Prison Industrial Complex as Another Form of Mandatory Minimum Sentencing
US sentencing policies are still lean which has led to the federal government to incarcerate so many people. There are too many criminals committing too many crimes, and this explains why we have too many prisoners. Currently, the government's prison is holding 200,000-armed robbers, 150,000 sex offenders and 100 murderers (Davis, 2008). These people are enough to make fill a city. Many people have been opposed to the idea that these people should be released form prisons. U.S. have the largest number of violent offenders despite the recorded decline in crime rate. However, the number of people sent to prison for committing violent offences has gone down during the prison boom. In 2010, over 50% of people being taken to prison were violent offenders. America has enormous prison populations because the courts are sentencing individuals who have not committed violent offences.…...

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References

Davis, A. (2008). Masked racism: reflections on the prison industrial complex. Homewood, IL:

Irwin

Goldberg, E. (2009). Prison Industrial Complex and the Global Economy. Oakland: M Pr-ss

Gottschalk, M. (2010). Cellblocks & red ink: mass incarceration, the great recession, & penal reform. Daedalus 139 (3): 62 -- 73

Prison Nurseries
There are few assets as precious to a nation as it children. Especially in the developed world. Social, care, and education systems are set up in such a way as to nurture the young ones to that they can grow and develop effectively to make the most of their lives and their future. Indeed, not making sure that children's lives can progress along optimal levels can result in dire consequences for a nation and its future. It affects everything from the economy to the moral fabric of a nation to not care for its children. It is also, however, a sad fact of the world today that not all children are born to loving parents, a home and family, or in otherwise ideal circumstances. Indeed, some children are born to mothers who are in prison. While there are many programs to care for these children, there is little consistency…...

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References

Benevolent (2013, Jul. 15). Prison Babies. Retrieved from:  http://benevolentnet.blogspot.com/2013/07/prison-babies.html 

Carlson, J.R. (2009, Spring). Prison Nurseries: A Pathway to Crime-Free Futures. Corrections Compendium 34(1). Retrieved from: http://www.castonline.ilstu.edu/krienert/readings/Carlson_2009.pdf

Ford, A. (2012). Bonding Behind Bars: Do Prison Nurseries Help or Hinder Parenting? Meredith Corporation. Retrieved from:  http://www.divinecaroline.com/life-etc./culture-causes/bonding-behind-bars-do-prison-nurseries-help-or-hinder-parenting 

Lee, O. (2012, May 29). What Happens to Babies Born in Jail? Takepart. Retrieved from:  http://www.takepart.com/article/2012/05/28/what-happens-babies-born-jail

Prison Health Care Agency
In 1930, the Federal Bureau of Prisons was set up so that more progressive and benevolent care could be provided for Federal prisoners/convicts. Moreover, the purpose behind the establishment of this Bureau was to bring professionalization in the prison service and to make certain that the eleven operational Federal prisons are administered with consistency and centralization. In the present times as well, the Federal Bureau of Prisons has the responsibility of providing custody and care to the Federal inmates that are more or less two million in numbers ("About the Bureau of Prisons"). To cut a long story short, the Federal Bureau of is responsible to lock up federal lawbreakers and delinquents in prisons that are out of harm's way, civilized, inexpensive, and sheltered. Provision of medical care is also a part of the mentioned responsibilities. Thus, the Bureau of Prisons is in charge of the deliverance…...

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References

About The Bureau of Prisons. (n.d.). BOP: Federal Bureau of Prisons . Retrieved May 28, 2013, from  http://www.bop.gov/about/index.jsp 

Inmate Medical Care. (n.d.). BOP: Federal Bureau of Prisons. Retrieved May 28, 2013, from  http://www.bop.gov/inmate_programs/health.jsp 

Inmate Mental Health Treatment & Counseling. (n.d.). BOP: Federal Bureau of Prisons. Retrieved May 28, 2013, from  http://www.bop.gov/inmate_programs/mental.jsp 

The Federal Bureau of Prison's Efforts to Manage Inmate Health Care. (February 2008). The United States Department of Justice. Retrieved May 27, 2013, from http://www.justice.gov/oig/reports/BOP/a0808/final.pdf

Prison
eduction of Prison Population

Current impact

Population affected

Government Policies.

Effectiveness of Policies

Efficacy of the strategies

This paper highlights the prison system and relates multiple factors to it. It gives a brief background of the topic and then describes the U.S. crises of prison system. In addition to this, it highlights various factors related to the prison population of Indiana. After that, this paper focuses on the present situation of the prison system and then gives light to the affected population due to this reason. Beside this, it describes different types of policies and strategies of the government in this regard, reforms in these policies and suggests some useful strategies. In the end, conclusion is provided which tells the need of bringing positive change in the society.

Outline

Background

United States prison crisis

a. U.S. being the largest jailer in the world

b. Indiana facing the challenge of prison population

II. Current impact

1. ole of Department of Correction

a. Statistics of prison…...

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References

Clear, T.R., Hamilton, J.R., Jr., & Cadora, E. (2011). Community Justice. Chicago:Taylor & Francis.

This book presents a good relationship between community and crimes. It highlights the main impacts of crimes on the entire community and gives suggestions that informal control can result better in reducing crimes.

Currie, E. (1988). Crime and Punishment in America. New York: H. Holt.

It describes the main features of the prison system in America and tells that many people view the American prison system as the most lenient system of punishment. However, it is for the betterment of the criminals as well as for the society.

Prison Libraries
hen most people think about prison libraries today they most likely recall the 1995 movie, "The Shawshank Redemption" which revolved around the library of Maine's state prison from 1947 through the late1960's (Shawshank pg). The movie portrayed the evolution of the library during some twenty years, as it went from a small cramped room housing a meager selection of books to larger quarters with vast selections of books, music and educational materials (Shawshank pg). This evolution would not and could not have taken place if not for the relentless solicitations by the movie's main character, Andy Dufresne. His tireless efforts resulted in donations from various organizations (Shawshank pg). The movie was an accurate depiction of a typical prison library. Until the last century, most were non-existent and the few that did exist were poorly stocked. Due to the funding shortages that have always faced federal and state prisons, prison…...

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Washington to Cut Prison Libraries?" Library Journal. February 05, 2001.   05-01-2003).http://libraryjournal.reviewsnews.com/index.asp?layout=article&articleid=CA157362&publication=libraryjournal .(accessed

Willing, Richard. "La. man savors freedom's taste." USA Today. December 23

1999; pp 04A.

Prison Funding
Finding Funds for Fighting Crime: Financial Contingency planning for California's Prison System

Prisons have always been a controversial aspect of society, and far more so in the modern era of sociological and psychological inquiry into the nature of crime, punishment, and rehabilitation. Deciding precisely what function prisons are meant to serve and how they should go about serving it has been the cause of a great deal of social and political debate, and these issues are far from settled. There are those that argue for the reduction of prison terms and sentencing lengths and a move to more rehabilitative efforts rather than the punitive focus most prisons seem to hold today, while others insist that making prisons punitive and able to accommodate more inmates serves as a deterrent to crime and as a testament to the rules of justice. These abstract issues in and of themselves make the prison issue…...

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References

Gilroy, L., Summers, A., Randazzo, A. & Kenny, H. (2010). Public-Private Partnerships for Corrections in California. Accessed 12 February 2012.  http://reason.org/files/private_prisons_california.pdf 

Governor's Budget. (2012). Accessed 12 February 2012. http://www.ebudget.ca.gov/pdf/GovernorsBudget/5210.pdf

Skelton, G. (2011). Prison overcrowding and underfunding lead to more local burdens. LA Times. Accessed 12 February 2012.  http://articles.latimes.com/2011/oct/06/local/la-me-cap-prisons-20111006

Duncan's thesis on the attractions of prison is more psychologically grounded, however. People seek constraints and limits, just as they are imprisoned by societal standards and limits, or Foucault's notion of the Panopticon.
The criminal is also a kind of fantasy-child for society, according to Duncan. Like a child, a criminal dwells in a kind of in-between space, a place where anything is possible, and redemption is possible. The American gospel of self-reinvention, as seen in films like "The Shawshank Redemption," romanticizes prisons as places where people can radically rebuild their lives and characters. This explains why prisons like Alcatraz, rather than being hated or feared are actually viewed with affection. Convicts become romantic outlaws and pioneers in the imagination of the media, the crimes are forgotten when criminals are viewed through the rose colored glasses of history. The prisons that confirmed their deviancy are similarly romanticized as the place…...

Prison Conditions
There are two major issues that need to be addressed with regards to prison conditions. One is the whether humane conditions are provided and the other is concerned with the degree of rehabilitation that prisons facilitate. On both counts, U.S. prisons need to take actions to prevent abuse and to reduce the high number of repeat offenders as our prison populations swell beyond control.

According to Human Rights Watch, prisoners suffer from physical mistreatment, excessive disciplinary measures, intolerable physical conditions and inadequate medical and mental health care. Prisons are severely overcrowded and do not have adequate staffing.

Many local jails are unsafe, vermin-infested and lack areas where inmates can get exercise or fresh air. Violence by inmates and guards is common. Mentally ill inmates who comprise between six and fourteen percent of the incarcerated population do not receive adequate monitoring and treatment. Private prisons operate without sufficient control and oversight from…...

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Bibliography

Butterfield, Fox. "Inmate Rehabilitation Returns as Prison Goal.." New York Times. 20 May 2001. Mindfully.org. 28 Feb. 2003. http://www.mindfully.org/Reform/Prison-Rehabilitation.htm.

Human Rights Watch Prison Project," Human Rights Watch Organization. 28 Feb. 2003.  http://www.hrw.org/advocacy/prisons/u-s.htm .

Inmate Rehabilitation." The Stop Violence Coalition of Kansas City. 28 Feb. 2003. http://www.stop-violence.org/page.asp?pageID=6&NavID=8.

Ruggiero, Diane. "Torture, Plain and Simple': Amnesty International Reports Abuse In Women's Prisons," CNN.com. 4 Mar. 1999. CNN.com Web Site. 28 Feb 2003. http://www.cnn.com/U.S./9903/04/amnesty.women.prison/.

Prison Rape
Analysts continue to debate the appropriate role of the corrections system. One camp firmly believes that prisons are places punishment. The other side argues that the primary role of prisons is to provide rehabilitation, to train former criminals to become participative members of society.

This paper argues that even though restitution and punishment is important, the more vital role of prisons lies in rehabilitation. Realistically, most prisoners will be eligible for parole. It is therefore in the general public's best interests to ensure that prisons serve as venues for rehabilitation, by providing services like counseling and job skills training.

The focus of this paper is on one of the biggest obstacle to the goal of rehabilitation -- violence in prisons.

Studies have shown that the environment in many prisons is permeated with violence ("Violence and inmate characteristics"). This atmosphere makes it virtually impossible for any rehabilitation to occur. After all, it is…...

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Works Cited

Bates, Eric. "Private Prisons are Abusive and Inefficient." Prisons. Bryan J. Grapes, Ed. Current Controversies Series. Reproduced in Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Gale Group. 2004.

Rideau, Wilbert and Wikberg, Ron. Life Sentences: Rage and Survival Behind Bars. New York: Three Rivers Press, 1992.

Stephen Donaldson, "A Million Jockers, Punks, and Queens, Stop Prisoner Rape: Sex among American Male Prisoners and its Implications for Concepts of Sexual Orientation," Stop Prisoner Rape, Feb. 4, 1993. available online from www.spr.org.

Prison Reform
The United States criminal justice system houses the largest prison population in the world; both in terms of the total prison population as well as the proportion of prisoners to the total population (per capita). The United States has a bigger prison population than China and India despite having nowhere near the total population. It also holds a greater percentage of its population in incarceration than any other country in the world as well including such nations such as Russia, North Korea, or even Iran. The United States has about five percent of the world's population however it has about twenty-five percent of the world's prison population.

There are many stereotypes that uphold the image of the inmate, prisoner, or felon as a violent criminal, that must be locked away to keep the population safe. However, in many cases, the actual prison population is made up of a wide range…...

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Works Cited

Chang, C. (2012, May 14). North Louisiana family is a major force in the state's vast prison. Retrieved from NOLA.

Greenwald, G. (2009). Drug Decriminalization in Portugal. Cato Institute.

Head, T. (N.d.). Key Facts About the War on Drugs. Retrieved April 8, 2013, from Civil Liberties:  http://civilliberty.about.com/od/drugpolicy/p/War-on-Drugs-Facts.htm 

Maag, C. (2012, August 28). In Missouri, debtors prison is alive and well. Retrieved from MSN Money:  http://money.msn.com/politics/post.aspx?post=30ecee88-b6be-4387-a7d9-9f8e4d571886

Research Theory: Prison Industrial ComplexPrison Industrial Complex (PIC) is the term frequently used for the mass imprisonment the United States has been using over the past few decades for the control of crime and the fulfillment of personal interests of industries offering surveillance, economic and political solutions in the same matter. The recent mass incarceration of the US has dragged its people to prisons leading to an uprise in crimes and criminals abruptly and creating a new network of people that are overly crowded within the available number of prisons and facilities. This paper aims to formulate a theory paper. The research question would be identified based upon the foundations laid by literature review, a proposed methodology for defining the interdisciplinary research for the issue described, and suggesting future research after drawing upon the results and conclusions.Research QuestionThe identified research question for the research paper is as follows:Prison industrial complex:…...

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References

Andre Douglas Pond Cummings. (2012). “All eyez on me”: America’s war on drugs and the prison industrial complex. The Journal of Gender, Race, and Justice, 417. Available at Bowen Law Repository: Scholarship and Archives. https://lawrepository.ualr.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1227&context=faculty_scholarship

Aviram, H. (2015). Are private prisons to blame for mass incarceration and its evils? Prison conditions, neoliberalism, and public choice. Fordham Urban Law Journal, 39. Available at UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. https://repository.uchastings.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1993&context=faculty_scholarship

Davis, A.Y. & Shaylor, C. (2001). Race, gender and the prison industrial complex: California and beyond. Meridians, 2(1), 1-25.

Q1. In the United States there is a constant argument against “coddling” prisoners. This includes such “luxuries” as television and exercise/fitness programs. What are the pros and cons concerning these activities? But there is no evidence that making prison as miserable as possible acts as a deterrent or rehabilitates prisoners. In fact, having an outlet for physical and mental energy may be useful, versus allowing such undirected energies into less fruitful channels, such as engaging in covert criminal activities within the prison. In fact, instead of merely offering access to gyms and television, an even more structured approach may be preferable. This might include access to libraries, educational programs, and rehabilitative programs such as starting a prison garden (“10 Keys, 2020). Other examples of rehabilitative work that is useful for prisoners as well as acts to restore the harm done by crime to society include participating in public beautification programs (which…...

Fundamental Human Rights and Voting Rights for the Incarcerated One of the fundamental human rights according to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) is that of access to the vote. Arguably, the right to have self-determination is critical, and without such a right, equality of treatment is impossible to realize. Politicians will have no incentive to pass laws to protect the rights of groups whose opinion they are not beholden to for reelection. According to the ICCPR, the right to vote should be bestowed “without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status” (Dhami, 2005, p. 236). Other fundamental human rights, such as the right to pursue a livelihood of one’s choice, to live free and unmolested to express one’s political opinions, to practice one’s religion, and to be safe and secure…...

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References

Arp, W. & Morton, B. (2005). A political history and analysis of disenfranchisement and restoration of the black vote in Louisiana. The Western Journal of Black Studies, 29(3): 629-638.

Dhami, M. (2005). Prisoner disenfranchisement policy: A threat to democracy? Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 5 (1): 235—247.

Paikowsky, D. (2019), Jails as polling places: Living up to the obligation to enfranchise the voters we jail. Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review, 54 (2): 829-873.

Zhang, E. (2019). New tricks for an old dog: Deterring the vote through confusion in felon disenfranchisement, Missouri Law Review, 84: 1037-1053.

A major portion of an inmate's helplessness, deprivation, depression and self-loathing etc. arises due to physical and psychological victimization that he or she has to face. Physical victimization includes homicide, assault and rape. These arise due to poor staff supervision and keeping defenseless prisoners with the violent ones. On the other hand, psychological victimization involves verbal manipulation and harsh psychological attacks of personal nature.
The stronger inmates attempt to create their own subcultures that show their dominance, rule and assertion on all prisoners (Heilpern, 1998). To fulfill the maintenance of these subcultures, they resort to rape, riots or even homicide spreading mental illnesses like stress, phobias, enhanced criminal activity, shame, guilt, etc. among the weaker prisoners.

Imprisonment: Eliminating or aggravating crime?

It is not a hidden matter that jails, even after intensive care and security, are not free of brutality, stress and violence among the inmates. The safety of each and every…...

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References

Cragg, W. (2002). The practice of punishment: Towards a theory of restorative justice. Routledge.

Foucault, M. (2008). Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison.

Gendreau, P., Cullen, F.T., & Goggin, C. (1999). The effects of prison sentences on recidivism. Ottawa: Solicitor General Canada.

Gudrais, E. (2013, March). The Prison Problem. Harvard Magazine.

This will also lead to the finding on whether the kind of offense committed translates to a lengthier sentence on imprisonment and in effect, on the likelihood that the ex-convict will commit the same or a different kind of offense again. Lastly, the researcher is also interested to determine whether the commitment of re-offense, if indeed committed by the ex-convict, changes in level or degree -- that is, whether the re-offense has a greater, lower, or the same level of punishment.
In terms of the research sample, the researcher proposes looking into a sample of ex-convicts who came from the same correctional/prison facility. By sampling a group of ex-convicts from the same prison facility, the researcher prevents data from being tainted with extraneous variables, such as the existence of prison programs, which might influence the ex-convict's reformation during his/her prison term. Thus, when a particular correctional or prison facility is…...

While it is impossible to escape the similarities between the French Revolution and American Revolution and there is no question that the American Revolution helped inspire the French Revolution, there are a number of important differences between the French and American revolution.

Location was an important difference.  America was a colony that was revolting against a ruling government that was separated from it by a large distance, while the French Revolution occurred in France and was aimed at the monarchy in that country.

Social class played a much more important role in the French Revolution than the American Revolution. ....

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Capital punishment remains one of the most controversial topics in criminal law.  The ethics of the death penalty are complicated.  Many people believe that the death penalty is simply unethical under any circumstances, while others argue that the death penalty is not only ethical, but that it is unethical not to execute certain killers.  The law provides guidance about when it can be applied, but laws vary from country-to-country and, within the United States, there is even tremendous variation in state laws about the death penalty.  Therefore, any essay about the death penalty is expected....

In order to give good title suggestions for a primate behavior assignment, we would ideally like a little more information.  Is your assignment about primates in the wild or primates in captivity?  Which primates are being studies?  Are you looking primarily at monkeys or apes?  Are you including studies of humans in your primate assignment?  Are you looking at primate intelligence and comparing it to non-primates or looking at it from an evolutionary perspective?  Will your assignment look at what is currently the case or speculate on the results if primates continue....