Prison systems have long been a topic of debate within the realm of criminal justice. There are many opinions concerning the proper implementation and management of prison systems (King & McDermott 1995; Prison Inmates Pay for Their Upkeep 2004). The purpose of this discussion is to examine prison systems and the impact of prison systems on inmates' adjustment and behavior.
Institutionalization

A central point of any prison system is the level of institutionalization. According to Boin & einner (2001) the level of institutionalization is determined by the amount of administrative cohesion. Cohesion is defined as the strength of the relationship between single aspects of the system and the system as a whole. For instance a prison system that is highly institutionalized has a strong relationship between the individual prison organizations and the entire prison system (Boin & einner 2001). This means that the prison system behaves as a single large organization where…...

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REFERENCES

ACA Policies and Resolutions. (2005, April). Corrections Today, 67, 63+.

Aronowitz A.A.(n.d.) THE WORLD FACTBOOK OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEMS. THE NETHERLANDS. International Police Institute

University of Twente. Retrieved October 12, 2005, from  http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/ascii/wfbcjnet.txt 

Boeij, K. (2002, February). Developments in the Netherlands Penitentiary System. Corrections Today, 64, 50+.

S. during 2004 were actually at the lowest level in over three decades (U.S.).
Given the growing prison population, U.S. legal experts are urging policy-makers to reconsider current sentencing policies, in an effort to avoid expensive incarceration costs and to invest in more productive prevention and treatment approaches to crime (U.S.).

Many believe that prisons and incarceration have become the panacea for all of society's ills, and where once the U.S. looked to the welfare state to alleviate social problems, today it simply looks to prisons, and in particular the phenomenon of the prison-industrial complex, where capitalism flourishes from locking people in cages (History). Prison has become not only a class weapon, but an instrument of control, in particular the control of 'alien' populations, populations that were formerly colonized peoples, such as former slaves, Native Americans, Latin Americans, Asians, and Pacific Islanders, who all too often have been considered the internal enemy…...

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Works Cited

Buck, Marilyn. "The U.S. Prison State." The Monthly Review. February 2004. Retrieved November 05, 2005 at  http://www.monthlyreview.org/0204buck.htm 

Corrections Statistics: Bureau of Justice Statistics. Retrieved November 05 from The United States Department of Justice Web site:  http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/correct.htm 

The History of Critical Resistance." Social Justice. September 22, 2000.

Retrieved November 05, 2005 from HighBeam Research Library Web site.

Prison
The modern prison system represents a macrocosmic understanding of how to punish the collective sins of society. Within any environment, the strength of its contents is a direct reflection on the worst of its contents as well. The importance of the cathartic rehabilitation that occurs during learning, growth, understanding and forgiveness dictates how one would be rehabilitated in any system, prison or not. The sheer numbers of prisoners within the United States represents a concept of punishment that appears to exceed rational thought and reasoning. Are our citizens that troubled? Do we really need such an extensive prison system that is lost in bureaucratic inefficiency and sadistic behavior? The purpose of this essay is to examine these questions in an attempt to compare and contrast the present penal and prison systems and whether these methods are striving towards any type of collective goals. Furthermore these goals themselves will be analyzed…...

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Bibliography

Anderson, G. (2000). " Prisons for profit." America The National Catholic Weekly, 18 Nov, 2000. Retrieved from  http://www.americamagazine.org/content/article.cfm?article_id=2321 

Foucault, M (1977). Discipline and Punish. New York: Routledge.

Sykes, C. (1971). "The pains of imprisonment." The society of Captives, a Study of a Maximum Security Prison. Princeton University Press.

Zimbardo, P., Haney, C., Banks, C. (1973)."Interpersonal dynamics in a simulated prison." International Journal of Criminology and Penology, 1, 69-97.

prison system. This discussion is carried out in line with the observed cases of ethical, legal, and standards of practice considerations.The other issues addressed are the social and cultural composition of the population served and culturally sensitive practices, a theoretical framework that reflects the professional ethical codes of your field. Issues of informed consent and acknowledgement of client and patient rights, strategies to ensure confidentiality and potential problems that result from dual relationship issues are also discussed.
Some of the traits that are characterized with correctional environment include vices like confrontation, violence, disease outbreaks manipulation sexual assaults and gang indoctrinations into new world of crimes. According to a study of New York Correctional employees done by Aziz, Levine, Sieber, Schulte and Steenlands (1997), most of the officers who were exposed to tuberculosis, about one third of the new infections whereas result of occupational exposure. One of the rules that has…...

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References

Agnew, R. & Cullen, F.T. (2003). Criminological Theory, Past to Present. Los Angeles, CA: Roxbury Publishing Company.

Aziz, D., Levine, A.J., Sieber, K., Schulte, P., & Steenland, K. (1997). Incidence of Tuberculosis infection among New York State prisons employees. American Journal of Public Health, 87, 2012-2014

Briggs, C.S., Sundt, J.L., & Castellano, T.C. (2003). The effect of supermaximum security prisons on aggregate levels of institutional violence. Criminology, 41, 1341 -- 1376

Cheek, F. (1984). Stress management for correctional officers and their families. College Park, MD: American Correctional Association. 38

prison system. The writer explores the prison system and presents good and bad points about it. The writer argues that the prison system is not an effective one, as is demonstrated by the rate of return by former inmates. There were five sources used to complete this paper.
America is well-known for having the largest prison system in the world. The criminal justice system continues to send convicted offenders to the big house, and those who have been released continue to return. Whether or not the prison system is effective has been a topic of hot debate for many years. As prisons are constructed and politicians use crime as a political platform, victims demand harsher sentences while advocates for change allege it won't change things. Prisons in America receive a lot of attention because there are so many inmates within the walls and wire, but the bottom line is the…...

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References

Editorial: The prison system incarcerates us all

New Pittsburgh Courier; 1/15/2000

New Pittsburgh Courier

01-15-2000

Overhaul of Our Prison System Needed
Most people credit increased incarceration with reduced crime (5).

Prison growth has skyrocketed (5).

Prison costs have skyrocketed (1)

Large numbers of mentally ill in U.S. prisons (3).

overcrowding, failure to protect both adults and juveniles, has not reduced crime rate, increased recidivism.

Overcrowding

statistics on problem

Three strikes and you're out rule

Drug laws have caused increase in inmates increased sentence length

Unrealistic expectations

Political consequences if this pattern is challenged

Affect areas of society unevenly.

No benefit: drugs are cheaper than they have ever been before.

states have eliminated parole boards.

New home for the mentally ill

High rate of mentally ill and the addicted in prsons.

. Cause: Changes in mental health care

Prisons are Expensive

A. Costs

. Privatization hasn't worked

Prisoners can't be protected from other prisoners (8) (9)

A. Adults

. Juveniles

VI. Ineffective in reducing crime (2) (4)

A. incarcerating juveniles increases recidivism (8)

. Comparison of U.S. And Canada shows no decrease in crime from increased prison use

VII. Conclusion Prisons can work,…...

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Bibliography

Broder, John M. And Monica Almelda. 2004. "Dismal California Prisons Hold Juvenile Offenders." New York Times, Feb. 15. Accessed via the Internet 4/8/04.

Groom, Bill. 1999. "Handling the triple whammy: serious mental illness, substance abuse, and criminal behavior. Corrections Today, July.

Kay, Amanda. 2002. "The Agony of Ecstasy: Reconsidering the Punitive Approach to United States Drug Policy." Fordham Urban Law Journal, 29:5, pp. 2133+.

Lewin, Tamar. 2001. "Little Sympathy or Remedy for Inmates Who Are Raped." New York Times, April 15. Accessed via the Internet 4/8/04.  http://www.nytimes.com/2001/04/15/national/15RAPE.html?ei=5070&en=0f17dbe7046c71c3&ex=1083124800&pagewanted=print

Prison Systems
A prison is considered to be an institution where offenders and criminals are confined in a space and where there personal freedom is restricted. An integral part of criminal justice system, prisons has been used to confine prisoners for crimes and atrocities they have committed by violating law. Suspect is most likely to be confined in prison if the bail has not been posted while their trail is under progress. If the suspect has been proven to be guilty of committing the crime, then he or she would be confined in a prison. In United States, there are several prison systems, out of which penitentiary and federal prison camps would be discussed. This paper would seek to compare the Federal Prison Camp Yankton and Penitentiary Administrative Maximum Facility Florence in Colorado in the lights of broad and diverse academic resources.

Overview

As mentioned earlier, a prison is considered to be…...

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References

Guest, D., (1987). Human Resource Management and Industrial relations. Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 24, Issue 5, pp. 503 -- 521

Robbins, S., Judge, T., Sanghi, S., (2007). Organizational Behavior. 12th Edition. India. Dorling Kindersley (Pvt) Ltd.

Robbins, S., Coulter, M., (2006). Management. 8th Edition. U.S.: Prentice Hall

The Committee of Sponsoring Organizations, (2011). About Us. Retrieved on September 13th, 2011 from

Economic Impacts of the American Prison System
Over the last couple of years, the number of people incarcerated in U.S. prisons has been on a steady increase. Can the country afford to continue paying for its massive prison system? This text concerns itself with the economic impact of the U.S. prison system. In so doing, some of the key issues that will be addressed include but they are not limited to the drivers of cost in U.S. prisons as well as the strategies that can be adopted in an attempt to reduce the said costs.

Incarceration in America: A Brief Examination of Costs

According to a report prepared for members and committees of congress by Kirchhoff (2010) approximately two years ago, "the U.S. corrections system has gone through an unprecedented expansion during the last few decades, with more than 400% jump in the prison population and a corresponding boom in prison construction." As…...

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References

Henrichson, C. & Delaney, R. (July 7, 2012). The Price of Prisons: What Incarceration Costs Taxpayers. Retrieved November 8, 2012, from the VERA Institute of Justice website:  http://www.vera.org/download?file=3542/Price%2520of%2520Prisons_updated%2520version_072512.pdf 

Kirchhoff, S.M. (2010, April 13). Economic Impacts of Prison Growth. Retrieved November 9, 2012, from the Foundation of American Scientists website:  http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41177.pdf 

McShane, M.D. & Williams III, F.P. (Ed.). (1996). Encyclopedia of American Prisons. New York, NY: Taylor & Francis.

Melusky, J.A. & Pesto, K.A. (2011). Historical Guides to Controversial Issues in America: Capital Punishment. California: ABC-CLIO.

Four years later, the average federal drug sentence for African-Americans was 49% higher." (Vagins and McCurdy, 2006) Additionally stated by Vagins and McCurdy is: "In 2000 there were more African-American men in prison and jails than there were in higher education, leading scholars to conclude that our crime policies are a major contributor to the disruption of the African-American family. The effects of mandatory minimums not only contribute to these disproportionately higher incarceration rates, but also separate fathers from families, separate mothers with sentences for minor possession crimes from their children, create massive disenfranchisement of those with felony convictions, and prohibit previously incarcerated people from receiving some social services for the betterment of their families. In short, this policy is a failed policy in that the goal of this law was to target high-level drug traffickers but in reality, mandatory penalties for crack cocaine offenses "apply most often to…...

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Bibliography

Bassand, Michel; and Ryser, Judith (1980) the Implementation of Public Policy Concerning Space: A General Outline. Archit. & Behav 1 (1980/1981) 193:200. Georgia Publishing Company. Online available at  http://lasur.epfl.ch/revue/a&C%20Vol%201%20No.3&4,%20Espaces%20et%20politiques/BASSANDand%20RYSER_en.pdf 

Coyle, Michael (2002) Race and Class Penalties in Crack Cocaine Sentencing. The Sentencing Project.. Report to Congress: Cocaine and Federal Sentencing Policy. May 2002 Online available at http://www.sentencingproject.org/Admin/Documents/publications/rd_raceandclass_penalties.pdf

Disapproval of Sentencing Guidelines Amendments Re: Crack Cocaine Including Dissenting View (1995) Excerpts From House of Representative Report 104-272. Sept, 29, 1995. Online available at  http://www.lectlaw.com/files/leg15.htm 

Disapproval of Sentencing Guideline Amendments Re: Crack Cocaine Including Dissenting View; Excerpts From House of Representatives Report 104-272 Sept. 19, 1995. Online available at

Data Analysis Procedures

In what way(s) are the data analysis procedures appropriate for the data collected? A number of qualitative researchers have advanced comparable data collection approaches for qualitative data, and the author relied on the methods developed by Street and Walsh (1996) for this purpose.

In what way(s) are the data analysis procedures consistent with the qualitative method used? The author states that she based her data analysis on the qualitative techniques developed by Massarik (1981).

Strengths and Limitations

What are two major strengths of the scientific merit of this study? The two major strengths of the qualitative study by Doyle (1999) concerned the timeliness of the research and the relevance of the findings; this researcher determined that the psychiatric nurses surveyed identified the following factors as influencing their work: (a) challenging patients, (b) threats to personal survival of patients, - the technology and artifice of confinement, (d) conflicting values of nurses and…...

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References

Beger, R.R., & Erger, J.S. (2002, December). Geriatric nursing in prisons is a growing concern. Corrections Today, 64(7), 122.

Buck, M. (2000). Prisons, social control and political prisoners. Social Justice, 27(3), 25.

Daly, W.C. (2000). A half century of prison psychology: 1950-2000. Education, 120(3), 469.

Doyle, J. (1999). A qualitative study of factors influencing psychiatric nursing practice in Australian prisons. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 35(1), 29.

American Prison System
Identify the four types of prisons.

There are four types of prison in the United States: (1) Military prisons house offenders who are in military service at the time of their conviction by military courts martial; (2) Juvenile prisons house offenders who are minors and therefore ineligible for incarceration with an adult prison population; (3) State prisons house inmates convicted of crimes for which sentences exceed one year; and (4) Federal prisons house inmates convicted of federal crimes whose sentences exceed one year (Schmalleger, 2008).

Explain the concept of prison as a total institution.

In principle, prison (and the concept of incarceration, more generally) is designed to accomplish four specific purposes for society (Schmalleger, 2008). First, it provides a means of separating criminal offenders from the general population to protect the latter from the former. Second, it provides a form of punishment or retribution for serious criminal transgressions. Third, it…...

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References

Schlanger, M. "Civil Rights Injunctions over Time: A Case Study of Jail and Prison

Court Orders" New York University Law Review (May 2006).

Schmalleger, F. (2008). Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st

Century. Hoboken, NJ: Prentice Hall.

For this reason, "(p) end up leaving prison with the same (or worse) addictions, educational deficiencies, and tendencies toward violence that they had when they were first incarcerated. Thus the cycle of crime is perpetuated and the community as a whole is damaged" ("Addressing Prison").
Long-Term Solutions to Prison Overcrowding:

There are typically two governmental responses to solving the overcrowded prisons dilemma: building more prisons or enacting reforms, the later being the more effective choice. The most traditional approach prison overcrowding is to build more prisons. More prisons equates to more space for prisoners, which should lead to a reduction in overcrowding. However, this usually does not solve the problem, but only offers a temporary solution.

New prisons tend to quickly become overpopulated simply because the root cause of the prison overcrowding was never addressed in the first place. "The underlying causes of overcrowding are not usually a lack of prisons, but…...

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References

Addressing Prison Overcrowding." PenalReform.org. No date. Penal Reform International. October 17, 2006  http://www.penalreform.org/download/ressource_kits/Kit%20I-C.6%20Addressing%20Prison%20Overcrowding%20 (wkg)%20(KH)%2021-08-2003.pdf..

Davies, R. "Deaths in UK Prisons are Due to Overcrowding, Says Report." The Lancet 363(9406) 31 Jan 2004: 378.

Giertz, J. & Nardulli, P. "Prison Overcrowding." Public Choice 46(1) Apr 1985: 71-78.

Marciniak, E. "Standing Room Only." Commonweal 129(2) 25 Jan 2002: 10-11.

TEATMENT OF PISONES IN THE U.S. AND USSIA
How Does the United States Compare to ussia in Following the UN Standard Minimum ules for the Treatment of Prisoners?

There are nearly 9 million people under certain forms of incarceration or supervision across the globe. The United States has the highest number of prisoners or individuals under some of supervision since approximately 25% of the world's prisoners are held in the country (U.S. Department of State, 2012). Prisoners across the globe are subjected to varying treatment because of differences in circumstances, nature of incarceration facilities, cultures, and available resources. Nonetheless, prisoners are a vulnerable population regardless where they are being held. As the government is mandated with the responsibility of catering for prisoners' needs and welfare, the treatment of prisoners has attracted considerable attention over the years.

Following a special congress in 1955, the United Nations adopted Standard Minimum ules (SMs) for the treatment…...

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References

Agnew, R. (2001, November). Building on the Foundation of General Strain Theory: Specifying the Types of Strain Most Likely to Lead to Crime and Delinquency. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 38(4), 319-361.

Aleinikoff, T. (2014). Between National and Postnational: Membership in the United States. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 110-129. Retrieved May 5, 2016, from  http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057%2F9780230554795_5 

Barnes, H.E. (2011). History Origin of the Prison System in America. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 12(1), 35-60.

Bobrik, A., Danishevski, K., Eroshina, K. & McKee, M. (2005, August 1). Prison Health in Russia: The Larger Picture. Journal of Public Health Policy, 1-30.

Prison Punishment
Should Prison be Punitive or Rehabilitation in Nature?

A question that has existed since the beginnings of the modern prison system has been that of whether prison should be an unbearable punishment for an action committed, or rehabilitation for the accused to rid them of a particular behavior. In ancient times, a violent crime was usually responded with a violent verdict, resulting in torture and pain, and the concept of 'an eye for an eye' that led human law for thousands of years. Recently, however, civilization has rejected the outward torture of prisoners, and has tried to implement a system based on fairness, both during the trial and during the punishment. hile prisoners may not feel like their jail time is fair, modern civilization has elected judges to make these decisions for society. There is still the question, however, of what in today's world is the goal of prison, to…...

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Work Cited

Larrabee, A., (2006). Punishment vs. Rehabilitation in the Criminal Justice System. Retrived from,  http://voices.yahoo.com/punishment-vs.-rehabilitation-criminal-justice-119962.html .

Multiple authors. (2010). Should Criminal Justice Focus More on Rehabilitation or Punishment. IDebate. Retrieved from http://idebate.org/debatabase/debates/law-crime/house-believes-criminal-justice-should-focus-more-rehabilitation.

Peak, K., (2012). Justice Administration: Police, Courts and Corrections Management (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson: Prentice Hall.

Turner, A., (2012). Work Programs for Texas Inmates Go High Tech. Chron. Retrieved from,  http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/Prison-factories-train-inmates-and-save-the-state-3450137.php .

However, given that the problem of overcrowding is pervasive in the prison system in general, and not simply at these specific junctures of the judicial process, the choice between a low-use jail and a high-use jail would seem to be the real question. More and more prisoners who might once be shipped to the state penitentiary are now being confined to jails for more extended periods of time than ever before. Thus, to accommodate this problem, a high-use jail that has many of the monitoring and rehabilitative capacities of a prison system would be more useful to the community.

The purpose and function of a high-use jail low-use jail is designed for shorter-term inmates, while a high-use jail is designed to accommodate not simply more inmates, but a wider variety of inmates for longer durations of time. It has the ability to deal with more violent offenders, but also has more…...

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Works Cited

What is the difference between jail and prison?" (2006). Public Health and Criminal

Justice. Operated by the CDC: Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Page last reviewed 18 Oct 2006. Retrieved 9 Mar 2007 at  http://www.cdc.gov/nchstp/od/cccwg/difference.htm

I. Introduction
A. Brief overview of the history of corrections
B. Importance of understanding the historical perspective on corrections

II. Ancient and Medieval Times
A. Origins of corrections in ancient civilizations
B. Use of punishment and retribution in medieval Europe
C. Evolution of correctional institutions during the Middle Ages

III. The Enlightenment Era
A. Influence of Enlightenment ideals on corrections
B. Emergence of reformative approaches in corrections
C. The role of punishment and rehabilitation in the Enlightenment era

IV. The Industrial Revolution
A. Impact of industrialization on corrections
B. Development of modern prison systems
C. Changes in correctional practices during the Industrial....

Historical Essay: The Evolution of Probation in the American Criminal Justice System

Introduction

Probation, as a form of community supervision for convicted offenders, has been an integral part of the American criminal justice system for over a century. This essay explores the historical evolution of probation, tracing its origins, key developments, and impact on the justice system.

Origins and Early Development

The concept of probation emerged in the late 19th century as a response to the harsh and ineffective prison system of the time. In 1878, Massachusetts enacted the first probation law in the United States, allowing judges to suspend sentences and place offenders....

Canada's use of solitary confinement has been criticized by human rights organizations and experts for being excessive and inhumane. Canada has faced legal challenges and public scrutiny over its practice of placing inmates in solitary confinement for extended periods of time, sometimes for months or even years.

In comparison to other countries, Canada's use of solitary confinement is considered to be more extensive and controversial. For example, in the United States, there have been efforts to reduce the use of solitary confinement and to limit the amount of time inmates can spend in isolation. In countries like Norway and Germany, solitary....

1. People often think of prison as a place for rehabilitation, but in reality, it often serves as a breeding ground for further inequality and injustice.

2. The American prison system is supposed to ensure justice and safety, but instead, it perpetuates disparities and mistreatment within its walls.

3. From racial profiling to lack of access to education and mental health services, inmates face numerous barriers to achieving equality within the prison system.

4. The cycle of poverty and incarceration is fueled by the inequalities present in the American prison system, trapping individuals....