However, when using labels, counselors have to be careful to not pigeonhole or otherwise be biased. Labels are helpful in offering some clear-cut solutions for specific problems, but labels can and should change over time as the client progresses with therapy. Assessments should be always be used with the ultimate aim of improving a client's life.
Psychological assessments can help psychologists determine whether medical attention is necessary for the client. If so, the psychologist or counselor would need to recommend the client see a psychiatrist, who would then reassess the client using different parameters. For instance, a psychiatric assessment would include more information about the patient's medical history, medication history, and allergic reactions. Psychiatric tests might include specialized computer-aided tests like brain scans. When a psychiatrist administers medications to the client, he or she will also make assessments based on the patient's reaction to the drugs. Assessments can also draw…...

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References

Psychological Testing vs. Psychological Assessment." (2003). Online at < Psychological Testing vs. Psychological Assessment>.

Additionally, within a school setting, parental consent must be obtained if a child is assessed. The results of testing a minor for learning disability can impact the child's education for many years and carries an additional weighty responsibility for the assessor: the child's parents must be made fully aware of what types of treatment are available for the child and the pros and cons of assessment.
In all settings, the tests must be validated, reliable, and accepted by the psychological community as appropriate for that setting. An obvious example of appropriateness is the need to use the correct version of the MMPI Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-A) when testing adolescents, and using tests 'normed' on a representative population. Some tests are normed on individuals who are already identified as pathological, while others upon the general population.

Cultural sensitivity is also an issue: on a very basic level, when testing a student's…...

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References

Richmond, Raymond Lloyd. (2009). Confidentiality. A guide to psychology and its practice.

Retrieved January 14, 2010 at  http://www.guidetopsychology.com/confid.htm

Julie's Psychological Assessment Report
The psychological assessment is defined as a process of using the combinations of techniques to test the hypothesis about an individual personality, behaviors, and capabilities. In other words, psychological assessment is synonymous to the psychological testing used to carry out the thorough assessment of the individual. Typically, a psychological professional develops a psychological assessment report to carry out an assessment of the current needs of individuals. The report can be the summary of the services delivered to a group or individuals. Moreover, the evaluation is carried out to assess the competencies, and abilities individual in different settings. Schools stakeholders and parents implement the psychological assessments for students to evaluate their cognitive and intellectual capabilities. The strategy will assist in understanding the intellectual and behavioral capabilities of students thereby placing them in the appropriate class category. Moreover, over 75% of organizations in the United States that control more…...

The second step is to document and track the behavior through direct and indirect observation. This may mean creating a scatterplot (chart or grid) recording single events and their context to determine what situations are most likely to trigger the problematic behaviors (Direct and indirect measures, 2001, CECP). Another direct method to observe student behavior is with an Antecedent-Behavior-Consequence (ABC) chart. The behavior can be further monitored indirectly through teacher and peer interviews. A combination of direct and indirect methods should be used.

The data is then analyzed through techniques called data triangulation and problem pathway analysis, to correlate behaviors with specific situations in a statistically verifiable fashion. A hypothesis is constructed about the problem behavior, such as "Charles disrupts reading class by swearing at the teacher when he is asked to read aloud. He is most likely to disrupt the class if he has not had breakfast or if there…...

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References

Direct and indirect measures. (2001). Center for effective collaboration and practice. (CECP).

Retrieved January 26, 2010 at http://cecp.air.org/fba/problembehavior2/direct2.htm

Functional behavioral assessment. (2001). Center for effective collaboration and practice.

(CECP). Retrieved January 26, 2010 at http://cecp.air.org/fba/default.asp

Practitioner who has referred a patient for help with problems in her life. The patient is a young lady who is experiencing psychological issues that causes stress in her life and affects her lifestyle. The young lady's name is Julie Coldwell, a twenty-five-year-old female who has not been feeling herself lately at work and at home. She reports that she has trouble sleeping and that she is very tired at work, which affects her job performance. Additionally, she is concerned that her co-workers have noticed how tired she is and that they are talking behind her back about her condition. Oftentimes, she does not wish to go to work and this affects her performance as well.
There is a lot of information missing from Julie's profile and completing a psychological assessment on her, and her behavior, could likely lead to a discernment of what is causing her to feel the…...

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Works Cited

Ashcroft, R.; Silveria, J.; Rush, B.; McKenzie, K.; (2014) Incentives and disincentives for the treatment of depression and anxiety: A scoping review, Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 59, Issue 7, pp. 385 -- 392

Beresford, T.P.; (2014) Clinical assessment of psychological adaptive mechanisms in medical settings, Journal of Clinical Psychology, Vol. 70, Issue 5, pp. 466 -- 477

Derogatis, L.R.; Lipman, R.S.; Rickels, K.; Uhlenhuth, E.H.; Covi, L.; (1974), The Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL): A self-report symptom inventory. System Resources, Vol. 19, pp. 1 -- 15.

Hirschfeld, R.M.A. & Weissman, M.M.; (2002) Risk factors for major depression and bipolar disorder: Neuropsychopharmacology: The Fifth Generation of Progress, Section 8, Chapter 70

Facilitated communication is widely under scrutiny and doubt owing to the fact that one cannot ascertain the authorship of the typed messages. FC, as it is commonly known, is designed to assist a person with autism to communicate by use of a message board or even an electronic device. The procedure involves a facilitator supporting the hand or other body organ of the affected person with the intention of assisting them to point to letters or type on a provided display to formulate messages. The intention of the physical contact is to provide support for the body organs and give stabilization and to enable them to slow down. It is also meant to assist such a person draw away from the keyboard before choosing the next letter. osemary Crossley is credited for introducing the method for the first time in the 70s in Australia. It was first used to handle…...

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References

American Psychological Association. (1994). Resolution on facilitated communication by the American Psychological Association. Adopted in Council, August 14, 1994, Los Angeles, Ca.

Supporting school age students on the autism spectrum. (2014). Retrieved August 26, 2016, from http://www.positivepartnerships.com.au/en/fact-sheet/facilitated-communication-autism

Psychological Assessment
Confidentiality Disclaimer

eason for eferral

Identifying information

Developmental History

Medical and Psychiatric History

Short Family and Social History

Short History of School Behavior

Tests Administered

Standardized Instruments

Information Assessment Techniques

Mental Status Examination and Behavioral Observations

esults Form Testing

The following results were obtained with respect to the different domain of functioning of Sebastian based on information from multiple sources.

Cognitive-Intellectual-Executive Functioning

Social-Emotional Functioning

Diagnostic Impression

Confidentiality Disclaimer:

There is a chance that the subject of the report or those who are closely associated with the subject of the report could get psychologically and/or emotionally hurt as the report contains sensitive information about the subject. This report is meant only for people trained enough to read such reports and should not be given to the subject named in the report. In order to ensure that the name of the person who is also the subject of the report is protected, a trained mental health professional should only be the one who should disseminate the report…...

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References

Goldfinger, K. And Pomerantz, A. (2010). Psychological assessment and report writing. Los Angeles: SAGE.

Groth-Marnat, G. (2003). Handbook of psychological assessment. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons.

No authorship indicated, (2003). Psychological Assessment: Editors. Psychological Assessment, 15(1), pp.1-1.

8 | Page

Measuring special abilities can be limited in its application due to unstructured settings like unstructured interviews eliciting thematic life narratives. These kinds of interviews although useful in examining and measuring abilities, can be confining due to the range of topics "considered and abiguities inherent when interpreting this information; (b) structured interviews and self-report instruments elicit details concerning patients' conscious understanding of themselves and overtly experienced sypmtomatology" (Shum, O'Gorman & Myors, 2006, p. 149). Interviews like these help the psychiatrist/psychologist hone in on any unique or special abilities, even vocational abilities. Personality inventories or self report inventories, along with work and personal values measures like, the importance of family, help determine what kind of interests/abilities the person may be good in or be passionate about. As it concerns possible issues in regards to vocational ability or interest testing, certain things may be lacking such as suitable range of options to explore…...

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References

Larsen, M., Berglund, E., Joseph, R., & Pratt, H. (2011). Psychological Assessment and Testing. Springer, 29 -- 52.

Shum, D., O'Gorman, J., & Myors, B. (2006). Psychological testing and assessment (1st ed.). South Melbourne, Australia: Oxford University Press.

Psychological Testing: Establishing Diversity
Psychological testing is the backbone of how psychologists are able to gain a higher level of understanding regarding human beings and how/why they act as they do. Good psychological exams can help tremendously in the task of problem-solving and in getting a better snapshot of a person's psychological or mental health issues while identifying strengths and weaknesses. Furthermore, a precise psychological exam helps to exam an individual's precise point in time in a mode which examines their present-functioning in terms of test data. There are a range of psychological tests which are available, many of which are the results of decades and decades of research and procedures. The four main types of psychological tests are as follows: clinical interviews, assessment of intellectual functioning, personality assessment, and then behavioral assessments.

However, since psychological tests emerged within the field, the issue of diversity in psychological testing was an issue that…...

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References

Cherry, K. (2013). What Is the Rorschach Inkblot Test? Retrieved from About.com:  http://psychology.about.com/od/rindex/g/rorschach-ink.htm 

Reynolds, C., & Suzuki, L. (2003). Bias in Psychological Assessment. Retrieved from wileypub.com:  http://lp.wileypub.com/HandbookPsychology/SampleChapters/Volume10.pdf 

Wakefield, H., & Underwager, R. (n.d.). The application of images in child abuse investigations.

Retrieved from  http://www.tc.umn.edu/~under006/Library/Images.html

Psychological Test Report
Tests Administered

NEO-Five Factor Inventory

Sentence Completion Series (Adult Form)

Ways of Coping Inventory

NEO-Five Factor Inventory

The individual scored average ranks in a number of the assessment categories. For the Neuroticism scale there was a total score for this category was a 21, suggesting the individual is in the average range based on comparable female scores. In general, this means that she is "calm and able to deal with stress, but sometimes experience feelings of guilt, anger, and sadness" (Locke, 2013). The individual is most likely not easily stressed to the point of detrimental psychological damage, as she may have coping skills that allow her to deal with her stress in an effective manner. This may mean she takes a calm approach to emotional or stressful situations. Still, the scores suggest she may still have feelings of guilt or empathy, which is a typical human response for a person with an average…...

Psychological and Socio-Cultural Theories of isk
Definition of isk

The term "risk" is often defined differently depending on the particular paradigm. For example, risk is economics is typically defined in terms of differences in possible monetary outcomes and individuals/corporations involved in risk -- seeking behavior are typically seeking higher monetary payoffs (Markowitz 1952). When clinical psychologists, sociologists, law enforcement officials, and lay individuals identify "risky behaviors" they are referring to a broader meaning of the term "risk." In this context behaviors and involve risk are typically defined as behaviors that can be of potential harm to the person performing them or to other people (Steinberg 2008). In this sense the term "risk" is typically viewed in terms of possible negative outcomes as opposed to some other positive outcome such as the potential monetary gain.

This particular paper will assume that the definition of risky behavior includes some type of a dimension characterized by…...

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References

Aristotle .1998. Aristotle: The Nicomachean ethics. In Ackrill J. et al. eds. Oxford World' s

Classics. York: Oxford, pp. 229-301.

Beck, U. 1992. Risk society: Towards a new modernity. New Delhi: Sage.

Boholm, A. 1996. Risk perception and social anthropology: Critique of cultural Theory. Ethnos 61, pp. 64-84.

Purpose: The Woodcock-Johnson III Diagnostic eading Battery's designation is for assessment and measurement of the important dimensions of phonological oral language abilities and phonological awareness, both in adult and children.

Population: Both adults and children (age of 3-80 years).

Date of Publication: 2004.

Acronym(s): WJ III (DB).

Score Scales: eading Comprehension, Basic eading Skills, Phonics Knowledge, Broad eading, Brief eading, Total eading, eading Fluency, Spelling of Words, Oral Comprehension, eading Vocabulary.

Time: 50-60 minutes.

Administration: Individual.

Author (s): Fredrick, S.A., Nancy, M. & Woodcock, .C.

Publisher: iverside Publishing, Inc.

Comments: Software Scoring and Paper-and-Pencil.

Sub-tests: Passage Comprehension, Word-Letter Identification, Sound Awareness, Spelling of Sounds, Oral Vocabulary, Sound Blending.

elated eview: 1713318.

Description

The Woodcock-Johnson III Diagnostic eading Battery is for the assessment and measurement of the important dimensions of phonological oral language abilities and phonological awareness, in both adult and children (Brande, 2008). By utilization of software scoring and the paper-and-pencil assessments, the test serves to determine the general level of literacy in…...

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Risk & Needs Assessment Group. (1986). Substance Abuse Questionnaire (SAQ)-Adult

Probation III. In R.J. Nagle. (Ed.), the ninth mental measurement yearbook (Electronic

version). Retrieved from the Buros University Mental Measurement Yearbook online database.

The recency effect: most manager at times have an overreliance on the most readily available information to make decisions, it commonly occurs when carrying out annual performance evaluations of employees where recent performance of the employees plays a major role than accomplishments that have taken place in the earlier periods of review, this has an adverse effect has it may lead to the deviation of the set desired goals. (John k.bochardt 2010)

Anchoring bias: in most cases the price tags on products often if not always affect the purchasing negations between consumers and retailers, and most of the time consumer's end up paying higher prices for the product than necessary. This notion that sometimes leads us to allow initial reference point to distort our estimates is what professor oberto refers to anchoring bias.

From a marketing point-of-view anchoring bias can come about when negotiating the renewal of a contract with either an…...

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References

John k.borchardt (2010): overcoming barriers to effective deciosion making. An examination of cognitive bses that cause us to make poor decisions

Retrieved from: http://www.ncmahq.org/files/Articles/CM0610%20-%2054-61.pdf 

Andrew T. Chadwick and Matthew D. Segall: Overcoming psychological barriers to good discovery

Decisions:

Psychological Testing.
Teachers must test. It is one method of evaluating progress and determining individual student needs. More than two hundred and fifty million standardized tests are administered each year to forty four million students who attend American elementary and secondary schools (Ysseldyke et al. 1992). Testing is only part of the broader conception of assessment. Testing is the sampling of behavior in students to obtain scores (quantitative indexes) or relative standing. In addition teachers and other school personnel assess or collect data through classroom observations, interviews with students' family members or care-givers. Psychological and psycho-educational tests are used in schools to help to identify types and bases and the extent of a student's learning difficulty or school adjustment problem. The assessment is used to make decisions about students.

At a curricular level, tests help to determine the effectiveness of a particular instructional intervention. Teachers give tests before and after instituting a…...

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Shepard, Lorrie A. (1994). The challenges of assessing young children appropriately. Phi Delta Kappan. Vol 76 No.3 206-212.

Taylor, K. And Walton, S. (2001). Testing pitfalls. Guiding students through taking standardized tests. Instructor Magazine October 2001.

Ysseldyke, James E. et al. (1992) Critical issues in special education. Houghton Mifflin Company. Boston, MA.

The final paragraph should summarize the observations of staff about patient behavior and level of motivation regarding the current admission or referral, as well as medications currently being used by the patient, especially if the patient was taking them at the time of the evaluative testing. This may affect the accuracy of the report, and the severity of the patient's symptoms.
Next, there is a section entitled "mental status examination," of the therapist's own observations, impressions, and assessment when meeting with the patient (Nail 1997). Physical health, appearance, and speech should be recorded, even if there are no abnormalities. Next, the "results of the evaluation" should be introduced. While there are several different models for writing reports, for most mental health status evaluations, the Hypothesis Testing Model is favored (Nail 1997). In the MSH model, possible answers are posed to the referral questions included in the "purpose of evaluation section"…...

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Reference

Nail, Greg. (1997). Psychological evaluation. MS Resource.

Retrieved December 3, 2009 at  http://www.msresource.com/format.html

## Delving into the Realm of Clinical Psychology: A Comprehensive Guide to Essay Topics

Introduction

Clinical psychology, a multifaceted field rooted in the practice of evidence-based techniques, offers a captivating landscape for scholarly exploration. Its vast scope, encompassing assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of mental health disorders, presents an array of compelling essay topics. This comprehensive guide will navigate you through the intricacies of clinical psychology, providing a wealth of essay topics that resonate with the field's theoretical foundations and practical applications.

Theoretical Perspectives in Clinical Psychology

1. Psychodynamic Theory: Exploring the Unconscious Roots of Psychopathology
2. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy: Unveiling the Interplay of Thoughts, Emotions, and....

Addressing the Alarming Rise in ADHD Diagnoses
The prevalence of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) diagnoses has skyrocketed in recent decades, particularly among children. This has raised concerns about overdiagnosis, the potential for misdiagnosis, and the appropriate use of medication for this condition. To effectively address this complex issue, society must adopt a multifaceted approach that encompasses:
1. Enhanced Diagnostic Criteria:
Establishing more rigorous diagnostic criteria for ADHD can help reduce overdiagnosis. The current criteria, based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), rely primarily on subjective reports from parents and teachers. Incorporating objective measures, such as neuropsychological assessments and....