For example, the black worker just following the civil war was believed to be of low intelligence thereby rendering it very unlikely that he would receive pay equal to other men. The same is true for female workers during the mid to latter part of the 1900s as it was highly unlikely that anyone would offer to a woman the same amount that was offered to men to secure their employment.
In the work of Raadschelders entitled: "A Coherent Framework for the Study of Public Administration" stated is that: "The identity crisis of public administration, discussed on both sides of the Atlantic since the Second World War, is a debate about both its academic stature and its relevance to society. American students of Public Administration, who are rooted in a practical approach, have time and again addressed this issue by stating the need for a comprehensive theory that would unify…...

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Bibliography

Raadschelders, Jos C.N. (1999) a Coherent Framework for the Study of Public Administration. Journal of public administration and theory.Vol. 9 NO. 2: 281-304 (1999). University of Oklahoma, Oxford Journals. Online available at  http://jpart.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/9/2/281#search=%22personnel%20administration%3A%202%20eras%2C%202%20periods%22 .

Personnel Administration. (2006). In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved October 11, 2006, from Encyclopedia Britannica Online:  http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9059356 

Maloney, Thomas N. (1999) Personnel Policy and Racial Inequality in the Pre-World War II North. Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Vol. 30, No.2 (Autumn, 1999) pp. 235-258.

Kellough, J. Edward (1999) Reinventing Public Personnel Management: Ethical Implications for Manager and Public Personnel Systems" Public Personnel Management, Winter 1999.

Further into the discussion of public personnel, the chapter identified the similarities and differences between public and private sector employees. As earlier discussed, public sector employees are more susceptible to political changes, and thus have "more legal restrictions" (p. 4). This means that despite political changes in the government, public sector employees are expected to be neutral, and "moral legal restrictions" cover, in part, this required impartiality. Public sector employees are required to uphold, at all times, a moral character -- a character that is impartial and legally correct and proper. This is a tall order for public sector employees, given that the environment they work for everyday is constantly changing and driven by conflicts of interest, if not among the employees, but among its managers or politicians/public officials.

Linked with proper employee conduct, public personnel are also always challenged with a judgment call on whom to serve. This determination of…...

Agency's Public Personnel Administration
Organizational Design

The Department of Defense Inspector General (DoD IG) office exists under a stable organizational design. Just like any other department in the government, the department is categorized into varied forms of dockets that serve to contribute to the general performance of the body. Established in 1982, the Department of Defense Inspector General has vision and mission statements. The Inspector General Act of 1978 spells out all the ideals and protocols observed in order to arrive at the general structure of organizing activities within the department. The office is divided into a number of sections that serve different purposes. For instance, the offices are assigned to accomplish activities like evaluation, assessment, investigation, and provide general oversight of the activities taking place within the office. Apart from providing comprehensive approaches of accomplishing the tasks in the departments, the offices are also endowed with leadership qualities. The organizational…...

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References

Council of the Inspectors General on Integrity and Efficiency (2012). Inspector General Act

of 1978, as amended. Retrieved on 31 January, 2013 from

Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2013). Charlotte Division: Former Staff Sergeant

Sentenced for Stealing Public Money Earmarked for Her Military Unit. Retrieved on

Personnel Law and Regulation
Workers Compensation Rehabilitation

For nearly 100 years, the system of Worker's Compensation has been used in the United States. Worker's Compensation is legislated and administered at the state level. Accordingly, each state has passed their own laws and developed their own system to administer Worker's Compensation within their jurisdiction. Despite the differences of each state's benefits, the overall concept of Worker's Compensation is used in each state.

The model of Worker's Compensation is simple. Employees loose their right to sue their employer for negligence, and employers are required to provide Worker's Compensation to their employees. Specific benefits vary from state to state. All state systems provide some form of protection for employees who are hurt while working.

Prior to the adoption of Worker's Compensation, the previous system required an employee to file a lawsuit against their employer. This proved to be ineffective and problematic. For example, an employee was injured…...

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Bibliography

Job Got You Stressed?" Health Beat Magazine, February 28, 1995. Pages 50-51

Adams, John D. "Creating and Maintaining Comprehensive Stress-Management Training" Stress Management in Workplace Settings, Praeger Publishers: New York (1989)

Bloch, Frank S. (Editor), Prins, Rienk (Editor) (2001). Who Returns to Work & Why?: A 6 Country Study on Work Incapacity & Reintegration (International Social Security Series, V. 5). Somerset, NJ: Transaction Publications

Clay, Rebecca A., "Job-stress Claims Spin out of Control," American Psychological Association Monitor, July 1998, pgs. 52-55.

HM
Leadership and HM in the Public Sector

At the national level, leadership in human resource management has been problematic, if not negative, in its effects. The Civil Service eform Act of 1978 and related legislation established the Office of Personnel Management (OPM) to provide leadership and innovative personnel programs for the federal establishment. Instead, in the first ten years after its creation, OPM established a record of missed opportunities, failed initiatives, and declining organizational effectiveness, as documented in comprehensive reports issued in 1989 by both the U.S. General Accounting Office and the U.S. Merit Systems Protection Board (Ingraham and Ban, 2008).

By any measure of performance against legislative intent, OPM has been largely an organizational failure in the conduct of its programs and the achievement of its goals. OPM has not become the primary management office for the president, as envisioned by its first director, Alan Campbell. It has not succeeded in…...

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References

Patricia, Ingraham W., and Ban. Carolyn (1988) Politics and Merit: Can They Meet in a Public Service Model? Review of Public Personnel Administration (Spring):719.

Lane, Larry M (2009) The Administration and Politics of Reform: The Office of Personnel Management. Policy Studies Journal 17 (Winter):331-351.

Swoboda, Frank (1989) A Coming Shift in the Power Balance. The Washington Post (October 8):H3.

Selznick, Philip (1987) The Idea of a Communitarian Morality. California Law Review 75 (January):445-463.

One time or the other, these elected legislatures will find themselves in difficult situations that call for difficult ethical decisions in the processes of performing their duties just as public administrators and as some can mange such trying moments, others will fail to perform. These public administrators should ensure that they have proper interaction with the government/authorities so as to understand well how they function in the quest to establishing reliable solutions that are potential managers of public pressure to finally ensure that public action is not compromised (Stillman, 2009). For example, in the last twenty years, the pressure exerted on public administrators has been "more entrepreneurial, to find ways to do more things and new things with fewer resources, to be nimble in response to fluctuating problems and demands, has been acute" (Cook, 2007, p. 243). In addition, considering the pressure on public administration coupled by increasing global…...

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References

Business training schools. (n.d.). What does a public administrator do? Business-training-

schools.com. Retrieved from http://www.business-training-schools.com/a/what-does-a-public-administrator-do.html

Cook, B.J. (2007). Democracy and administration: Woodrow Wilson's ideas and challenges of public management. Baltimore, Maryland: JHU Press.

Dubai School of Government. (2010, April 4). Faculty positions in public administration, the Dubai school of government. International Association of Schools and Institutes of Administration. Retrieved from http://www.iias-

By bringing into the equation of transitional services the special needs personnel at local colleges and vocational institutions, the interagency agreement described here will ensure that upon the student's eventual arrival at one such institution, there will be people familiar with his case and prepared to accommodate his needs. These respective agency types can then help a disabled student to train a focus on the specific career goals which have been identified either with the assistance of counselors.
Using the Strategic Planning Meeting as a method to identifying willing and helpful stakeholders in the process, the public partnership in question relies heavily on such networking to both orient the community toward our collective goals and to foster natural communication between such agencies at a personal level. By inviting and bringing into contact such groups as decision-makers from local law organizations, leaders from public recreation leagues and university personnel, as well…...

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Works Cited

Graddy, E. & Chen, B. (2006). Influences on the size and scope of networks for social service delivery. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory Advance Access.

Milward, H.B. & Provan, K.G. (2006). A Manager's Guide to Choosing and Using Collaborative Networks. Network and Partnership Series.

Office of Career Assessment, Planning and Placement (OCAPP). Setting a Course for Students with Disabilities & their Parents. Charlottesville City Schools. Online at www.ccs.k12.va.us/departments/items/career/docs/TransitionWebPage.pdf

The private security field also underwent significant reforms in connection with the qualifications, training, and (especially) vetting of employment candidates as well Ortmeier, 2009). Ironically, instead of recognizing the comprehensive improvement throughout the private security industry after 2001, many police personnel intensified their pre-existing disdain for all non-sworn security professionals instead (Dalton, 2003).

The Conceptual Significance of Public and Private Spaces

One of the worst consequences of the antagonism on the part of police toward private security forces is that the private security industry could actually provide valuable assistance to the overall interest of national, regional, and local security. Whereas the actions of all government policing and law enforcement authorities is very strictly limited by fundamental constitutional principles (especially in connection with 4th Amendment search and seizure concepts), non-governmental security agents can operate with considerably wider latitude (Larsen, 2007). In general, private security personnel may conduct various types of searches and investigations…...

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References

Dalton D. (2003). Rethinking Corporate Security in the Post-9/11 Era. Burlington, MA:

Butterworth-Heinemann.

Larsen R. (2007). Our Own Worst Enemy: Asking the Right Questions About Security to Protect You, Your Family, and America. New York: Grand Central Publishing.

Ortmeier P. (2009). Security Management: An Introduction. Uppers Saddle River,

The guardian bureaucracy, for example, goes all the way back to the writings of Plato. Patronage/spoils goes back to the founding of the United States, which is not a surprise, since loyalty was a predominant value post-revolution. Agencies in the United States value "merit and confidence" and merit principles are the core values of the majority of systems.
Cayer moves on to listing the organizational questions that must be asked when choosing a personnel system, including which type of board is desirable, whether there is a centralized personnel office, and who has the final authority over personnel functions and the pros and cons of each decision. Bipartisan or nonpartisan commissions are the dominant choice for governance in the U.S. And have been since 1883. The main alternative to this model is the central personnel office which reports directly to the top executive and takes a role in leadership and management.…...

This role is in response to clients' demands for a single trustworthy individual or firm to meet all of their financial needs. However, accountants are restricted from providing these services to clients whose financial statements they also prepare." (U.S. Department of Labor, ureau of Labor Statistics, 2009)
1. Public Accounting

The work entitled: "The Reality of the CPA's Role" states that modern CPAs work "behind the scenes as trusted advisors in nearly all significant business decisions. Successful accountants display the ability to think strategically and creatively and to be problem solvers and business advisors." (Douglass, 2006) Douglass states that the views of the CPA are widely varied "...whether from the viewpoint of the investing public or from the perspective of the companies that engage CPAs to audit their financial statements or perform other functions. In fact, many people not involved in the business management or accounting profession may perceive CPAs as…...

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Bibliography

Douglass, Kevin (2006) the Reality of the CPA's Role New Jersey CPA Magazine, April 2006. Accounting and Auditing. Online available at:  http://www.amper.com/publications/amper-cpa-role.asp 

Erard, Brian (1992) Taxation with Representation: An Analysis of the Role of Tax Practitioners in Tax Compliance. Journal of Public Economics 52 (1993) 163-107. North-Holland. Online available at:  http://aysps.gsu.edu/isp/files/ISP_SUMMER_SCHOOL_2008_ERARD_TAXATION_WITHOUT_REPRESENTATION.pdf 

Financial accounting for Local and State School Systems (2005) Chapter 4: Governmental Accounting. National Center for Education Statistics. U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences. Online available at:  http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2004/h2r2/ch_4.asp 

Garrison, Ray H. And Noreen, Eric W. (2009) What is Managerial Accounting/Cost Accounting. Accounting Management. Online available t:  http://www.accountingformanagement.com/

One demand is to supply adequate fresh water. Insufficient fresh water for drinking, sewage treatment and sewage discharge are frequent issues that arise as the population increases. Augmented amounts of air pollution, water pollution, soil contamination and noise pollution are also issues faced by city governments. Another issue is that of high infant and child mortality rates. These rates are frequently caused by deficiency. There is also an augmented possibility of the appearance of new plagues and pandemics. For a lot of ecological and societal reasons, including congested living situations, undernourishment and insufficient, unreachable, or missing health care; the underprivileged are more likely to be exposed to communicable diseases (Devaney, 2010).
What steps did city governments take to help deal with new demand resulting from the influx in population?

In the late nineteenth century, municipal governments frequently failed to meet the needs of their constituents. Because of this urban planning began…...

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References

Auch, Roger, Taylor, Janis and Acevedo, William. (2004). Urban Growth in American Cities.

Retrieved March 8, 2011, from Web site:

 http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2004/circ1252/#Growth 

Devaney, Erik. (2010). The Effects of Population Density on Individuals. Retrieved March 8,

solid waste management in impoverished areas versus affluent areas by examining the social, economic, ethical, and political reasons for placement of landfills and other waste removal facilities in poorer neighborhoods. By exploring the background of specific social movements, the first section of the assignment will seek to explore why the government placed landfills in certain locations versus others. The essay will also seek to examine what caused the social movements. As well as why the issue evolved from placement of landfills in poorer neighborhoods to placement of landfills in minority-majority poorer neighborhoods.
The next section will seek to analyze which candidates would be best for a nonprofit. Candidate one is a business-savvy employee wishing to change things by dismissing all the older employees and hiring new ones. Candidate two is a college graduate with experience in the field. By looking at the various perspectives of public administration theory, this section…...

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References

Aston, R. (1999). The Legal, Engineering, Environmental and Social Perspectives of Surface Mining Law and Reclamation by Landfilling: Getting Maximum Yield from Surface Mines (p. 120). World Scientific.

Brownell, P. & Kelly, J. (2013). Ageism and mistreatment of older workers. Dordrecht: Springer.

Frederickson, G. (1994). Ethics and Public Administration. Routledge.

Hill, B. (2014). Environmental Justice (p. 103). Environmental Law Institute.

Human esources and Functional Illiteracy
Public Administration Human esources esearch Study Design

Public Sector Human esource Policy and Functional Illiteracy

Public Sector Human esource Policy and Functional Illiteracy

Anderson and icks (1993) examined the role of illiteracy in determining worker status within the public sector, in part because it had not been done before. They were interested in understanding how worker stratification was determined, after scholars had raised the possibility of a worker caste system within government agencies. This issue is still relevant today, given the increasingly diverse workforce both ethnically and linguistically. This report will analyze the research methods used by Anderson and icks (1993) and summarize their findings

Methods

The sample studied by Anderson and icks (1993) were human resource professionals currently engaged in managing employees in the public sector. A 41-item questionnaire was used to determine the 'functional literacy' that these managers were noticing on the job, with functional literacy being defined as…...

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References

Anderson, Claire J. And Ricks, Betty Roper. (1993). Illiteracy -- The neglected enemy in public service. Public Personnel Management, 22(1), 137-152.

History Channel. (2013). Great migration. History.com. Retrieved 13 Feb. 2013 from  http://www.history.com/topics/great-migration .

For the public sector, performance management is a valuable process. Organizations increasingly rely on performance data to make decisions relating to various organizational processes, including strategic planning, internal management, resource allocation, reporting, as well as monitoring and evaluation. This is what performance management is all about -- continuous measurement of performance, definition of performance objectives and outcomes, communication of the outcomes, and taking action based on those outcomes. As demonstrated by literature, implementing PBM can be viewed as implementing organizational change: it requires assessment of the status quo, defining the organization's desired future state, and undertaking action to achieve that state. For this to be achieved, however, a number of factors are important: strong leadership commitment, organizational culture changes, as well as attention to individual, operational, and strategic dimensions. If effectively implemented, PBM can positively influence employee and organizational outcomes.
Performance Management: Brief Literature Review

With the operational environment becoming ever more…...

Policy Change
Anti-Bullying as a Policy Change

Students have been bullied while at school since the beginnings of education. Originally they might have been bullied by the people who taught them, but much of that does not continue into the present say. However, students bullying other students does continue. Every child needs an advocate at their school whose function it is to make sure that they are not being bullied. Many times this happens informally when a school does not have a bullying program, but it can also happen formally. The need for advocacy programs within schools, both primary and secondary, that allow children to feel that they are safe from the time that they leave their homes until they arrive back at home in the afternoon is elemental. Because of the backlash that has happened at some schools due to being bullied, it is more vital than ever. Students must have…...

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References

Aluede, O., Adeleke, F., Omoike, D., & Afen-Akpaida, J. (2008). A review of the extent, nature characteristics and effects of bullying behavior in schools. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 35(2), 151-163.

Buck, L., & Willer, B. (2008). Advocacy for young children. In S. Feeney, A Galper, and C. Seefeldt Eds. Continuing issues in early childhood education (pp. 391-405). Toronto: Pearson Education Canada.

Hirschstein, M.K., Edstrom, L.V.S., Frey, K.S., Snell, J.L., & Mackenzie, E.P. (2007). Walking the talk in bullying prevention: Teacher implementation variables related to initial impact of the steps to respect program. School Psychology Review, 36(1), 3-21.

Jacobsen, K.E., & Bauman, S. (2007). Bullying in schools: School counselors' responses to three types of bullying incidents. Professional School Counseling, 11(1), 1-8.