Psychosocial hazards or risk factors can be defined as "those aspects of work design, and the organization and management of work, and their social and organizational contexts, which have the potential for causing psychological or physical harm" (Cox and Griffiths, 1996, 129-130). This research proposal provides an analysis of problems with current measures of psychosocial hazards, and then investigates the theories that underlie how work events lead to emotional and physical reactions.
This research proposal then proposes to help further the theoretical understanding of the interaction between stress and health reactions. Specifically, this proposal attempts to continue to determine the nature of stresses that lead to harms, within the context of Siegrist and Peter's earned reward imbalance model. This study will attempt to determine the core expectations (as defined within Siegrist and Peter's earned reward imbalance model), and hypothesizes these expectations include immediate expectations of specific salary requirements, wage increases, working…...

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References

Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry. 2002. Stress as a community and workplace issue. Leading Australian Business, January 2002. 26 August 2004.  http://www.acci.asn.au/text_files/issues_papers/Labour_Relations/LR32.pdf 

Bongers, P. M, de Winter, C.R., Kompier, M.A.J., and Hildebrandt, V.H. 1993. Psychosocial factors at work and musculoskeletal disease. Scandanavian Journal of Work and Environmental Health, 19(5), 297-312.

Cox, T. And Griffiths, A. 1996. Assessment of Psychosocial Hazards at Work, in Handbook of Work and Health Psychology. Schagbracq, M., Winnubst, J.A.M. And Cooper, C.L. (Eds). JohnWiley and Sons Ltd., Chichester.

Buckle, P. And Devereux, J. 2000, The state of scientific knowledge regarding work related neck and upper limb musculoskeletal disorders. Proceedings of the XIVth triennial Congress of the International Ergonomics Association and 44th meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomic Society, July 29-August 4 San Diego, California, pp5-434-436.

In this regard many studies on ageing concluded that there is a definite correlation between psychosocial factors and both physical and metal health. Stuart-Hamilton, (2006), in the Psychology of Ageing: an Introduction states that "... If an older person has a strong sense of social identity, this may cushion (but not remove) the negative effects of a decline in physical health" (Stuart-Hamilton, 2006, p. 183). However, retirees like Albert who do not have a sense of identity or of social 'belonging' can be subject to a wide range of negative effects. This is also supported by studies which suggest that "...psychosocial factors mediated the impact of illness on the ability of old people's daily living activities" (Stuart-Hamilton, 2006, p. 183).

3. Conclusion

In conclusion, there is a growing awareness of the psychological and sociological problems that the retired and elderly person faces when he or she retires from the active workforce. As…...

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References

Blazer D. 2002, Self-efficacy and depression in late life: a primary prevention proposal, Aging Mental Health, vol. 6, no.4, pp.315-324.

Brody, J. (1981) PERSONAL HEALTH. [Online] Available at   2009].http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE6DD1238F934A15756C0A967948260&sec=health&spon=&pagewanted=all [1Jan

CHAPTER 3 -- PSYCHOSOCIAL ISSUES, [Online], Available at   Jan 2009].http://www.geriatricsreviewsyllabus.org/content/agscontent/social6.htm [1

Fry P, and Debats D. 2002, Self-efficacy beliefs as predictors of loneliness and psychological distress in older adults, International Journal Aging Human Development, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 233-269.

1995;4:303-320.
Crocker, AC (1997) the Impact of Disabling Conditions in Children. Wallace RG, iehl JC, MacQueen, and lackman JA (Eds.), 1997 Mosby's Resource Guide to Children with Disabilities and Chronic Illness. St. Louis: Mosby-Year ook, Inc. 1997.

Evans O, Tew , Laurence KM. The fathers of children with spina bifida. Zeitschrift fur Kinderchirurgie [Surgery in Infancy and Childhood]. 1986;41 Suppl 1:42-44.

Fagan J, Schor D. Mothers of children with spina bifida: factors related to maternal psychosocial functioning. (1993) American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 1993;63:146-152. [

PubMed]

Holmbeck GN, Gorey Ferguson L, Hudson T, Seefeldt T, Shapera W, Turner T, Uhler J. (1997)Maternal, paternal, and marital functioning in families of preadolescents with spina bifida. Journal of Pediatric Psychology. 1997;22:167-181. [

PubMed]

Kazak AE. Families with disabled children: stress and social networks in three samples. (1987)Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 1987;15:137-146. doi: 10.1007/F00916471. [

PubMed]

Minnesota Title V MCH Needs Assessment Fact Sheets (2004) Children with Special Health Needs - Social…...

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Barakat LP, Linney JA. (1992) Children with physical handicaps and their mothers: The interrelation of social support, maternal adjustment, and child adjustment. Journal of Pediatric Psychology. 1992;17:725-739. [

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Barakat LP, Linney JA. (1994) Optimism, appraisals, and coping in the adjustment of mothers and their children with spina bifida. Journal of Child and Family Studies. 1995;4:303-320.

Crocker, AC (1997) the Impact of Disabling Conditions in Children. Wallace RG, Biehl JC, MacQueen, and Blackman JA (Eds.), 1997 Mosby's Resource Guide to Children with Disabilities and Chronic Illness. St. Louis: Mosby-Year Book, Inc. 1997.

psychosocial factors on Faba bean yield: Effect of drought on faba bean yield
The Fababean or Vicia faba L. is now being cultivated as a commercial crop and is valuable to the cash crop segments. However the plant has issues with infestations and low yields in case of droughts and parasitic attacks. Many researches in both these aspects have shown that the yields can be increased by careful monitoring of the soil and water process and while excess water is a problem the deficit causes poor yield. The use of genomes and selective breeding shows a way to cultivate the plant successfully in the drought climate too.

Vicia faba of the family Leguminosae is an annual herb with coarse and upright stems; un branched 0.3-2 m tall, with 1 or more hollow stems from the base and is found naturally in the Central Asia, Mediterranean, and South America. (Muehlbauer; Tullu, 1997)…...

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References

De Costa, W.A.J.M; Dennett, M.D; Ratnaweera, U; Nyalemegbe, K.1999. Effects of different water regimes on field-grown determinate and indeterminate fababean (Vicia faba L.). Canopy growth and biomass production. Field Crops Research, vol. 49, no: 2 -- 3, pp: 83 -- 93.

Loss, S.P; Siddiquea, K.H.M. 1997. Adaptation of fababean (Vicia faba L.) to dryland Mediterranean-type environments I. Seed yield and yield components" Field Crops Research, vol. 52, no: 1 -- 2, pp: 17 -- 28.

Minguez, M.I. Ruiz-Nogueirab, A. B; Saub, F. 1993. Fababean productivity and optimum canopy development under a Mediterranean climate. Field Crops Research, vol. 33, no. 4, pp: 435 -- 447.

Muehlbauer, F.J; Tullu, Abebe. 1997. Vicia faba L. NewCROP FactSHEET. Accessed Online 26 June, 2012 from  http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/cropfactsheets/fababean.html

A relatively recent phenomenon in the American family is the increase in young adults living at home. This development changes the conditions of midlife for many parents who expected an empty nest at this stage of their lives (Birren & Schaie, 2001).
elationships between parents and their adult children also are changing at this time because the "children" are now adults so they relate to their parents on a different level. For example, Colleen told me that her oldest son has even shared with her some intimate details about his love life. She said it was almost as if they were two women friends talking about their relationships. Where their conversations used to consist of talk about homework cleaning their rooms, now they talk to each other on a much more even playing field.

Attitudes toward this stage in life are changing as well. The impact of the "empty nest" on…...

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References

Birren, James E. & Schaie, K.W. (2001) Handbook of the psychology of aging, 5th ed. Academic Press

Erikson, E. (1950), Childhood and Society., New York W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.

Gould, R.L. (1998). Transformations: Growth and development in adult life. New York: Touchstone Books

Lachman, M.E. (2001) Handbook of midlife development, Wiley & Sons

psychosocial smoking cessation interventions for coronary heart disease patients effective?
The association with smoking and coronary heart disease (CHD) has been well documented. To prevent further heart attacks, as well as to preserve their life, smokers have been consistently and strongly advised to quit smoking, and associations such as the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology Task Force have drafted recommendations and reams of advice to assist patients in doing so. Nevertheless, many patients diagnosed with CHD continue to smoke despite the possibility of interventions and programs (many of them free) helping them to stop. Mortality can be reduced by as much as 36% if smokers with CHD determine to stop smoking 3-5 years after diagnosed (Critchley, 2003) aside from which dramatic reductions in cardiac attacks have been discovered when smokers have stopped smoking for as short a time as a year (Quist-Paulsen, & Gallefoss, 2003). The Coronary…...

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References

Barth, J., Critchley, J., & Benget, J. (2008). Psychosocial interventions for smoking cessations in patients with coronary heart disease, Cochrane Heart Review.

Critchley JA, Capewell S. Mortality risk reduction associated with smoking cessation in patients with coronary heart disease. J Am Med Ass;290:86 -- 97.

Frothingham, S. et al., (2006). How much does smoking cessation cut CHD risk? Clinical Inquiries, 57, 10, 675-679

Huey-Ling W., Harrell, J & Funk, S (2008). Factors Associated With Smoking Cessation

Academic Outcomes of Children With ADHD
ADHD Literature eview

Improving the Academic Outcomes of Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Improving the Academic Outcomes of Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2014) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition recognizable by attention deficits, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that manifest across multiple settings. The most recent version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-V) describes ADHD as consisting of inattention, and/or hyperactivity/impulsivity, severe enough to interfere with day-to-day functioning and development. Common symptoms of inattention include poor listening skills, frequent mistakes, disorganized, avoidance of mentally challenging tasks, distracted, and forgetful. Hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms include fidgeting, inappropriate physical activity, excessive talking, interrupting others, and an inability to play quietly. Children suffering from ADHD would therefore have a difficult time succeeding academically.

If ADHD were rare this would not be a significant problem, but the most recent…...

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References

CDC. (2013). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Data & statistics. Retrieved from  http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/data.html .

CDC. (2014). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Symptoms and diagnosis. Retrieved from  http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/diagnosis.html .

Dang, M.T., Warrington, D., Tung, T., Baker, D., & Pan, R.J. (2007). A school-based approach to early identification and management of students with ADHD. Journal of School Nursing, 23(1), 2-12.

DuPaul, G., & Power, T.J. (2008). Improving school outcomes for students with ADHD: Using the right strategies in the context of the right relationships. Journal of Attention Disorders, 11(5), 519-21.

Health
Psychosocial Model of Health

Use questions 2, 3, 5, 11, and 12

Many times a health professional will look at a health issue and see only the problem at hand. The difficulty with this approach is that most health problems affect the entire person whether or not the issue is localized or not. The psychosocial model of health looks at more than an individual's physical state to determine how they will respond to treatments in the short- and long-term. A patient's psychological well-being and their support system are as important as a willingness to see a treatment through to the end. The following paper looks at two patients and whether they were well-served from a psychosocial perspective, and, if not, what improvements could be made to serve the patient better.

In the documentaries, two of the patient interviews stood out as especially relevant to this discussion. One of these instances was a young…...

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References

Back, A.L., Arnold, R.M., Baile, W.F., Fryer-Edwards, K.A., Alexander, S.C., Barley, G.E., Gooley, T.A., & Tulsky, J.A. (2007). Efficacy of communication skills training for giving bad news and discussing transitions too palliative care. Arch International Medicine, 167, 453-459.

Douglass, J.L., Sowell, R.L., & Phillips, K.D. (2003). Using Peplau's Theory to examine the psychosocial factors associated with HIV-infected women's difficulty in taking their medications. Journal of Theory Construction & Testing, 7(1).

Ellingson, L.L. (2002). Introduction to the field of healthcare communication. Communication Research Trends, 21(3).

Holland, D.J., Bradley, D.W., & Khoury, J.M. (2005). Sending men the message about preventive care: An evaluation of communication strategies. International Journal of Men's Health, 4(2).

1. Identify the psychosocial effects likely to occur in various types of disasters.The psychosocial effects that occur during disasters often vary by person. However, many of the core effects still remain the same in this regard. These effects include emotional instability, anxiety, trauma, and stress reactions. The overall magnitude of the effects often depends on the severity of the disaster. A recent example has occurred with COVID-19 and the impact on mental health it had on healthcare providers. Here, the possibility of death, the contagion, and the uncertainty surrounding vaccinations ultimately created a number of challenging psychosocial effects. These impacts not only effect the individual, but also the work environment and surrounding communities.2. Formulate strategies that Nurses can use to help people in the immediate aftermath of a disaster.As a nurse, there are a number of strategies that can implemented in the immediate aftermath of a disaster. Using the COVID-19…...

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References

1. Bentley, M. A., Crawford, J. M., Wilkins, J. R., Fernandez, A. R., & Studnek, J. R. (2013). An assessment of depression, anxiety, and stress among nationally certified EMS professionals. Prehospital Emergency Care, 17(3), 330–338. https://doi.org/10.3109/10903127.2012.761307

2. Pajonk, F. G., Cransac, P., Muller, V., Teichmann, A., & Meyer, W. (2012). Trauma and stress-related disorders in German emergency physicians: The predictive role of personality factors. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health and Human Resilience, 14(4), 257–268

3. McNally, R., Bryant, R.A., Ehlers, A. (2003). Does early psychological intervention promote recovery from posttraumatic stress? Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4, 45-79

social and psychological interventions are important in youth mental health
The most productive and creative generation of any nation are the youth, Australia included. Nations largely depend on the youth for almost everything hence the need to be in the best shape physically and more importantly psychologically. The mental health of the youth has been widely viewed as a subject of concern among the medical fraternity and one that needs constant and continuous intervention in order to have a sound mental health. This paper will delve into the prevalent mental disorder and the different ways in which they manifest themselves and the relevant social and psychological interventions that are appropriate in the intervention especially among the youth. Through understanding of these mental health conditions or disorders and the available interventions, one is able to evaluate whether the interventions have been sufficient and if not, interrogate the inefficiencies and the possible…...

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References

Lee R.S.C., et.al, (2012). Cognitive Remediation Improves Memory and Psychosocial Functioning in First-episode Psychiatric Out-patients. Psychological Medicine. Cambridge University Press.

Mario A.J., (2011). Preventing the Second Episode: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Psychosocial and Pharmacological Trials in First-Episode psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin Vol.37. Oxford University Press.

Mathew S. et.al., (2008). Recent Advances in the Neurobiology of Anxiety Disorders: Implications for Novel Therapeutics. American Journal of Medical Genetics. Wiley-Liss Inc.

Peters A.T & Nierenberg A.A., (2011). Stepping Back to Step Forward: Lessons From the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD). American Society of Clinical Psychopharmacology Corner.

How will my career and life goals fit in with the life of another person, whether a loved one, a close friend, or even my family? "Erikson describes intimacy as finding oneself yet losing oneself in another," in friendships and in love relationships ("Erik Erikson and psychosocial development," E-ssortment, 2007). Finding the right balance of intimacy and isolation from others, meeting my own goals but still caring about the needs others still feels like a challenge. I know who I am, but I sometimes find it difficult to make that 'I' fit into the worlds of others I care about, whether it is to strike a good balance between studying and going out with friends, or to show love and caring without putting myself last around loved ones and relatives.
orks Cited

Erik Erikson and psychosocial development." E-ssortment. Retrieved 2 Aug 2007 at t http://www.azaz.essortment.com/psychosocialdev_rijk.htm...

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Works Cited

Erik Erikson and psychosocial development." E-ssortment. Retrieved 2 Aug 2007 at t http://www.azaz.essortment.com/psychosocialdev_rijk.htm

(2009, March). omen's Health Law eekly, 34. Retrieved March 1, 2009 from Research Library database. (Document ID: 1651848781).
CNSs need skills in mental health. (2009). Cancer Nursing Practice, 8(1), 6. Retrieved March 1, 2009, from ProQuest Health and Medical Complete database. (Document ID: 1651343051).

Lance Armstrong Foundation. (2009). Official ebsite.

Retrieved March 1, 2009. http://www.livestrong.org/site/c.khLXK1PxHmF/b.2660611/k.BCED/Home.htm

Heyman, Patrick & Sandra olfe. (2001). Neuman's System's Model. University of Florida.

Retrieved March 1, 2009, at http://www.patheyman.com/essays/neuman/short.htm

Okamura, Masako Shigeto Yamawaki, Tatsuo Akechi, Koji Taniguchi, & Yosuke

Uchitomi. (2005). Psychiatric disorders following first breast cancer recurrence:

Prevalence, associated factors and relationship to quality of life. Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology, 35(6), 302-9. Retrieved March 1, 2009, from ProQuest

Medical Library database. (Document ID: 876421851).

Quinlin, Patrick. (2001). Beating cancer with nutrition. Nutrition Times Press.

Pengelly, Michele & Diana Purnell. (2009). An audit of levels of psychological support referrals for cancer patients. Cancer Nursing Practice, 8(1), 34-38. Retrieved March 1, 2009 from ProQuest Health and…...

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Works Cited

Agnew, Thelma. (2009). Acting with confidence. Cancer Nursing Practice, 8(1), 18-20.

Retrieved March 1, 2009, from ProQuest Health and Medical Complete database. (Document ID: 1651343111).

Baker, Maggie Koerth-Baker. (2008). The power of positive thinking: Truth or myth?

Special to LiveScience. Retrieved March 1, 2009.  http://www.livescience.com/health/080829-happy-thoughts.html

unning head: Biomedical and Psychosocial Treatments for Depression Biomedical and Psychosocial Treatments for Depression 8Biomedical and Psychosocial Treatments for DepressionMajor Depression is the second most significant source of disabilities and the most substantial contributor to the Worlds Global burden of disease. Depression can vary from a relatively mild state, touching normality, to severe depression accompanied by hallucinations and delusions. When the unpleasant reactions to life situations become repetitively intense and frequent indications of depression arise. Depression is frequent throughout all age groups in practically all professions of life. It can be reliably detected and treated in healthcare settings, resulting in the remission of signs and complete restoration to the patients average performance. The APA guidelines explain the numerous methods for the treatment of patients with depression. According to the DSM-V, additional criteria are followed in an adult patient. The patient is assessed to detect any medical issues that contribute to…...

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ReferencesCasey, M. F., Perera, D. N., & Clarke, D. M. (2013). Psychosocial treatment approaches to difficult?to?treat depression. Medical Journal of Australia, 199, S52-S55.Cuijpers, P., Donker, T., Weissman, M. M., Ravitz, P., & Cristea, I. A. (2016). Interpersonal psychotherapy for mental health problems: a comprehensive meta-analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 173(7), 680-687.Egede, L. E., Acierno, R., Knapp, R. G., Lejuez, C., Hernandez-Tejada, M., Payne, E. H., & Frueh, B. C. (2015). Psychotherapy for depression in older veterans via telemedicine: a randomized, open-label, non-inferiority trial. The Lancet Psychiatry, 2(8), 693-701.Graham, J. R., Sorenson, S., & Hayes-Skelton, S. A. (2013). Enhancing the cultural sensitivity of cognitive-behavioral interventions for anxiety in diverse populations. The Behavior therapist/AABT, 36(5), 101.Gelenberg, A. J., Freeman, M. P., Markowitz, J. C., Rosenbaum, J. F., Thase, M. E., Trivedi, M. H., & Silbersweig, D. A. (2010). American psychiatric association practice guideline for the treatment of patients with major depressive disorder. Am J Psychiatry, 167(Suppl 10), 9-118.Renn, B. N., & Areán, P. A. (2017). Psychosocial treatment options for major depressive disorder in older adults. Current treatment options in psychiatry, 4(1), 1-12.Veterans Health Administration. Local implementation of evidence-based psychotherapies for mental and behavioral health conditions. Washington DC: Department of Veterans Affairs; 2012.

unning Head: Late AdolescenceLate Adolescence 5The Psychosocial Crisis of Later AdolescenceOne of the significant concerns of Ericksons psychosocial stage theory is ego identity development and growth. It is a self-conscious sense that develops through frequently changing social interactions due to new information and experiences acquired through interactions with others. According to Erickson, the youth have to resolve two life crises while at the adolescent stage. While in this case, crisis refers to series of internal conflicts within oneself. Equally, the way one resolves these internal conflicts finally determines ones identity and future development. (Pittman,2011) Moreover, as teens transition into adulthood, they are usually grasped by the feeling of confusion and insecurity as they attempt to fit into society. In an attempt to establish themselves, teens engage in different roles, behaviors, and activities, as illustrated by Gilberts scenario from the movie whats eating Gilbert Grape. (Griffiths,2011)In particular, the crisis of identity…...

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ReferencesGriffiths, C. (2011). Loss of His Own Identity: IS WHAT’S EATING GILBERT GRAPE. Screen Education, (62), 139.Pittman, J. F., Keiley, M. K., Kerpelman, J. L., & Vaughn, B. E. (2011). Attachment, identity, and intimacy: Parallels between Bowlby’s and Erikson’s paradigms. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 3(1), 32-46.Probst, M., Knapen, J., Poot, G., & Vancampfort, D. (2010). Psychomotor therapy and psychiatry: what’s in a name?. The Open Complementary Medicine Journal, 2(1).Shaffer, D. R., & Kipp, K. (2013). Developmental psychology: Childhood and adolescence. Cengage Learning.

Essay Topic Examples
1. The Role of Family Dynamics in Shaping Middle Childhood sychosocial Development:
     This essay would explore how various family structures, parenting styles, and sibling relationships impact the social and emotional development of children aged 6-12. It would analyze the influence of family interactions on children's self-esteem, peer relationships, and ability to cope with stress.

2. The Impact of School Environment on sychosocial Development in Middle Childhood:
     This topic would examine the effects of school life, including teacher-student relationships, academic pressure, and social hierarchies, on the psychosocial development of children. It would discuss how the school setting contributes to a child's self-concept, motivation, and social skills.

3. eer Influence and Social Competence in Middle Childhood:
     The essay would delve into the significance of peer relationships during middle childhood, assessing how friendships and peer groups contribute to social competence, moral development, and the establishment of social identity. Consideration would be given to…...

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Primary Sources

Erikson, Erik H. Identity: Youth and Crisis. Austen Riggs Monograph No. 7. New York: Norton, 1968.

Piaget, Jean. The Moral Judgment of the Child. New York: Free Press, 1965.

Damon, William. The Social World of the Child. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Inc., 1979.

Collins, W. Andrew. \"Development During Middle Childhood: The Years From Six to Twelve.\" National Academies Press, 1984.

Ladd, Gary W., and Natalie D. Eggum. \"Peer Relationships and Their Impact on Children\'s Development.\" In The Handbook of Child Psychology and Developmental Science. Vol. 4, edited by Richard M. Lerner. 7th ed., 175-222. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015.

Stress in sport can refer to two distinct things.  It can refer to physical stress and is compared to recovery periods or it can refer to the emotional stressors experienced by athletes in various sports.  Because you referred to the sources of stress experienced by those involved in sport, we are proceeding under the assumption that you are referring to emotional stressors.  We are going to provide an outline to give you an idea of what we might include in the introduction, main body paragraphs, and conclusion of an essay about that topic.

Essay Outline:

I. Introduction

A.....

The first step in writing about non-nursing theory as applied to nursing practice is deciding what theories you are going to use.  Non-nursing theory refers to any theory that is not nursing-specific, which means that there are countless options you could choose to write your paper.  These different theories can be applied, with varying degrees of success, to nursing. The theories we would choose include Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, Erik Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development theory, and Bandura’s social learning theory.  We picked these three because they are the three psychosocial theories....

1. The Neurobiological Basis of Schizophrenia: Exploring the Complexities of Brain Abnormalities

- Investigate the structural and functional brain abnormalities associated with schizophrenia, including alterations in neurotransmitter systems, connectivity, and neural circuitry.
- Discuss the role of genetic and environmental factors in shaping these brain abnormalities and their contribution to the development of schizophrenia.
- Explore the potential links between neuroinflammation, immune dysfunction, and the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.

2. Hallucinations and Delusions: Unraveling the Subjective Experiences in Schizophrenia

- Analyze the phenomenology of hallucinations and delusions, examining their characteristic features, content, and impact on the individual's subjective reality.
- Explore the neurobiological mechanisms underlying these psychotic....

Age can have a significant impact on diabetes management in older adults due to various physiological and psychosocial factors.

Physiologically, as individuals age, their body's ability to regulate blood sugar levels may decrease. This can make it more challenging for older adults to control their diabetes and maintain stable blood glucose levels. Additionally, older adults may be more prone to other age-related health issues such as cognitive impairment or mobility issues, which can make it difficult for them to consistently monitor and manage their diabetes.

Psychosocially, older adults may also face unique challenges when it comes to diabetes management. For example,....