Minor Project 2Leadership and FollowershipIn his award-winning and influential book, James McGregor Burns wrote that leadership is one of the least understood and most observed phenomena. According to a social and psychosocial study, a leader-follower framework establishes spontaneously when the groups are supposed to be leaderless (Edge, 2020). Whenever there is a group of people, a leader-follower relationship develops naturally. As a result, multiple experts have concluded that leadership is universal human behavior (Van Vugt, 2006). On the other hand, evolutionary scientists have also had a standing interest in leadership (Winston & Patterson, 2006). To Zoologists, leadership is the simple act of leading other group members while locomoting from one point to another (Northouse, 2021). Several evolutionary researchers consider group movement, for instance, towards new feeding grounds or waterholes as a classic leadership challenge. Within society, leadership is usually considered an individuals inherent phenomenon (Bennis, 2001).Definition, Assumptions, and Outline…...

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ReferencesBennis, W. (2001). The End of Leadership: Exemplary Leadership Is Impossible Without Full Inclusion, Initiatives, and Cooperation of Followers. WE Rosenbach RL Taylor, Contemporary Issues in Leadership, 247-260.Edge, L. Historical Reflections on the Value of Followership.Northouse, P. G. (2021). Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications.Van Vugt, M. (2006). Evolutionary origins of leadership and followership. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(4), 354-371.Winston, B. E., & Patterson, K. (2006). An integrative definition of leadership. International journal of leadership studies, 1(2), 6-66.

Egan's skilled helper model is a 3-stage model that is designed to help people become self-empowered. Very similar to oger's famous counseling system, the model is client-oriented, refers to the client as individual who leads the process and structures his goals and is used on the context of the recent past and future. The ogerian guides, too, of empathic listening, unconditional judgment, and respect are its fundamentals.
The Egan model addresses three primary questions

What is going on?

What do I want instead?

How might I get to what I want?

Stage 1: What is going on Each person perceives his or her particular life narrative in her own specific way. Similarly, too, does one accord one's challenges a personal interpretation. Egan encourages the helper to allow the client to articulate his perspective of the account and to fully listen to that account. Articulation of the story frames the narrative and may better allow the…...

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Reference

Birmingham City Univ. Counseling skills: Egan's skilled helper model. Continuing Professional Development Unit.

Egan, G. & Cowan, M.A. (1979) People in systems: A model for development in the human services and professions. CA: Brooks.

(2009, March). omen's Health Law eekly, 34. Retrieved March 1, 2009 from Research Library database. (Document ID: 1651848781).
CNSs need skills in mental health. (2009). Cancer Nursing Practice, 8(1), 6. Retrieved March 1, 2009, from ProQuest Health and Medical Complete database. (Document ID: 1651343051).

Lance Armstrong Foundation. (2009). Official ebsite.

Retrieved March 1, 2009. http://www.livestrong.org/site/c.khLXK1PxHmF/b.2660611/k.BCED/Home.htm

Heyman, Patrick & Sandra olfe. (2001). Neuman's System's Model. University of Florida.

Retrieved March 1, 2009, at http://www.patheyman.com/essays/neuman/short.htm

Okamura, Masako Shigeto Yamawaki, Tatsuo Akechi, Koji Taniguchi, & Yosuke

Uchitomi. (2005). Psychiatric disorders following first breast cancer recurrence:

Prevalence, associated factors and relationship to quality of life. Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology, 35(6), 302-9. Retrieved March 1, 2009, from ProQuest

Medical Library database. (Document ID: 876421851).

Quinlin, Patrick. (2001). Beating cancer with nutrition. Nutrition Times Press.

Pengelly, Michele & Diana Purnell. (2009). An audit of levels of psychological support referrals for cancer patients. Cancer Nursing Practice, 8(1), 34-38. Retrieved March 1, 2009 from ProQuest Health and…...

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Works Cited

Agnew, Thelma. (2009). Acting with confidence. Cancer Nursing Practice, 8(1), 18-20.

Retrieved March 1, 2009, from ProQuest Health and Medical Complete database. (Document ID: 1651343111).

Baker, Maggie Koerth-Baker. (2008). The power of positive thinking: Truth or myth?

Special to LiveScience. Retrieved March 1, 2009.  http://www.livescience.com/health/080829-happy-thoughts.html

Psychosocial Process ecording
Theories thrive in situations where facts are scarce or sparse in human endeavors. Medicine is a field in which such truths are evident. According to Gorman (1990), radical biologists hold the view that all psychiatric complications are caused by brain abnormalities. On the other hand, dogmatic psychologists claim that medical treatment only covers up psychiatric symptoms. They state that psychological treatment gets to the root of the problem (cited in Waldo, 2013).

This case analysis scenario has applied the Bio-psychosocial Model analysis of psychiatry. The approach was made popular by George L. Engelis. The biological element of the bio-psychosocial model seeks to understand how illnesses are due to the functioning of an individual's body. The psychological aspect investigates potential psychologically related causes for illness including lack of self-control, negative thoughts and emotional turmoil. The social element investigates how social factors including how socio economic dynamics, technology, poverty, culture and…...

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References

Waldo, A. D. (2013). Process Recording: Case Analysis. School of Nursing. Retrieved 9 November 2016 from  https://www.academia.edu/8822397/Sample_Case_Presentation_in_Psychiatric_Nursing_Case_Analysis

Psychoanalytic Model (Object elations)
In this paper, the object relations psychoanalytic model will be employed for solving a family issue; the family in question is taken from movie. The paper will further delineate key object relations concepts, the theory's assumptions, and its application to the aforementioned movie.

The chosen model

The object relations concept is a variant of the psychoanalytic theory, which deviates from the idea held by Sigmund Freud that mankind is driven by acts of aggression and that of sexual drives. Instead, psychoanalytic theory proposes the notion that man is primarily driven by a need to forge relationships with others (i.e. contact). Object relations therapists aim to aid clients in uncovering early mental pictures that can further any current problems in their associations with other people, and adapt them to improve interpersonal performance.

Basic Concepts in Object elations

The word 'object' in the object relations concept does not denote inanimate things but rather,…...

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References

Balk, D. (1996). Models for understanding adolescent coping with bereavement. Death Studies, 20: 367-387.

___. (1990). The self-concepts of bereaved adolescents: Sibling death and its aftermath. Journal of Adolescent Research, 5(1): 112-132.

Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Parent-child attachment and healthy human development. New York: Basic Books.

Daniel, V. (2007, October). Object Relations Theory. Retrieved from Sonoma State University:  https://www.sonoma.edu/users/d/daniels/objectrelations.html

Pedagogic Model for Teaching of Technology to Special Education Students
Almost thirty years ago, the American federal government passed an act mandating the availability of a free and appropriate public education for all handicapped children. In 1990, this act was updated and reformed as the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, which itself was reformed in 1997. At each step, the goal was to make education more equitable and more accessible to those with special educational needs. During the last presidential term, the "No Child Left Behind" Act attempted to assure that individuals with disabilities were increasingly mainstreamed and assured of high educational results. All of these legislative mandates were aimed at insuring that children with disabilities were not defrauded of the public education which has become the birthright of all American children. The latest reforms to IDEA, for example, provided sweeping reforms which not only expanded the classification of special needs…...

Now, the last one involves the balancing competitiveness with internal alignment through the use of ranges, flat rates, and/or bands. This is very important because a company would want to know who they are competing against and what they have to offer that will be able to go against them in the marketplace. Other things mentioned in this chapter, involve chapter talks about market pay survey (Salvador & Garcia-Menendez, 2001). There are three matters to look at before using pay surveys. One of those things is figuring out which employers will need to be included in the survey because clearly, everyone does not need to be involved. The second thing is to find out which jobs are will need to be included in the survey because obviously the proper ones need to be selected. It is not really necessary to use all of them. If multiple surveys are used,…...

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References:

Altman, M. (1995). Labor market discrimination, pay inequality, and effort variability: An alternative to the neoclassical model. Eastern Economic Journal, 21(2), 157-157.

Bosompra, K., Ashikaga, T., Flynn, B.S., Worden, J.K., & Solomon, L.J. (2001). Psychosocial factors associated with the public's willingness to pay for genetic testing for cancer risk: A structural equations model. Health Education Research, 16(2), 157-157.

Buescher, B.C. (2000). ABA model rule 7.6: The ABA pleases the SEC, but does not solve pay to play. The Georgetown Journal of Legal Ethics, 14(1), 139-157.

Huang, C.L., Kan, K., & Tsu-Tan, F. (1999). Consumer willingness-to-pay for food safety in taiwan: A binary-ordinal probit model of analysis. The Journal of Consumer Affairs, 33(1), 76-91.

THEOETICAL APPLICATION 8Theoretical Application AssignmentPart One: The Health Belief Model and HPV Vaccination Uptake among Young AdultsCervical cancer is a fundamental health concern for nations globally. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine as an effective way to prevent HPV-related conditions, including cervical cancer (Alsulami et al., 2023). The vaccine is available for young children aged between 9 and 12, although young adults aged between 13 and 26 could also receive a catch-up immunization if they did not begin or complete the vaccination series before age 12 (Alsulami et al., 2023). According to Kamolratanakul and Pitisuttithum (2021), the HPV vaccine is 80 percent effective in preventing HPV-related infections. However, the uptake of the HPV vaccine among young adults in the United States and globally remains low. The health belief model provides a framework for understanding the possible reasons for this trend.The Health Belief ModelThe health belief…...

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ReferencesAlsulami, F., Sanchez, J., Rabionet, S., Popovici, L., & Baraka, M. A. (2023). Predictor of HPV vaccine uptake among foreign-born college students in the US: An exploration of the role of acculturation and the health belief model. Vaccines, 11(2), 422. DOI. 10.3390/vaccines11020422Boston University (2022). The Theory of planned behavior. Boston University.   J., Ferdous, T., & Shokar, N. (2020). HPV vaccine beliefs and correlates of uptake among Hispanic women and their children on the US-Mexico border. Cancer Control, 27(1), 1-9. DOI. 10.1177/1073274820968881Donadiki, E. M., Jimenez,-Garcia, R., Hernandez-Barrera, V., Sourtzi, P., Carrasco-Garrido, P., Andres, A., Jimenez-Trujillo, I., & Velonakis, E. G. (2014). Health belief model applied to non-compliance with HPV vaccine among female university students. Public Health, 128(3), 268-273. DOI. 10.1016/j.puhe.2013.12.004 Kamolratanakul, S., & Pitisuttithum, P. (2021). Human papillomavirus vaccine efficacy and effectiveness against cancer. Vaccines, 9(12), 1413. DOI. 10.3390/vaccines9121413 Sabouri, M., Shakibazadeh, E., Mohebbi, B., Tol, A., Yaseri, M., & Babaee, S. (2020). Effectiveness of an educational intervention using theory of planned behavior on healthcare empowerment among married reproductive-age women: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 9(1), 1-8. https://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/mph-modules/sb/behavioralchangetheories/BehavioralChangeTheories3.html Calderon-Mora,

Sixteen percent of people taking Zyprexa for a year gained more than sixty-six pounds, according to documents obtained for a potential class action suit against the drug's manufacturer (Berenson 2007). The drugs used to treat depression are of limited use in treating the repeating depressive episodes of bipolar illness, both in terms of long-term efficacy and their danger in causing the bipolar sufferer to enter a manic episode, not merely recover from depression (Balkalar, 2007). Abilify, a new drug, has demonstrated less significant weight gain, although it can still produce tics, "headache, anxiety, insomnia, nausea, vomiting, constipation, dizziness, upset stomach, and an inner sense of restlessness or need to move" ("Commonly Asked Questions About Side Effects," 2007, Abilify: Bristol-Meyers Squib Official ebsite).
Susie's future

Finding the right drug for Susie may take time, and her drug treatment plan will likely take a series of adjustments over the course of her lifetime,…...

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Works Cited

Balkalar, Nicholas. (10 Apr 2007). "Long-Term Therapy Effective in Bipolar

Depression." The New York Times. Retrieved 8 Sept 2007 at  http://www.nytimes.com /2007/04/10/health/psychology/10therapy.html?ex=1189396800&en=19ecf79bc3128398&ei=5070

Berenson, Alex. (20 Jan 2007). "States Study Marketing of Lilly Pill." The New York

Times. Retrieved 8 Sept 2007 at

bio-psychosocial model to assess a 70-year-old adult (referred as Mr. X) suffering from mental retardation and makes appropriate recommendations regarding a treatment plan. However, before we make a medical diagnosis of Mr. X, it is important that we briefly review the "mental retardation" ailment. "Mental retardation is not something you have, like blue eyes, or a bad heart. Nor is it something you are, like short, or thin. It is not a medical disorder, nor a mental disorder. Mental retardation is a particular state of functioning that begins in childhood and is characterized by limitation in both intelligence and adaptive skills. Mental retardation reflects the "fit" between the capabilities of individuals and the structure and expectations of their environment." Taken from (http://www.aamr.org/Policies/faq_mental_retardation.shtml).
Medical diagnosis

Mental retardation ailment of Mr. X has had two fundamental and noteworthy impacts. The first is the intellectual performance that is considerably below normal standard and the…...

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Bibliography

David Sedgwick. An Introduction to Jungian Psychotherapy: The Therapeutic Relationship. Brunner-Routledge, Hove, England, 2001.

Merna J. Alpert. The Chronically Disabled Elderly in Society. Greenwood Press. Westport, CT. 1994.

Definition of mental retardation. Taken from:  http://www.aamr.org/Policies/faq_mental_retardation.shtml

Abnormal Psychology is often misunderstood as a field of psychology because it deals with behavior that "creates a problem for an individual or society" -- and hence, the question immediately arises as to just what is "abnormal" and what is "normal"? The AP Psychology 7th Edition (Sharpsteen, et al., 2005) text suggests that abnormal behavior is "maladaptive or pathological behavior" and before determining whether a behavior is abnormal or not, the "total environment and impact of a person's behavior" must be taken into consideration. Moreover, abnormal psychology does not attempt to link "normal and abnormal" with the concepts of "good and bad," Kendra Cherry explains. Abnormal psychology deals with "psychopathology and abnormal behavior" covering a wide swath of disorders, including sexual deviation, depression, obsessive-compulsive behaviors, to name a few (Cherry, 2008).
The History and Evolution of Abnormal Psychology into a Scientific Discipline

In 800 B.C., Homer believed that mental illness results when…...

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Works Cited

AS Psychology. (2009). Biological and Psychological Models of Abnormality. Retrieved July 9,

2011, from http://as-psychology.pbworks.com.

Bennett, Paul. (2006). Abnormal and Clinical Psychology: An Introductory Textbook. New York: McGraw-Hill International.

Cherry, Kendra. (2008). Psychology / What Is Abnormal Psychology? About.com. Retrieved July 8, 2011, from  http://psychology.about.com .

Physical and mental disorders are often comorbid, reflecting an entire system that is out of balance. A healthy state, both physically and mentally reflects a state of equilibrium and stability that every organism wishes to achieve (Wallace, 2008).When one portion of the system is out of balance, the entire system can be out of balance. The degree to which the system is out of balance determines the degree of the disturbance.
A child that has greater resilience skills can recover from a greater disturbance than a child with little resiliency. Everyone has heard stories of the rich and famous who rose up from situations of poverty and despair to become something great. This is exactly what this research is about. Eriksson's psychosocial model sets up the situation that the person must overcome. Wallace's theory on resiliency provides an understanding of what the child needs to overcome these circumstances to become…...

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References

Anthony, E., Alter, C. & Jenson, J. (2009). Development of a Risk and Resilience-Based Out-of-

School Time Program for Children and Youths. Social Work. 54 (1): 45+. Retrieved from Questia Database.

Brendtro, L. & Larson, S. (2004). The Resilience Code: Finding Greatness in Youth. Reclaiming Children and Youth. 12 (4): 194 +. Retrieved from Questia Database.

Brown, W. (2006). The Value of Role Models in Inspiring Resilience. Reclaiming Children and Youth. 14 (4): 199+. Retrieved from Questia Database.

Psychosocial Development Theory
In the history of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud was the first to delve into the unknown recesses of the human mind to identify reasons for neuroses. As such, he identified infantile sexuality to lie at the heart of most problems in the relationship with the self and others and used the three-dimensional model of the id, the ego, and superego to describe the various ways in which these neuroses manifested themselves. Today, many theorists use Freud's theories to build their own derivative theories. Even though many today reject some or most of the early philosopher's ideas, it is thanks to him that these theories have a reason for existence in themselves. Today, the theory known as psychosocial development bases many of its concepts on the early ideas conceptualized by Freud. As such, theorists like Erik Erikson, Alfred Adler, and Karen Horney have developed their own concepts of what it…...

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References

Adler Graduate School. (2014). Alfred Adler: Theory and Application. Retrieved from:  http://www.alfredadler.edu/about/theory 

Beyers, W. And Seiffge-Krenke, I. (2010). Does Identity Precede Intimacy? Testing Erikson's Theory on Romantic Development in Emerging Adults of the 21st Century. Journal of Adolescent Research. 20(10). Retrieved from: https://biblio.ugent.be/input/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=941691&fileOId=967467

Davis, D. And Clifton, A. (n.d.) Psychosocial Theory: Erikson. Retrieved from:  http://www.haverford.edu/psych/ddavis/p109g/erikson.stages.html 

Goodman, S.H., Connell, A.M., and Hall, C.M. (2011). Maternal Depression and Child Psychopathology: A Meta-Analytic Review. Clinical Child Family Psychological Review. 14. Retrieved from: http://psych.colorado.edu/~willcutt/pdfs/Goodman_2011.pdf

Psychosocial Assessment
Malala Yousafzai -- A Girl with a Message

Description of Issues and Problems

The psychosocial review of Malala Yousafzai, a girl who was shot in the face while trying to promote education in a region of the world where girls and women were not permitted to do many of the things that boys and men can do, is a fascinating story of resistance to cruelty and resilience in the face of violence. This is Malala's review, but the story should begin not with her life, but with the political and social structure into which she was born -- in the SAT region of Pakistan (in the town of SAT). The Taliban, a fundamentalist Sunni version of Islam, was in control of the SAT region of Pakistan. Their goal was to create a "puritanical caliphate that neither recognizes nor tolerates forms of Islam divergent from their own" (Tristam, 2011).

The Taliban, frankly speaking,…...

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Works Cited

Ahmad, S. (2012). The Taliban and Girls' Education in Pakistan and Afghanistan -- with a Case study of the situation in the SWAT district. Lund University Department of Sociology. Retrieved March 1, 2016, from http://www.lup.lup.se.luur.

Bennett-Jones, O. (2013). The courage of her convictions. The Spectator. Retrieved March 1, 2016, from  http://www.spectator.co.uk .

Brumfield, B. (2013). Malala's journey from near death to recovery. CNN. Retrieved

March 1, 2016, from  http://www.cnn.com .

Psychosocial Assessment
Identifying Information / Setting

The purpose of this study is to examine Jackson. This client is in his early 40's and works as a professional police officer in a men's correctional facility. Jackson is a veteran and is married to a minority wife. They have a twins, a boy and girl aged 10. This study is based on therapy that is being conducted online.

eason for eferral

Jackson was referred to me due to issues at his job. The client was involved in a physical dispute with his wife that resulted from an argument over gambling. It is evident that Jackson's wife has serious gambling problem. Jackson's wife called the police during the dispute and this resulted in his police department's standard operating procedure to provide mandatory counseling for 13 weeks. Another result of the dispute, required Jackson to surrender his firearms. In order for client to get back gun he…...

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References

Babcock, J.C., Green, C.E., & Robie, C. (2004). Does batterers' treatment work? A meta- analytic review of domestic violence treatment. Clinical psychology review, 23(8), 1023- 1053.

Cross, C.L., & Ashley, L. (2004). Police trauma and addiction: Coping with the dangers of the job. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 73(10), 24-32.

Diagnostic and statistical manual-text revision (DSM-IV-TRim, 2000). American Psychiatric Association, 2000.

Gersons, B.P. (1989). Patterns of PTSD among police officers following shooting incidents: A two-dimensional model and treatment implications. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 2(3), 247-257.

The Importance of Mental Health Awareness and Stigma Reduction

Topic 1: Understanding the Spectrum of Mental Health

Explore the different types of mental health conditions, their symptoms, and prevalence.
Discuss the biopsychosocial model of mental health and how it explains the interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors.
Examine the impact of mental health conditions on individuals, families, and society.

Topic 2: The Stigma Associated with Mental Illness

Define stigma and explore its various forms related to mental health.
Analyze the causes and consequences of stigma, including discrimination, shame, and social isolation.
Discuss strategies for challenging stigma and promoting acceptance.

Topic 3: Barriers....

The biopsychosocial perspective takes into account the biological, psychological, and social factors that influence a person's health and well-being. By considering all of these factors together, this perspective provides a more holistic understanding of health and well-being than a purely biological or psychological perspective would.

From a biological standpoint, the biopsychosocial perspective acknowledges the importance of genetics, physiology, and physical health in determining overall well-being. It recognizes that physical health conditions, such as chronic illnesses or genetic predispositions, can have a significant impact on a person's well-being.

From a psychological perspective, the biopsychosocial model recognizes the role of mental health and emotional....

## Childhood Experiences and Adult Development

Childhood experiences play a profound role in shaping our adult behaviors and personality traits. The environment in which we are raised, the interactions we have with our caregivers, and the events we experience during our formative years all contribute to the development of our unique characters.

### Attachment Theory

One of the most influential theories on the impact of childhood experiences is attachment theory. Developed by John Bowlby, attachment theory suggests that the quality of a child's early relationships with their caregivers has a lasting impact on their ability to form healthy relationships in adulthood.

Secure attachment, characterized....

I. Introduction

1. Overview of the biopsychosocial model

   1. Integration of biological, psychological, and social factors
   2. Introduced by George L. Engel in 1977

2. Importance of the biopsychosocial model

   1. Shift from a purely biomedical approach
   2. Emphasis on holistic understanding of health and illness

II. Body

1. Biological component

   1. Genetic predispositions and hereditary factors
   2. Impact of physical health on mental well-being

2. Psychological component

   1. Influence of thoughts, emotions, and behaviors on health
   2. Role of stress, coping mechanisms, and personality traits

3. Social component

   1. Impact....