public budgeting comparisons of the federal, state and local budget distributions. This thesis will be focused on whether or not the increased budget allocations for transportation in the federal, state and local government will enhance travel security, efficiency, performance measures and &D development in the domain. The thesis will start off with a proposal for an agency that works across and is allocated budget in all the federal, state and local legislatures. The agency chosen for the thesis is the United States Department of Transportation. The proposal will include a detailed overview of the chosen agency inclusive of some financial data in recent years for the agency and a comparative analysis of the performance measures accomplished with those measures that were not completed. This will be followed by the details and comparative analysis of the budgetary performances of the federal, state and local budget departments in the United States…...

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References

Budget.Gov. 2012. Fiscal year 2012: Historical tables -- Budget of the U.S. Government. Office of Management and Budget.

Budget.Gov. 2012a. Fiscal year 2012: Budget of the U.S. Government. Office of Management and Budget.

Dinapoli, T.P. (2011). Report on the State Fiscal Year 2011-12 -- Enacted Budget. New York State Comptroller

Leigland, J. And Russell, H. 2009. Another lost decade? Effects of the financial crisis on project finance for infrastructure, Grid Lines No. 48. Washington, PPIAF.

This is because, the various goals and the costs of providing these services are directly tied to this protocol. Once this takes place, it means that there are greater amounts of accountability. This is the point, that an agency can be able to improve communication and corroboration in achieving their different objectives. These elements are significant, because they are illustrating how the current approach that is being utilized, can improve their ability to address a wide variety of issues. However, in order for this kind of approach to be able to deal with a host of challenges it must be fully implemented. Otherwise, this will not change the environment of the agency and it will lead to similar kinds of problems in the future. (Heinrich, 1999, pp. 363 -- 378)
Clearly, performance management systems are helping and hurting the way various levels of governments are delivering various services. The reason…...

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Bibliography

Forrester, J. (1997). Budgetary Reform through Organizational Learning. Administration and Society, 28 (4), 466 -- 484.

Heinrich, C. (1999). Do Government Bureaucrats Make Effective Use of Performance Management Systems. Journal of Public Administration, 9 (3), 363 -- 378.

Joyce, P. (2003). Linking Performance and Budgeting. George Washington University, 4 -- 47.

Melkers, J. (2005). Models of Performance Measurement. Public Administration Review, 65 (2), 180 -- 189.

City of Alameda Online Budget Challenge
PRESS RELEASE

FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE

City of Alameda Announces Series of Targeted Budget Cuts and Tax Increases to Balance 2013-14 Budget

Faced with an impending budget deficit of $4.4 million caused by a combination of rising expenditures flat revenues, the City of Alameda has implemented a series of cuts to programs funded by the General fund, as well as minimal increases in certain taxes, to assure a balanced budget for Fiscal Year 2012-13. Before a detailed description of these actions is given, the City of Alameda would like to make clear for all citizens that the proscribed measures are temporary in nature, with the objective being to guide the city through a prolonged recession while assuring financial solvency. With that said, every major department which draws funding from the city's General Fund will absorb budget cuts that are similar to those enacted last year, so that organizational challenges…...

budget analyst guided by control concerns takes a more conservative view of the budget, and is likely to put forward conservative guidelines for the budget. These create a stronger form of control, and provide a basis for management to beat the budget. This is because the financial control aspect of budgeting is based on setting realistic benchmarks, and setting budgets in a way that forces management to be efficient. Management is more likely to take an approach that sets budgets higher. Management likely has a preference for having more resources at their disposal, and less tight control on activities. This is not because management does not want to succeed, but management does have an interest in working with a greater amount of resources.
Unit 3. There do not need to be opportunity costs associated with addressing control concerns…unless you specifically choose to blow off planning priorities or program management issues.…...

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References

IMF. (2014). Budget preparation. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved March 5, 2014 from  http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/expend/guide3.htm 

Langfield-Smith, K. (1997). Management control systems and strategy: A critical review. Accounting, Organizations and Society. Vol. 22 (2) 207-232.

Simons, R. (1991). Strategic orientation and top management attention to control systems. Strategic Management Journal. Vol. 12 (1) 49-62.

Fiscal Federalism
To the Cato Institute:

The Cato Institute policy statement on "Fiscal Federalism" is an excellent example of 'throwing the baby out with the bath water.' Yes, there may be unnecessary government bureaucracy involved in the awarding of federal grants to states. But the need for more efficiency does not mean that the entire program should be scrapped. During the recent 2008 recession, many states were cash-strapped and desperately needed funds to support Medicaid and unemployment insurance. Unlike states, the federal government can spend at a deficit. If there were no grants, this would have caused tremendous privation and social unrest.

The relationship of the states and the federal government is necessarily a symbiotic one. States are presumed to have better knowledge of what programs are needed to address critical issues within states' borders. The federal government acknowledges this expertise, even though it may use its prerogative to prioritize certain areas of…...

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References

Williams, Bob. (2012). The most egregious budget gimmicks of 2012. State Budget Solutions.

Retrieved:  http://www.statebudgetsolutions.org/publications/detail/the-most-egregious-budget-gimmicks-of-2012#ixzz2SSj3gmMC

edo
Match the following terms with the appropriate definition

Purchasing

Central purchasing Agent

Lowest responsible bidder

Standardization

Specification

Life-cycle costing

Total-purchase costing

Ordering costs

Incremental costs

Carrying costs

Shortage costs

Total desirable inventory

Preventative maintenance

Maintenance prevention

isk control

Security

isk funding

Insurance

Total Cost Production manager assigned to monitoring the delivery services, developing a list of qualified vendors, purchasing standardized items, and uses specification.

Cost associated with disappointing a client, legal settlements, lost labor costs, delay and failure of service.

3.

Coverage which is paid for by monthly or yearly premiums and will pay out in the event of an emergency

4.

Minimizing maintenance by using good equipment and facility design

5.

eduction in risk through careful procedures and practices in security

6.

Providing sufficient funds to meet possible loss situations

7.

equires periodic inspections and upkeep

8.

Company a qualified company that has the lowest bid on a product or project

9.

Total cost of ownership of a commodity or building

10.

Minimization of the number of goods purchased

11.

Purchasing and maintenance costs

12.

Ordering costs are weighed against storage costs

13.

Cost of preparing specifications, obtaining competitive bids, negotiating,…...

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References

Harding, M. & Harding, M. (2001). Purchasing. New York: Barron's.

Reuvid, J. (2010). Managing Business Risk. Philadelphia, PA: Kogan Press.

Pressures Affecting Public BudgetAnalyzing Practical PressuresBudgets are never easy, but when it comes to the public sector there are additional pressures that can make the process even more challenging. On the one hand, there is a need to deliver high-quality goods and services that meet the needs of the community. On the other hand, there is often a limited amount of funding available, meaning that hard choices have to be made about where to allocate resources. One factor leading to practical pressure being put on the budget is politics, with elected officials seeking to direct funds towards pet projects or constituencies that will benefit them at election time (ubin, 2019). Elected officials may have different priorities when it comes to spending taxpayers money.Other factors include population growth and inflation. As populations increase, so too do the number of people who need government services (Gylfason & Herbeertsson, 2001). This increase in…...

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ReferencesGylfason, T., & Herbertsson, T. T. (2021). Does inflation matter for growth?. Japan and the world economy, 13(4), 405-428.Kaplow, B. L. (2021). Optimal control of externalities in the presence of income taxation. International Economic Review, 53(2), 487-509.Lee Jr, R. D., Johnson, R. W., & Joyce, P. G. (2020). Public budgeting systems. Jones & Bartlett Learning.Rubin, I. S. (2019). The politics of public budgeting: Getting and spending, borrowing and balancing. CQ Press.

The departmental and program breakdown of the information in the city of Detroit's budget does not provide quite the same level of detail or of annual change that the city of Austin's budget does, but this more than made up for by the ease of accessing what details are available, and by the different formats of the two cities' budgets almost necessitate these differences in clarity, but they do not entirely account for the lack of clarity in the city of Austin's budget. That budget is already organized by department and broken down into the individual programs; tabulating the department totals and providing a clear overview of the major expenditure and revenue items on the budget would not have entailed any undue extra effort. The city of Detroit's budget clearly shows that both detail and overall clarity are entirely achievable in a municipal budget, making it both more effective…...

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References

Lee, R.; Johnson, R. And Joyce, P. (2008). Public budgeting systems. Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett.

Stenberg, C. (2007). Managing local government services: a practical guide. Washington. D.C.: ICMA.

Budgeting and Financial Management Case AnalysisBudgeting and financial management are critical processes in public administration efforts as they play an important role in governance. Organizations in both the public and private sectors carry out budgeting and financial management to allocate resources to different functional departments and ensure effective utilization of these resources. According to National Center for Education Statistics (2004), budgeting primarily entails allocating finite resources to an organizations prioritized needs. In the field of public administration, budgeting and financial management provide the legal premise to spend money. Budgeting and financial management are invaluable tools for planning and evaluation in the educational environment. Through this, educational objectives and programs are translated into financial resources plans and courses of action. This paper provides a critical analysis of budgeting and financial management at The Bedford Falls Academy Charter School. The analysis seeks to demonstrate important aspects of budgeting and financial management…...

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ReferencesNational Center for Education Statistics. (2004). Financial accounting for local and state school systems. Retrieved from U.S. Department of Education website:   J.B. (2010). Some problems in public school finance. Journal of Educational Research, 10(4), 257-270.Snow, D. (2017). The Bedford Falls Academy Charter School. Retrieved from the University of Washington, Evans School of Public Policy & Governance website:  http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781526479662https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2004/h2r2/ch_3.asp Sears,

.. discretion as a practical matter" (1988, p. 78).
Wildavsky's was not critical of classical budgeting theory. He was more in favor of the concept of incrementalism that was a vital part of classical budgeting. He felt that incrementalism was superior to other budgeting approaches because it "increases agreement among the participants" (1984, p. 136) and also because it could reduce "burden of calculation" (1984, p. 136). Wildavsky went on to say that: "Clinging to last year's agreements is enormously economical of critical resources . . . which would be seriously depleted if all or most past agreements were reexamined yearly." (1984, p. 217).

The classical budgeting model proved efficient and practical for many decades but it lost its appeal in mid-20th century when a general trend towards excessive spending took over. This trend was observed all over the world and the main reason for the scope of government's responsibilities that had…...

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References

1. Caiden, Naomi. 1982. "The Myth of the Annual Budget." Public Administration Review 42 (6):516 -- 523.

2. Meyers, Roy T. 1997, Late Appropriations and Government shutdowns: Frequency causes, consensus and remedies. Public Budgeting and Finance. 25:38-45

3. Schick, Allen. 1980. Congress and Your Money. Washington: Urban Institute.

4. Schick, Allen. 1990. The Capacity to Budget. Washington: Urban Institute.

Public Administration and its Analysis
This is a paper on the concept and basis of Public Administration and the importance it holds in the field of management.

Defining the Breadth and Scope of Public Administration

In the early years of public administration was hailed as a strong and positive as a professional force for studying and putting into practice for the improvement and revamping of the administration of the federal, state and legislative government but also sure of the political and ethical authenticity of the field of public administration in performing that role.

In what is now known as the Classical period, the mind set of the people that were in the field of public administration were based on the resulting derivative of the theory and principles of values from the intellectual side of political science and, in the main part, from constitutional democratic theory. Woodrow Wilson is considered to be the academic…...

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References

Preface to Public Administration, A Search for Themes and Direction" by Richard J. Stillman II, copyright 1991 by St. Marin's Press, Inc. As the primary reference source":

U.S. Bureau of the Census (1996). Current Population Reports. No. P25-1130.

Noam, Eli (1995). Electronics and the Dim Future of the University. Science 270 (October 13): 247-249..

Klay, William Earle and Lance DeHaven-Smith (1997). It's the Economy (Values, Stupid! Findings of the FloridaScan Project. Futures Research Quarterly 13:4 (Winter): 51-73.

Beacon College, as a small institution, has encountered problems regarding its overall governance standards and accounting oversight. The empirical facts suggest that the entire organization did not have a culture of challenge and innovation. This seems at odds with the overall mandate of the college however. As a liberal arts college, it is by definition innovative and challenging. However, the empirical facts suggest that management was satisfied with the status quo. In any organization, one individual should not have all the information pertaining to a critical subject. This creates information asymmetry where the individual can use their informational knowledge to direct action from others who do not have access to the information. This appears to be an early problem of Beacon College. The CFO did not divulge information in a transparent manner and as a result, the overall financial performance of the organization suffered. Management was unable to make…...

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References

1) Cleveland, Frederick A. (1915)"Evolution of the Budget Idea in the United States." The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 15-35.

2) Rubin, Irene S. (1997) The Politics of Public Budgeting: Getting and Spending, Borrowing and Balancing. Third Edition, Chatham House Publishers: Chatham, New Jersey

3) Sullivan, Arthur; Steven M. Sheffrin (2003). Economics: Principles in action. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458: Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 502.ISBN 0-13-063085-3

4) Walsh, Mary Williams. "Richard A. Musgrave, 96, Theoretician of Public Finance, Dies." January 20, 2007. New York Times: Business

Budgeting, particular during pressing economic periods, is critical to the overall solvency of public organizations. Budgeting and proper forecasting provides a means for organizations to remain viable irrespective of the economic circumstances prevailing. History has proven that businesses along with public enterprises must endure various economy cycles and environments. The past decade has provided substantial evidence as to the importance of proper budgeting. Organizations that have failed to budget properly have suffered immensely in regards to lost reputation, profit and productivity. The subsequent decade will be no different in that regard. Budgeting in the public domain, must provide adequate reassurance that the public organization can withstands a litany of economic and monetary circumstances (Parks, 1991)
A budget provides organizations financial priorities in dollar terms. Particular in recessions or depression, public budgets, when analyzed, provide an idea as to the organizations priorities. During periods of mass euphoria and over optimism, budgets tend…...

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References:

1) Muir, Helen. (1953) Miami, U.S.A. Coconut Grove, Florida. Hurricane House Publishers. Pp. 33, 100

2) Parks, Arva Moore (1991). Miami: The Magic City. Miami, FL: Centennial Press. p. 12. ISBN 0-9629402-2-4

3) Sullivan, Arthur; Steven M. Sheffrin (2003). Economics: Principles in action. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458: Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 502. ISBN 0-13-063085-3

Public Finance
Philosophy of public finance

All states must raise some sort of revenue to pay for the basic services it must offer to protect its citizens and provide them with needed services. The degree to which the state should act in such a supportive fashion may vary depending on the perspective of the individual but the notion that some state financing is needed for a nation to be functional is difficult to debate. Taxation is one of the primary methods through which the state extracts revenue. Although there are many different competing philosophies about the purpose of government financing, most would agree that the government can serve as an engine of growth if it allocates its assets in an appropriate manner.

One of the most influential texts defining a philosophy of public financing was that of ichard Musgrave's The Theory of Public Finance. Musgrave's (1959) text stressed that "normative goals of efficiency,…...

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References

Bartle, J., Scott, D. & Shields, P. (2008). Applying pragmatism to public budgeting and financial management. Association for Budgeting and Financial Management conference.

Retrieved from:  https://digital.library.txstate.edu/handle/10877/3995 

Financial accounting. (2015). National Center for Educational Statistics. Retrieved from:

 https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2004/h2r2/ch_3.asp

S. debt.
Conclusion

Health care is a large part of the federal budget and it is increasing in importance. The rate of growth in health care outlays is greater than the rate of growth in the budget itself. The poses a problem, because the federal budget deficit is increasing in size. Debt service is going to be the most rapidly growing component of the federal budget over the next several years, highlighting the need to control costs in all aspects of the budget. The challenge, however, is that both demographic trends and health care cost inflation trends signal a dramatic increase in health care costs in the coming couple of decades. Health care reform is expected to help with cost containment, primarily through shifting some eligibility requirements, but greater solutions are required. Privatizing health care would take if off the government's books, but would have significant negative externalities with respect to public…...

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Works Cited:

Budget of the U.S. Government, fiscal year 2011. Retrieved December 9, 2010 from  http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/budget/fy2011/assets/budget.pdf 

CBO. (2010). HR 4872. Congressional Budget Office. Retrieved December 9, 2010 from  http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/113xx/doc11355/hr4872.pdf 

Klein, E. (2010). Rep. Ryan proposes radical solution to budget problem. Washington Post. Retrieved December 9, 2010 from  http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/05/AR2010020504796.html