eid, 2009).
Medicare Expansion and Mandatory Health Insurance Issues and Concerns

From the perspective of middle and upper middle income families in the U.S., the expansion of Medicare and the mandatory provision of healthcare by employers would be a tremendous benefit. From the employers' perspective, the associated costs could be prohibitive. Mandatory requirements for individuals could be problematic for those at the lower end of the group income spectrum; however, it would be no less fair than the current situation that forces everyone who pays for healthcare to (in effect) subsidize those who choose not to (Kennedy, 2006). In all likelihood, the only way to make mandatory health insurance work would include expanding Medicare, at least to compete with private health insurers. Naturally, this interferes with their profits,…...

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References

Kennedy, E. (2006). America: Back on Track. Viking: New York.

Reid, T. (2009). The Healing of America: A Global Quest for Better, Cheaper, and Fairer Health Care. New York: Penguin Group.

Abortion
Over the years, given the awareness and exposure that came with the advent of media and the internet, human societies and cultural norms across the globe have evolved from being very conservative to moderate to liberal. With apparent increases in literacy rates, standards of living and awareness in general, people around the world have reconsidered many of their notions and have adopted more liberal approaches towards social norms and myths. That said, despite of moving towards liberal broad minded cultural notions, the practice of Abortion still attracts intensive debates in both developed and less developed societies. This paper particularly focuses on the degree to which poverty is related to the practice of Abortion and how this relationship does implicates on the lives of poor women. The paper also aims at proposing a policy that would help in tackling the said problem.

Introduction

As medical sciences evolved and progressed for the betterment of…...

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References

Bachiochi, E. (2011). Embodied Equality: Debunking Equal Protection Arguments for Abortion Rights. Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy, 34(3), 889+.

Bridges, K.M. (2009). Quasi-Colonial Bodies: An Analysis of the Reproductive Lives of Poor Black and Racially Subjugated Women. Columbia Journal of Gender and Law, 18(2), 609+.

Kopaczynski, G. (2011). No Higher Court: Contemporary Feminism and the Right to Abortion. Scranton, PA: University of Scranton Press.

Kumar, A. (2012, February 2). House votes to ban subsidies for poor women who abort fetuses with birth defects. The Washington Post. Retrieved from The Washington Post Database.

British policy style?
As one begins to consider British policy, both foreign and domestic, one conjures pictures of the Queen-mother and her regal adherence to British tradition. In this way the Queen-mother stands as an icon of everything that is British. One pictures solicitors, in their powdered wigs and smart suits engaging in scholarly argument that will shape British policy in the future. These icons are the epitome of British policy, they are steadfast, solid and true. Their foundation is rock-solid as it has its basis in the argument of many others before them.

Government policy is the result of conflict. The people of a particular country develop policies as a result of the needs of the individual country. These needs may vary due to many factors, including the availability of natural resources in the region. Traditions arise from necessity. As time passes, many times the people tend to forget exactly…...

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References

Benz, A. And Ebelein, B., (1999) ' The Europeanisation of regional policies: patterns of multi-level governance' Journal of European Public Policy, 6.2 pgs 329-48

Baumgartner, F.R. And Jones, B.D. (1993) Agendas and Instability in American Politics. University of Chicago Press. Chicago, Illinois, USA. 298 pages

Dudley, G. And Richardson J. (1999) 'Competing advocacy coalitions and the process of "frame reflection": a longitudinal analysis of EU steel policy', Journal of Public Policy 6.2 pg. 226-247

Jordan G. And Richardson J. (1982) ' The British policy style or the logic of negotiation', in J. Richardson (ed.) Policy Styles in Western Europe (London: Allen & Unwin) pp 80-110.

Lecturer:
I have two observations- one small but interesting and one for which I would like a response.

The first- you have transposed the authors names as Ingram and Schneider- in deed this is small but important - you will want to cite them as Schneider and Ingram going forward- as I said - small but important

Next I think you can develop your response to item 3 regarding your research interest.(my research interest is African-American women in the gas and oil field and how minority set aside programs fail them)

You have made a few claims that public policy is weak and that public policy fails- What is the weakness you have identified? How are you understanding failure? What kind of policies are you including in these statements and what is the connection to your research? I ask that you spend a bit more time on this section and submit a revision…...

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References

Auer, M. R. (2014). Collective Action and the Evolution of Social Norms: The Principled

Optimism of Elinor Ostrom. Journal of Natural Resources Policy Research, 6(4), 265-

271. Retrieved from  http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19390459.2014.941177 ?

Baytop, C. M. (2006). Evaluating the Effectiveness of Programs to Improve Educational

Black Women in White Male Industries
evise and esubmit

You have chosen in this paper a topic that has both national and international significance. How indeed inclusive, fair, and just are so called "inclusion or set-aside" initiatives? How open and accessible are the programs to new immigrants and minorities? These are all very interesting questions that your paper raises.

But you don't fully address whether or not the rational approach considers such programs to be either fair, effective, and even legitimate. Are these programs acceptable or legitimate in the eyes of a policy analyst or maker who subscribes to the rational choice perspective? Why and why not? Your paper also seems to contain a few sentences at the end that are not properly paraphrased but yet are not under quotation marks. This needs to be paraphrased or removed or quoted to avoid plagiarism.

Please find below your Paper 1 Grade and your reviewed paper…...

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References

Clemons, R., Mcbeth, M., (2001). Public Policy Praxis: A Case approach for understanding policy and analysis.

Miller, G. (2004). Frontier Masculinity in the oil industry: The experience of women engineers. Gender, Work & Organization, 11(1): 47-73.

Williams, C., Kilanski, K., Muller, C. (2014). Corporate diversity programs and gender inequality in the oil and gas industry. Work and Occupation, 41(4): 440-476.

CHIP: To Abolish or Not to Abolish
The State Children Health Insurance Plan (SCHIP), commonly referred to as CHIP (Children's Health Insurance Plan), is an insurance plan run by the Department of Health and Human Services, and which administers funds to states to enable them provide quality insurance coverage to eligible children within their jurisdictions. To be eligible for CHIP, a child needs to be from a family whose level of income is too low to qualify for private insurance coverage, but too high to be considered for Medicaid (Holtz-Eakin, 2014). With the introduction of the Obama Care Policy, however, which expanded the list of persons eligible for both Medicaid and CHIP, there came so many overlaps between CHIP and other secondary insurance options that budgetary allocations and funding to the former were threatened. Owing to this, there is a lot of controversy over whether funding to the CHIP ought to…...

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References

CBO. (2014). An Update to the Budget and Economic Outlook 2014 to 2024. The Congressional Budget Office (CBO). Retrieved May 6, 2015 from  http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/45653-OutlookUpdate_2014_Aug.pdf 

Ewing, M.T. (Ed.). (2008). State Children's Health Insurance Program. New York, NY: Nova Publishers

GAO. (2012). What GAO Found. The Government Acounting Office (GAO). Retrieved May 7, 2015 from  http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-12-648 

Holtz-Eakin, D. (2014). The Children's Health Insurance Program: Status and Outlook. The United States Senate Committee on Finance: Subcommittee on Health. Retrieved May 6, 2015 from  http://www.finance.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Testimony%20of%20Douglas%20Holtz-Eakin%20-%20Senate%20Finance%202014-09-16.pdf