Psychopathology
Understanding of psychopathology

Psychopathology has had differentiated opinions from variant psychologists. Warner's opinion of relabeling people's process and Prouty's therapy that offers a mentally unwell person are both discussed in depth for better understanding. Also, the effects of language barrier to collaborating psychologists and psychiatrists in dealing with person-centered therapies have been reviewed in this article. Communication enhancement is fundamental for the relaying of information between the different medical practitioners is what will help in the scientific research on matters dealing with brain functionality, and the enhancement of methods to counter the dysfunctional elements in human ability. This paper aims at examining closely the person-centered approach, and its efficiency in dealing with the brain disorders and other physical impairments.

Psychopathology is a study that deals with behaviors, human feelings and thoughts that either causes depression or anxiety (distress), forces one to indulge in dangerous activities, which can be against the individual or…...

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References

Allan, H.F., 2000. Where Have All The Abnormal People Gone? Humanist Journal, Vol. 60, Issue 2, p. 29.

Eldin, G. And Golanty, E., 2009. Health and Wellness. New York: Jones and Bartlett Learning.

Joseph, S. And Worsley, R. ed., 2007. Person-centered Practice. Herefordshire: PCCS Books.

Joseph, S., 2006. Person-centered Coaching Psychology: A Meta-theoretical Perspective. International Coaching Psychology Review, Volume 1, Number 1.

Psychopathology
Conceptions of psychopathology help "to delineate which human experiences are considered psychopathological and which are not," (Maddux, Gosselin & Winstead, 2008, p. 3). One conception of psychopathology is that deviation from the norm measured statistically is a valid means by which to label a behavior, condition, or person as psychopathological. This conception is flawed in that a great number of behaviors, conditions, and people deviate from the norm but should not be considered deviant or abnormal. However, this concept has the benefit of being measurable, which many scientists like. Another conception of psychopathology is whether a behavior or condition is functional or dysfunctional. This concept highlights the difference between a functioning alcoholic who has no ill effects at work or home, and the dysfunctional alcoholic who is abusive and cannot keep a job. The concept of harmful dysfunction has also been suggested, as it refers only to cases in which…...

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References

Maddux, James E.; Gosselin, Jennifer T.; Winstead, Barbara A. (2008). Conceptions of psychopathology: A social constructionist perspective. Foundations for a contemporary understanding (2nd ed.)., (pp. 3-18). New York, NY, U.S.: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group, x, 457 pp.

Abnormality: A Legal Concept
One of the earliest explanations of mental illnesses and abnormality, dating as far back to the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, was possession by evil spirits and acts of devil himself. Even in modern times, it is difficult to define abnormality as it can take many different forms and involve various different features.

Abnormality can be defined in a number of ways. Considered as a deviation from the ideal mental health, it can be characterized as unusual behavior that is different from the norm and/or doesn't conform to the social expectations. It also involves the failure of a person to function effectively or that there is a presence of pronounced psychological suffering or distress (Kagan, 2008). Psychopathology is a term that refers to the study of mental illnesses or mental distress and how it manifests on a person in terms of behavior and experiences. Such a study allows…...

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Works Cited

Arce, R. (2010). The European Journal of Psychology applied to Legal Context. 2(1):3-18.

Kagan, J. (2008, November 10). The Meaning of Psychological Abnormality.

R v. M'Naghten (House of Lords 1843).

He suggested the ritish model of profiling instead, based on the "bottom up" type of processing, which analyzes existing evidence of specific similarities between offense and offender characteristics. The CSA uses the reverse, the "top down" processing, which relies on subjective conclusions derived from investigative experience of crimes and criminal interviews by the police and investigators (Hayden).
Motive is the reason behind the commission of a crime (Zandt 2006). It is not an element of a crime, which needs to be proven in court. ut some utterly heinous or unnatural crime may require it for the jury to understand and appreciate why it is committed. An example is the killing of one's own spouse or child. Prosecutors must clearly establish the motive, which is the offender's reason for committing what is considered unreasonable, heinous or unnatural. The prosecution must prove and convince the jury, explain and show how anyone can…...

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Bibliography

1. Court TV. (2006). The Art of Forensic Psychology. Criminal Profiling: Courtroom Television Network LLC. http://www.crimelibrary.com/criminal_mind/forensics/forensic_psychology/10.html

2. Hayden, T. (2000). Offender Profiling. Murder in the UK: MurderUK.com, 2006.  http://www.murderuk.com/Profiling/offender_profiling_htm 

3. Muller, D.A. (2000). Criminal Profiling. Homicide Studies, Vol 4 (3), Sage Publications, Inc. pp 234-264

4. Strano, M. (2004). A Neural Network Applied to Criminal Psychological Profiling: an Italian Perspective. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology: Sage Publications. http://ijo.sagepub.com/cgi/reprit/48/4/495.pdf

Freud was ight, Peter Muris discusses Freud's analysis of abnormal behavior. He acknowledges that Freud's research methods were flawed because he focused on case studies rather than empirical analysis to try to determine causation. Despite that, Muris suggests that Freud's theories about the etiology of psychological disorders and abnormal behavior being rooted in childhood and showing emerging behavior in children and adolescents may be supported by what is known of abnormal psychology. This does not mean that Muris believes that Freud's explanations for abnormal behavior, specifically his Oedipal theories, explain abnormal behavior; he does not believe that abnormal behavior is necessarily rooted in sexual impulses towards parents as Freudian theories would explain. However, he does believe that Freud's studies began to explain the origins of abnormal human behavior and may provide insight into helping those who engage in abnormal behavior.
Muris believes that many patterns of abnormal adult behavior have their…...

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References

Muris, P. (2006). Freud was right…about the origins of abnormal behavior. Journal of Child

and Family Studies, 15(1), pp.1-12. doi: 10.1007/s10826-005-9006-9.

Introduction Psychopathology has been viewed differently throughout history and throughout various cultures. The ancient Chinese, Greeks and Romans viewed it psychopathology as a spiritual issue, and they all had their own ways of treating it—from dietary interventions to music interventions to getting more fresh air out of doors and in a natural setting, and so on (Kyziridis, 2005). The Egyptians viewed it as a physical disorder. The Hindus viewed it as an issue of finding the right balance between the physical and the spiritual. In the Middle Ages, it could be viewed as anything from demonic possession to a sign of holiness (Smith, 2007). Indeed, nothing really has changed because as Wedge (2011) points out, “there is no consensus in the medical community about what behaviors constitute a particular ‘disorder’.” Bleuler helped to popularize the idea of the “split mind” in modern times, which has been used to characterize schizophrenia—but even…...

" (Weiss, Goebel, Page, Wilson and Warda, 1998)
However, it is stated that 7% of the children in the study "had scores indicating risk for mental health problems and 14$ showed enough symptoms to warrant substantial clinical concern." (Weiss, Goebel, Page, Wilson and Warda, 1998) it is reported that the study was focused on the determination of the degree to which behavioral and emotional problems may be related to the family's financial status, cultural heritage, degree of acculturation, and family functioning." (Weiss, Goebel, Page, Wilson and Warda, 1998)

Results stated in the work of Weiss, Goebel, Page, Wilson and Warda (1998) are stated to suggest that "...as a group, Latino preschoolers are quite well adjusted, experiencing a range of emotional and behavioral problems typical for their age group. However, a small proportion of the sample demonstrated behaviors indicative of substantial mental health problems. oys seem more likely to warrant clinical concern as…...

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Bibliography

Hoagwood, Kimberly and Jensen, Peter S. (1997) Developmental Psychopathology and the Notion of Culture; Introduction to the Special Section on 'The Fusion of Cultural Horizons: Cultural Influences on the Assessment of Psychopathology in Children and Adolescents. Applied Development Science 1997. Vol. 1 No.3.

Parron, Delores L. (1997) the Fusion of Cultural Horizons; Cultural Influences on the Assessment of Psychopathology on Children. Applied Development Science 1997. Vol. 1 No.3.

Weiss, S.J., Goebel, P., Page, a., Wilson, P. And Warda, M. (1998) the Impact of Cultural and Familial Context on Behavioral and Emotional Problems of Preschool Latino Children. Child Psychiatry and Human Development Vol. 29.

Aldao, Nolen-Hoeksema, and Schweize (2010) define emotional regulation as the process, unconscious or conscious, through which individuals modulate their emotions. Models of psychopathology and treatment have incorporated emotional regulation (E) into their paradigms. Treatment interventions concentrate on aspects of mindfulness in emotional regulation (e.g., reappraisal, acceptance, and problem solving), whereas models of psychopathology are more apt to concentrate on automatic processes such as the paradoxical effects of trying to suppress unwanted thoughts, as well as rumination, and avoidance. Alado et al. was interested in the relationship of the aforementioned six strategies to the specific psychopathologies of depression, anxiety, substance abuse eating disorders, in terms of each one's sensitivity and specificity.
A meta-analysis of studies using self-report measures of E dispositional tendencies in participants between the years 1985-2008 was performed. Inclusion criteria for the studies included at least one cross sectional relationship between an E and pathology; E was assessed via self-report…...

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References

Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Schweizer, S. (2010). Emotion regulation strategies across psychopathology: a meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 217-237.

Abnormal Psychology
Lamanda has an etiology that has causal factors gathered right from her childhood. She is behaving in a manner likely to indicate an abnormal psychological problem. No wonder the social worker, she meets at the restaurant she currently works as a waiter, advises her to seek for professional assistance. Lamanda seems confused, disorganized, withdrawn and is living in denial of herself and origin. There is an observable trend in her recent lifestyle, where she has chosen to lead a sedentary lifestyle and her health and physical stature seems to be deteriorating. She dislikes her job and is disinterested in looking for another. She has withdrawn from the other employees at the restaurant and her social circles. She has acquired a new trend of lousiness and laziness. She has lost interest in her physical appearance and personal grooming. She seems to have lost interest in the important things in life…...

Psychopharmacological Approaches to Treat PsychopathologyThe NeuronThe nerve cell body contains cellular organelles where action potential and neural impulses are generated. The process stems from the cellar organelles and connects with other neurons facilitating the flow of neural impulses. Electrical signals are sent from the neuron through the length of its axion that converts into a chemical signal at the axion end. The dendrites are responsible for moving messages from one neuron to another (US Department of Health and Human Services, 2018). Dendrites are short and act in receiving impulses from other neurons and conduct electrical signals towards the nerve cell nucleus. Every neuron has a single axon and has several dendrites that differentiate different structural types of neurons, such as multipolar, pseudo-unipolar, unipolar, or bipolar.What are the major components that make up the subcortical structures?The main components include the diencephalon, basal ganglia, pituitary gland, and limbic structures. These structures are…...

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ReferencesAllen, N., & Lyons, D. (2018). Glia as architects of central nervous system formation and function. Science, 362(6411), 181-185. A. (2004). Memory and Addiction. Neuron, 44(1), 161-179.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2004.09.016 Sonne, J., Reddy, V., & Beato, M. (2021). Neuroanatomy, Substantia Nigra. Retrieved 2 June 2022, from  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK536995/ .US Department of Health and Human Services. (2018). What are the parts of the nervous system?.  https://www.nichd.nih.gov/ . Retrieved 2 June 2022, from https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aat0473Kelley,

NUSING Nursing: Psycho-Pharmalogical Approaches to Treat PsychopathologyThe receptor activity is significant in creating the agonist or antagonist responses in neuroscience understanding; the constitutive receptor actions behave simply as competitive antagonist actions or agonist ones (Berg & Clarke, 2018). The tonic and basal levels of responses reduce the responses of agonist actions mainly on account of endogenous agonists. For instance, the neuro-actions created by drugs could be misunderstood because of a decrease in constitutive receptor activity, also known as inverse agonism (Berg & Clarke, 2018). Hence, the treatments for psychiatric disorders have to be suggested with careful contemplation since the need for proteins, enzymes, and certain dose-effect reactions vary from individual to individual. The tolerance and sensitization levels differ due to agonist drugs and their effect on the homeostatic compensatory mechanism, neurons, and neural circuitry adaption (Nutt, 2007).There is a difference between G-coupled proteins and ion-gated channels. The G coupled proteins…...

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ReferencesBerg, K. A., & Clarke, W. P. (2018). Making sense of pharmacology: Inverse agonism and functional selectivity. The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 21(10), 962–977.   University of Nursing and Health Sciences. (2022, April 4). What is a psychiatric mental health nurse?  https://www.joyce.edu/blog/what-is-mental-health-nursing/ Molecular Devices. (n.a.). GPCRs (G Protein-Coupled Receptors).  https://www.moleculardevices.com/applications/g-protein-coupled-receptors#gref Nutt, D. (2007). Key concepts in psychopharmacology. Psychiatry, 6(7), 263-267.  http://www.med.monash.edu.au/assets/docs/scs/psychiatry/psychopharmacology/nutt-pharmacodynamics-2007.pdf Stefanska, B., & MacEwan, D. J. (2015). Epigenetics and pharmacology. British Journal of Pharmacology, 172(11), 2701–2704. https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.13136https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyy071 Joyce

Psychopathology Criminal Behavior Part
What might be some of the implications for the forensic field of the differences between the "low-fear hypothesis" and the "high-impulsive" subtypes of psychopathy? In other words, how might the differences in the models help inform us about best practices for such activities as police work on the streets, interrogation methods, trial and sentencing practices, providing treatment, or evaluating recidivism risks?

In retrospect, theorists view Lykken's conceptual framework as a first step toward distinguishing between primary and secondary psychopathy (Baskins-Sommers, 2010). As theory building continues in this decade, the typology is supported by the notion of trait-like sensitivities and trait-like cognitive capacities that suggest the following implications for criminal justice procedures. Primary psychopathy is characterized by disinhibition, which is an inability to abort a dominant response, integrate socialization, or adopt alternative objectives. An individual who is considered to have primary psychopathy will fail to consider emotional cues or…...

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References

Baskin-Sommers, A.R., Wallace, J.F., MacCoon, D.G., Curtin, J.J., and Newman, J.P. (2010, October 1). Clarifying the Factors that Undermine Behavioral Inhibition System Functioning in Psychopathy. Personal Disorders, 1(4), 203 -- 217. doi: 10.1037/a0018950. PMCID: PMC2992384. NIHMSID: NIHMS211679. Retrieved  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2992384/#!po=74.5614 

Baskin-Sommers, A.R., Curtin, J.J. And Newman, J.P. (2013, May). Emotion-modulated startle in psychopathy: clarifying familiar effects. Journal of Abnormal Pychology, 122(2), 458-468. 10.1037/a0030958. Epub 2013 Jan 28. Retrieved  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23356218 

Blonigen, D.M., Hicks, B.M., Krueger, R.F., Patrick, C.J. & Iacono, W.G. (2005, May). Psychopathic personality traits: heritability and genetic overlap with internalizing and externalizing psychopathology. Psychological Medicine, 35(5): 637 -- 648. doi: 10.1017/S0033291704004180. PMCID: PMC2242349. NIHMSID: NIHMS38985. Retreived  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2242349/#__ffn_sectitle 

Franklin, K. (2010, May 30). Psychopathy guru blocks critical article. Will case affect credibility of PCL-R test in court? In the News: Forensic psychology, criminology, and psychology-law. Retrieved  http://forensicpsychologist.blogspot.com/2010/05/psychopath-guru-blocks-critical-article.html

Psychopathology of Criminal Behavior -- Part II
Psychopathology of Criminal Behavior

Each question must be 300 words long.

Look carefully and honestly at some of your own age, gender, ethnic, cultural beliefs, and/or attitudes and discuss how such factors may impact your functioning in the work of responding to psychopathy.

I feel fortunate to have taken classes in college that have allowed me to meet and mix with people who are quite different from me in terms of age, ethnicity, cultural beliefs, and mindset. In addition, I participate in community activities that bring me in contact with people who come from different socio-economic and religious groups. My own family has experienced quite a few change-ups from what my parents' and my grandparents' generation experienced. Academically, I have studied about variables that contribute to the development of psychopathy in vulnerable people, and I believe I have a robust understanding of mental health issues in our…...

Aldao, a., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., and Schweizer, S. "Emotion-regulation strategies

across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review." Clinical Psychology

Review, Vol. 30, No. 2 (2010): 217 -- 237.

Summary

This article considered of a meta-analytic review of data pertaining to six typical strategies of regulating emotion in relation to four different types of psychopathology. More specifically, the researchers considered the following emotion-regulation strategies: acceptance, avoidance, problem solving, reappraisal, rumination, and suppression; and they considered them in the context of each of the following psychological disorders: anxiety, depression, eating, and substance-related disorders. The method employed by the researchers consisted of primarily of systematic literature searches of studies presenting data about any of the six emotion-regulation strategies in the context of any of the four types of psychological disorders. The authors also conducted various supplementary searches of available databases, articles with potentially relevant literature cited as references, and solicited colleagues for their experience and recommendations identifying relevant sources of…...

Abnormal psychology is a field in psychology that addresses dysfunctions in behavior which are determined abnormally by standards of behavior .These standards have been established by clinical professionals in the field such as medical doctors, psychiatrists and psychologists. Behaviors considered to be abnormal are; schizophrenia, depression, attention deficit disorder, eating disorder, sexual deviance, obsessive compulsive disorder and anti-social disorder (Cherry, 2012). These disordered function outside the normal parameters of the functional behaviors considered to be standard. The paper will look at the origins of abnormal psychology and challenges when it comes to the classification and definition of normal and abnormal behavior. It will also look at how abnormal psychology has evolved into a scientific discipline. It will finally look at the theoretical models that have led to the advancement of understanding psychopathology.
Origins of Abnormal psychology

Abnormal psychology has been undergoing tremendous changes and progress. It is a very controversial field of…...

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References

Cherry, K. (2012).What is Abnormal Psychology? Retrieved May 10, 2013 from  http://psychology.about.com/od/abnormalpsychology/f/abnormal-psychology.htm 

Crawford, O. (2010). Psychopathology Analysis: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives of Abnormal Behavior and Psychopathology. Retrieved May 10, 2013 from  http://voices.yahoo.com/psychopathology-analysis-6147988.html

## Delving into the Realm of Clinical Psychology: A Comprehensive Guide to Essay Topics

Introduction

Clinical psychology, a multifaceted field rooted in the practice of evidence-based techniques, offers a captivating landscape for scholarly exploration. Its vast scope, encompassing assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of mental health disorders, presents an array of compelling essay topics. This comprehensive guide will navigate you through the intricacies of clinical psychology, providing a wealth of essay topics that resonate with the field's theoretical foundations and practical applications.

Theoretical Perspectives in Clinical Psychology

1. Psychodynamic Theory: Exploring the Unconscious Roots of Psychopathology
2. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy: Unveiling the Interplay of Thoughts, Emotions, and....

The Family Groumplex Model: Emphasizing Balance and Interconnectedness in Families
The Family Groumplex Model, developed by David Reiss, is a comprehensive family therapy approach that emphasizes the dynamic balance and interconnectedness within families. This model provides a framework for understanding family relationships and challenges, and for guiding therapeutic interventions aimed at fostering healthy family functioning.
Balance and Interconnectedness
The Family Groumplex Model conceptualizes families as complex systems wherein members are interconnected and interdependent. This interconnectedness is reflected in the model's use of the term "groumplex," which refers to the family as a single unit composed of multiple individuals. The model posits that a....

Influence of Melancholy on Creativity in Individuals
Melancholy, a state characterized by sadness, pessimism, and contemplation, has been linked to creativity in individuals. While melancholy can have negative implications for mental health, research suggests that it can also foster a unique perspective that enhances artistic expression and divergent thinking.
Cognitive and Emotional Impact of Melancholy
Melancholy promotes a deep introspective nature, leading to increased attention to inner thoughts and emotions. Individuals experiencing melancholy often engage in rumination, which can stimulate creative problem-solving and imaginative thinking (Arendt, 2002).
Moreover, melancholy triggers a shift in cognitive functions. Studies show that it increases sensitivity to negative stimuli....

1. The Impact of Mindfulness on Mental Well-being

Explore the concept of mindfulness and its benefits for mental health.
Examine research on mindfulness interventions and their effectiveness in reducing stress, anxiety, and depression.
Discuss the mechanisms through which mindfulness promotes psychological well-being, such as cognitive regulation and emotional awareness.
Consider the implications for promoting mindfulness in clinical settings, schools, and the general population.

2. The Role of Technology in Mental Health

Examine the potential benefits and risks of technology use on mental health.
Review empirical research on the impact of social media, digital entertainment, and online therapy on psychological well-being.
Discuss....