Procrastination appears to be a common problem in western worlds, specifically with college students in relation to academic-specific tasks in comparison to normal adults with everyday tasks. Varied perspectives have been applied to the research of procrastination and some have come to their conclusions as to the nature of procrastination and the reasons behind it. Indirect evidence points to a correlation existing between self-esteem and procrastination. The evidence briefly displays that high levels of self-esteem tend to be coupled with lower rates of procrastination as well as lower levels of conflicting effects from procrastination.
Findings have pointed to achievement motivation having a part in the relationship between self-esteem and procrastination. Achievement motivation is a perceived trait associated with this correlation as well as almost a hundred other traits that all demonstrate the inherent closeness of the two elements in terms of activation and causation. Higher levels of motivation resulted in higher…...
mlaReferences
Academic procrastination: Frequency and cognitive-behavioral correlates. Solomon, Laura J.; Rothblum, Esther D. Journal of Counseling Psychology, Vol 31(4), Oct 1984, 503-509. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.31.4.503
Self-esteem as a mediator between perfectionism and depression: A structural equations analysis. Rice, Kenneth G.; Ashby, Jeffrey S.; Slaney, Robert B.Journal of Counseling Psychology, Vol 45(3), Jul 1998, 304-314. doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.45.3.304
Procrastination/Self-Esteem
Procrastination and Self-Esteem Research
The summary statistics resulting from the ANOVA analysis suggest that there is a definite correlation between procrastination levels and self-esteem in the population examined. Procrastination scores from the procrastination scale (Lay, 1986) covered a wide range of responses, however a mean score of about sixty with a standard deviation of just over twelve, meaning that the majority of the study population had a (self-assessed) procrastination level of over fifty percent and with a fair degree of concentration in the middle quartiles, as well. This grouping is somewhat significant in and of itself, demonstrating a fairly persistent emergence of some level of procrastination throughout the population studied, yet the spread in the procrastination level as reported by the subjects is still broad enough to reduce the level of certainty in the further analysis and the correlation the data appoints to.
A closer examination of preliminary descriptive shows that there…...
Evaluating the information received from these sources, especially popular magazines, websites, and even many of the self-help books -- which are written to make the author a profit, it must be acknowledged -- is at least as important as gathering it in the first place. One of the most important considerations in evaluating the information I gather will be determining the purpose and intent of the author/provider of the information. Peer-reviewed sources and websites for certain professional organizations (specifically the APA) are likely to be less biased than the author of a self-help book, for example, because the former are not for-profit endeavors. The purpose and intent of a given piece of information or article speaks a great deal to its validity. If there are motives behind a piece of informative work other than the simple exploration and dissemination of the truth, the validity of that information comes under heavy…...
mlaReferences
Marano, H. (2003). "Procrastination: Ten Things to Know." Psychology Today. Accessed 15 September 2009. http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/200308/procrastination-ten-things-know
Procrastination
"Never do today what you can put off until tomorrow," is the procrastinators motto. Although many of us have a joke or two at the expense of our procrastinating friends, it really is a problem that can be so severe for people that it affects their life and work. Students are often prone to procrastination in completing school work and studying for tests. To understand why people procrastinate it's necessary to understand what procrastination is and what causes it.
Procrastination is the avoidance of doing a task which needs to be accomplished ("Overcoming Procrastination," 2011). People who procrastinate often use unimportant tasks as excuses to avoid doing the important things that need to get done. It's the failure to complete important tasks that has the greatest effect on people who procrastinate. Procrastination often leads to feelings of guilt, inadequacy, depression and self-doubt ("Overcoming Procrastination," 2011). These feelings often intensify the behavior…...
mlaReferences
Overcoming Procrastination (Jan. 4, 2011). State University of New York at Buffalo. Retrieved from http://ub-counseling.buffalo.edu/stressprocrast.shtml
Zane, Peder J. (15 April 2008). Why we procrastinate. McClatchy - Tribune Business News. Retrieved January 11, 2011, from ABI/INFORM Dateline. (Document ID: 1462078361).
Procrastination
THE FUNNY THING ABOUT PROCRASTINATION body remains at rest...unless acted upon by an outside force"
Newton's First Law
If there are any corollaries to Newton's Law of Inertia that apply to people, they would seem to be:
person remains at rest unless the consequences of continued procrastination outweigh the unpleasantness of interrupting his rest."
Procrastination is a very natural urge. It is most likely to overwhelm any competing inclination to action where there is no absolute deadline for completion, particularly where there is no risk of criticism from anyone with the power to punish one for it. The opportunity for procrastination within the professional arena is usually somewhat limited by the prospect of having to answer to one's superior prior to achieving one's procrastination potential. Conversely, household chores represent a virtually limitless opportunity for full expression of the procrastination urge, by virtue of the fact that one risks no criticism other than (perhaps) from…...
Procrastination, I pay for it often. It's bad enough that I have trouble sleeping most nights, but when I put off studying for exams until the last moment and was up all hours of the night studying, it certainly did not help my day. By the time I was satisfied with my familiarity of the material I had to learn there were only a couple of hours left for sleep. Coffee helped a little, but I went through the day with the feeling of fatigue hanging over my head. I was able to complete my exams and go through the day feeling a little tired, but not worn out. I was not any crankier than I normally am; I felt a little slower, a little out of sync, but not useless. Perhaps a way to describe it is that there was less reserve energy in my tank than there is…...
mlaReferences
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.-Text Revision). Washington, DC: Author.
Ferrie, J.E., Shipley, M.J., Cappuccio, F.P., Brunner, E., Miller, M.A., Kumari, M., & Marmot, M.G. (2007). A Prospective Study of Change in Sleep Duration: Associations with Mortality in the Whitehall II Cohort. Sleep, 30 (12), 1659 -- 1666.
Ohayon, M.M. & Reynolds, C.F. (2009). Epidemiological and clinical relevance of insomnia diagnosis algorithms according to the DSM-IV and the International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD). Sleep Medicine, 10, 952-960.
Sadock, B.J. & Sadock, V.A. (Eds.) (2007). Kaplan & Sadock's synopsis of psychiatry: Behavioral sciences/clinical psychiatry (10th Edition). Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins.
Self-Development
Procrastination and self-esteem
Self-Esteem and Procrastination
Procrastination and self-esteem
Self-esteem
Many authors and practitioners have defined self-esteem differently, but the best definition would be the evaluation of any individual, regarding the person's worth. When individuals have different perceptions about the accomplishments they attained, and how successful they were in attaining their short and long-run goals, then the evaluation aims at ascertaining the person's self-esteem. Self-esteem always contains many elements, ranging from personal respect, general liking of oneself, and how one accepts him or herself. If categorized, self-esteem is divided into two. The Global esteem, where the individual's self-esteem is evaluated in general and the domain esteem that focuses on factors of the individual, including the person's physique and academic potentials (obins et al. 2012).
The significance of high Self-Esteem
High self-esteem has many advantages, and most importantly, it has a positive effect on the happiness and the health of the individual. As the ones with low…...
mlaReferences
Bowling, N.A., Eschleman, K.J., Wang, Q., Kirkendall, C., & Alarcon, G. (2010) A Meta-Analysis of The Predictors and Consequences of Organization-Based Self-Esteem. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 83, 601-626.
Brown, J.D. (2010) High Self-Esteem Buffers Negative Feedback: Once More With Feeling. Cognition and Emotions, 24(8), 1389-1404.
Chow, H.P.H. (2011) Procrastination Among Undergraduate Students: Effects of Emotional Intelligence, School Life, Self-Evaluation, and Self- Efficacy. Alberta Journal of Educational Research, Vol. 57, Number 2, 234-240.
Gardner, D.G., Huang, G., Pierce, J.L., Niu, X., & Lee, C. (2010) Organization-Based Self-Esteem: Relationship With Psychological Contracts and Perceived Employment Opportunities. Academy of Management Annual Meeting Proceedings.
Self-Esteem and Procrastination
Self-esteem is a primary component of each person's life experiences on a daily basis. Self-esteem may be defined as a person's evaluation of themselves, for example "I am not satisfied with myself as a person" or "I like the way I am." Sometime unconsciously, we evaluate ourselves day after day; this is a not a conscious procedure because only the individual realizes the end result. When an individual experiences an emotional "gut feeling," the individual feels either good or bad about themselves. As human beings, we have a fundamental need for motives of self inclusion (Franzoi 59).
Self-esteem operates as a mechanism to aid individuals to ensure that they are carrying themselves properly in a particular situation. Self-esteem runs the gamut from inclusion and exclusion. Human beings are most susceptible to exclusion, as we tend to measure ourselves on a scale from low to high self-esteem. Those with high…...
mlaReferences
Franzoi, Steven L. Social Psychology 5th Edition. New York: McGraw Hill, 2009.
Burka, J.B. & Yeun, L (1982). Mind games procrastinators play. Psychology Today, pp.32-34
Burka, J.B. & Yeun, L (1983). Procrastination: Why you do it, and what to do about it. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley
Effert, B.R. & Ferrari, J.R. (1989). Decisional Procrastination: Examining personality correlates. Journal of Social Behaviour and Personality, 4, 151-161
Perhaps these students are not really engaged in the work they are doing or have serious underlying mental health issues.
Students may have jobs, be involved in athletics, or have really heavy course loads that stretch their time too thin and force them to often work to the very last moment. Perhaps money is tight and a student picks up extra shifts at work in order to pay the rent and tuition causing procrastination on homework or studying. Some students are just immature and irresponsible and spend too much time partying or watching tv and force out mediocre work at the last minute. Working at the last minute does not always mean the work is mediocre but the stress and crisis-mode of working at the last minute is too much for any normal human being to sustain. Professors may procrastinate tasks that are required of them in order to prioritize…...
mlaReferences
Angela Hsin Chun, Chu, and Choi Jin Nam. "Rethinking Procrastination: Positive Effects of "Active" Procrastination Behavior on Attitudes and Performance." Journal of Social Psychology 145.3 (2005): 245-264. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 3 Apr. 2011.
Fiore, Neil a. The Now Habit: A Strategic Program for Overcoming Procrastination and Enjoying Guilt-free Play. New York, NY: Penguin Group. 2006.
Procrastination: a Student Perspective
Procrastination is a fact of life, particularly that of a student's life. Procrastination is completely avoidable, yet it is also quite inevitable. Procrastination can stem from internal and external factors. There are some students are lazy. There are students who have poor time management skills; they do not prioritize elements of their schedules appropriately and prepare assignments at the last moment. There are students who do not care about schoolwork. These students are not invested in or connected to their studies; perhaps they are not knowledgeable in the ways education can be satisfying personally, professionally, and otherwise. It depends on the student. Every students procrastinates at one point or another, what varies is how often students procrastinate and how far they push the point of procrastination. There are some students that have found that with some instructors, it does not matter if they complete the assignments…...
Self Procrast
The Effects of Self-Esteem Level on Degrees/Frequencies of Procrastination: A Survey Study
That there is a relationship between procrastination and self-esteem is well-established in previous and current research literature, however the nature of this relationship remains largely unknown. A survey study using the osenberg Self-Esteem instrument and the Lay Procrastination scale was conducted to shed further light on this area of inquiry. Findings show a direct and inverse correlation between self-esteem and procrastination, with a more extreme difference noticeable amongst those with low self-esteem/high procrastination.
The relationship between levels of self-esteem and the degree and/or frequency to which a given individual is prone to procrastination has been the subject of a great deal of research and scholarship over the past several decades (Beck et al., 2000; Ferrari, 2000; Steel, 2007; Lupien et al., 2010; Deniz, 2011; Powers et al., 2011; Saleem & afique, 2012; etc.). Much of this research has focused…...
mlaReferences
Beck, B.L., Koons, S.R., & Milgrim, D.L. (2000). Correlates and consequences of behavioral procrastination: The effects of academic procrastination, self-consciousness, self-esteem and self-handicapping. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality.
Beshlideh, H., Yousefi, N. & Haghighi, J. (2012). An investigation of psychometric properties of Rosenberg self-esteem scale in students of Shahid Chamran University in Ahwaz. Journal of Educational Psychology 9(15): 41-66.
Deniz, M. (2011). An Investigation of Decision Making Styles and the Five-Factor Personality Traits with Respect to Attachment Styles. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 11(1), 105-113.
Ferrari, J.R. (2000). Procrastination and attention: Factor analysis of attention deficit, boredomness, intelligence, self-esteem, and task delay frequencies. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality.
com) and motivation which is defined as, "the condition of being motivated" (merriam-webster.com). Stress and health were also major key words in the article, as these were aspects that were being measured by the researchers. Stress is defined as "a physical, chemical, or emotional factor that causes bodily or mental tension and may be a factor in disease causation" (merriam-webster.com) while health is defined by the Merriam-ebster dictionary as, "the condition of being sound in body, mind, or spirit; the general condition of the body." All of the words mentioned make it clear what the article intends to focus on.
The most important passages are those that explain the limitations in the study. As was clearly stated by the authors, "ithout random assignment and experimental control, we cannot assert that procrastination causes the stress and health effects" (Tice & Baumeister, 457). Another important passage, also a limitation acknowledgment is, "there is…...
mlaWorks Cited:
Tice, Dianne M., and Baumeister, Roy F. "Longitudinal Study of Procrastination, Performance, Stress, and Health: The Costs and Benefits of Dawdling." Psychological Science 8.6 (1997): 454-58. Print.
Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, 2013. Web. 4 February 2013.
Procrastination
Introduction- For psychologist, procrastination is the uniquely human ability and desire to replace high-priority tasks with those of low-priority, or to avoid doing certain tasks on purpose. It is typically an avoidance behavior, a mechanism for coping with anxiety or fear about a certain task or decision. In general, it can be defined as being: a) counterproductive, needless, and delaying. It may also contribute to several other psychological issues: stress, a sense of guilt, a crisis situation, a loss of personal productivity, and a sense of social disapproval as a result of not meeting expectations, responsibilities, or commitments. It is a self-sabotaging behavior that ironically often produces additional procrastination. As a part of general human behavior, it is considered normal in some scenarios at some times. However, as procrastination impedes normal functioning or becomes chronic, it is likely the sign of an underlying psychological disorder (Schraw, adkins and Olafson). A…...
mlaWorks Cited
Ariely, D. And K. Wertenbroch. "Procrastination, Deadlines and Performance." Psychological Sciences 13.3 (2002): 219-24.
Burka, Y. Procrastination: WHy You Do It. New York: DaCapo Press, 2008.
Ferrari, J. Still Procrastinating? New York: Wiley, 2010.
Ferrari, J., K. Johnson and W. McCown. Procrastination and Task Avoidance: Theory, Research and Treatment. New York: Plenum Press, 1995.
The watch was designed to allow the wearer to log onto the Web. It had microchips capable of doing anything a laptop could do. So out it came. Problem was that you need a keyboard and monitor big enough to see and use. The Web watch, amazingly, had neither. You had to hook it up to a PC to use it! Swatch introduced it too soon due to its enthusiasm over the technology. Perhaps they should have procrastinated (Matlack, 2000).
Chrysler and General Motors. Their procrastination, greed and laziness in sticking to the big, expensive, gas-guzzlers when the foreign car market was moving elsewhere -- into the U.S. And profitability -- and the resultant loss of business, cancellation of dealerships, and layoffs of tens thousands of workers, has to be the worst business decision in modern history.
ibliography
Matlack, C. (2000, September 11). ad timing for Swatch's web watch. Retrieved July 1,…...
mlaBibliography
Matlack, C. (2000, September 11). Bad timing for Swatch's web watch. Retrieved July 1, 2009, from Business Week: procrastinate. (2009). In Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved July 1, 2009, from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/procrastinatehttp://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/sep2000/nf20000911_089.htm
Sirois, Fuscia M.; Melia-Gordon, Michelle L.; and Pychyl, Timothy A. 2003. "I'll look after my health, later'": and investigation of procrastination and health." Personality and Individual Differences 35, pp. 1167-1184.
Is the problem clearly stated?
The authors examined the mediational role of stress and health behaviors in the procrastination - illness relationship. This was an exploratory study looking for correlations that might indicate areas for further study. They hypothesized that stress mediates the procrastination-illness relationship. In addition they explored possible other factors that might affect any relationship between procrastination and health.
Does the problem have a theoretical rationale?
The theoretical rationale for the study was covered extensively in the review of the literature. Since there was little previous research connecting the behavioral trait of procrastination to physical health, the researchers included detailed study of the theoretical literature as well.
3) How significant is the problem?
The authors did not talk about the significance of the problem.…...
Paragraph 1:
The productivity of students is a critical component of their academic success and overall well-being. When students are productive, they are able to effectively manage their time, prioritize tasks, and stay focused on their goals. Productive students are more likely to achieve good grades, meet deadlines, and experience less stress and anxiety. By developing strong productivity skills, students can enhance their academic performance and set themselves up for success in their future endeavors.
Paragraph 2:
There are several factors that influence the productivity of students, including time management, self-discipline, motivation, and mindset. Effective time management skills enable students to....
Here is another introductory statement about the productivity of students:
"Productivity plays a significant role in the academic success of students, as it directly impacts their ability to effectively manage their time, complete tasks efficiently, and achieve their academic goals. In today's fast-paced and competitive educational environment, students must learn to maximize their productivity in order to excel academically and reach their full potential."
One key aspect of student productivity is effective time management. By honing this skill, students are able to allocate their time wisely, prioritize tasks, and avoid procrastination. This ultimately leads to increased efficiency, motivation, and overall success in....
Certainly! Here are three introductory paragraphs about the productivity of students:
In today's fast-paced world, productivity is a crucial aspect of academic success for students. With the increasing demands of coursework, extracurricular activities, and social commitments, the ability to effectively manage time and resources is key to achieving academic excellence. Productivity not only helps students stay on top of their assignments and responsibilities, but also allows them to maximize their potential and reach their goals.
One of the primary benefits of being productive as a student is the ability to efficiently complete tasks and assignments within deadlines. By prioritizing tasks, setting clear....
Certainly! Here is an introductory paragraph to introduce the factors affecting students' productivity:
Students face numerous challenges that can hinder their productivity in school. Factors such as procrastination, external distractions, mental health issues, authoritarian parenting, internet addiction, constant parental migration, classroom environment, lack of effective study habits, and chronic absenteeism all play a role in influencing a student's ability to focus and perform well academically. It is important to address these factors in order to help students reach their full potential and achieve academic success.
Understanding the various factors that can impact student productivity is crucial in addressing the barriers that students....
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