This points us toward the concept of distributed leadership, which is increasingly cited as a mode to effective principalship. In many ways, the emergence of distributed leadership represents a paradigm shift in the way that school improvements are sought. To this extent, Gronn (2002) sites as crucial to the process "concertive action in which a key defining criterion is conjoint agency." (Gronn, 2002; p. 423) the author cites a support for leadership which is highly dependent upon the interactive compatibility of such participants as teacher groups, principals and administrative personnel. This is a system of leadership distribution that bypasses hierarchy in favor of delegation of responsibilities.

Support for meaningful principal leadership is frequently understood in this way, with the willing participation and enthusiasm of members of the educational community underscoring the principal's relative authority. Still, the fact that so many of the studies which endorse and praise the impact of more…...

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Works Cited:

Echols, Celina. (2006). Challenges Facing Black American Principals: A Conversation About Coping. National Council of Professors of Educational Administration.

Ferrandino, Vincent L. (2001). Challenges for 21st Century Elementary School Principals. Phi Delta Kappan.

Gronn, P. (2002). Distributed Leadership as a Unit of Analysis. The Leadership Quarterly, 13(4), 423-451.

Lashway, L. (2003). Improving Principal Evaluation. ERIC Digest, 172.

This points to the relevance of the principal's role as an organizational leader with responsibilities to orienting with enthusiasm and effectiveness a staff of qualified and capable individuals. Especially in the inclusion context, where staff members will have particular insight as well as a particular opportunity where given proper academic and creative freedom, Principal Skinner indicates that this mode of distributed leadership is necessary. Indeed, Principal Skinner makes the case that one would have to be particularly attuned to the practices and conventions of special education in order to effectively delegate charges to educators and advocates.
This is also the case where English Language Learner (ELL) students are present in a school. Including these learners who have a particular and specialized set of needs requires the principal to preside over a certain cultural tenor at a school. Indeed, one of the more complex snares of bridging the language gap through…...

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Works Cited:

Graseck, P. (2005). Where's the ministry in administration? Attending to the souls of our schools. Phi Delta Kappan, 86(5), 373-382.

Principal-Agent Model in Economics and Political Science
The international political perspectives of free trade

A Global Analysis

International Trade Impact on Tunisia

The Export of agricultural products

International trade and development of Tunisia

Balance in the Trade egime

Imports and exports of Tunisia

Exports

Imports

Coping With External and Internal Pressures

The Common External Tariff (CET)

Safeguard Measures

Anti-Dumping Duties (ADDs) and Countervailing Duties (CVDs)

ules of origin

The New Commercial Policy Instrument

Sector Based Aspects

GATT/WTO's Main Principles

Non-discriminatory trade

Multilateral negotiation and free trade

The Trading Policies of European Union

Critical Political Economy

Tunisia

The Gross Domestic Product of Tunisia

The eal Data Analysis of Import Export Companies in Tunisia

The Smith Co Company

The Softkim and Lovers Limited

The Impact of Free Trade on Tunisia Trading 43

Findings 44

Conclusion 44

eferences 46

Abbreviations

ACP

Africa, the Caribbean, and the Pacific

AMC

Alternative Mediterranean Conference

APEC

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Conference

ASEAN

Association of South-East Asian Nations

CBMs

Confidence-building measures

CEECs

Central and Eastern European countries

CFSP

Common Foreign and Security Policy

CSCE

Conference for Security and Co-operation in Europe

EC

European Community

EEB

European Environmental Bureau

EEC

European Economic Community

EIB

European Investment Bank

EMHN

Euro-Mediterranean Human ights Network

EMP

Euro-Mediterranean Partnership

EP

European Parliament

EPC

European Political Cooperation

EU

European…...

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References

Bhagwati, J. (2002). Free Trade Today. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Retrieved August 15, 2011, from Questia database:  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=99509776 

Bhote, K.R. (2002). The Ultimate Six Sigma: Beyond Quality Excellence to Total Business Excellence. New York: AMACOM. Retrieved August 15, 2011, from Questia database:  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=111931454 

Campbell, B. (1993). 3 A Canadian Labor Perspective on a North American Free Trade Agreement. In The North American Free Trade Agreement Labor, Industry, and Government Perspectives, Bognanno, M.F. & Ready, K.J. (Eds.) (pp. 61-68). Westport, CT: Praeger. Retrieved August 15, 2011, from Questia database:  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=24509387 

Conti, D.B. (1998). Reconciling Free Trade, Fair Trade, and Interdependence: The Rhetoric of Presidential Economic Leadership. Westport, CT: Praeger. Retrieved August 15, 2011, from Questia database:  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=15432294

Strengths and Weaknesses of Curriculum Evaluation Models: Views from an Elementary School PrincipalAs the principal of an elementary school, I am tasked with the responsibility of ensuring that our curriculum meets our states educational standards and enriches the lives of our young learners. In this task, evaluating and refining our curriculum is of utmost importance. This essay reviews five curriculum evaluation models, compares their strengths and weaknesses, and selects the most suitable model for our school. In the following sections, I give a detailed analysis of Tylers Objective Model, Stufflebeams CIPP Model, Stakes esponsive Model, Scrivens Goal-Free Model, and Kirkpatricks Hierarchy of Evaluation. Each of these models has its own approaches and perspectives on curriculum evaluation, and it is helpful for me as a principal to understand their implications in the context of an elementary school setting. After this, I discuss the strengths and weaknesses of each model, considering factors…...

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ReferencesCahapay, M. (2021). Kirkpatrick model: Its limitations as used in higher education evaluation. International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education, 8(1), 135-144.Miller, R. L., King, J. A., Mark, M. M., & Caracelli, V. (2016). The oral history of evaluation: The professional development of Robert Stake. American Journal of Evaluation, 37(2), 287-294.Reio Jr, T. G., Rocco, T. S., Smith, D. H., & Chang, E. (2017). A critique of Kirkpatrick\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'s evaluation model. New Horizons in Adult Education and Human Resource Development, 29(2), 35-53.Scriven, M. (1979). Interview: Michael Scriven: Viewpoints on Education Evaluation. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 1(2), 66-72.Sharma, H. S., & Raval, V. (2019). Curriculum evaluation: approaches and models. A Journal of Composition Theory, 12(10), 240-249.Stufflebeam, D. L. (2000). The CIPP model for evaluation. In Evaluation models: Viewpoints on educational and human services evaluation (pp. 279-317). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.Vo, T. K. A. (2018). Evaluation models in educational program: Strengths and weaknesses. VNU Journal of Foreign Studies, 34(2).

Action
As Principal, I would certainly notify Ms. Paulson immediately regarding this issue. This initial action would be specifically in accordance with her individual rights. Additionally, this preliminary notification would provide her with an opportunity to confess to any wrongful action or provide other information that could be potentially helpful to (or even negate) any further investigation. Hopefully, some useful data leading to appropriate routes for corrective actions will be birthed from this interaction. Though even if no help comes of this tactic, it is nevertheless clear that many core principles of teacher supervision, evaluation and even educational law are relevant in this case.

Supervisory issues with reference to this matter would unquestionably rest on the shoulders of Ms. Paulson. As a primary educational advocate in the classroom, she is ultimately responsible for creating and maintaining an effective means of supervising her students. If for any reason she feels unable to…...

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Bibliography

Cooley, V.E., & Shen, J. (2003). School Accountability and Professional Job Responsibilities: A Perspective From Secondary Principals. NASSP Bulletin, 87 (634), 10-25.

Hallinger, P. (2005). Instructional Leadership and the School Principal: A Passing Fancy that Refuses to Fade Away. Leadership and Policy in Schools, 4 (3), 221-239.

Kreitler, S., Zigler, E., & Kreitler, H. (1975). The Nature of Curiosity in Children. Journal of School Psychology, 13 (3), 185-200.

Nalwa, K., & Anand, A.P. (2003). Internet Addiction in Students: A Cause of Concern. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 6 (6), 653-656.

Human relations are vital. Teachers must trust each other, there must be norms that support productive criticism, and there must be techniques in place for combining and resolving disputes. Arrangements need to be in place that generates discussion for problem identification and decision making. These arrangements could be things such as normal team meetings amid teachers at the same grade level or department meetings within high schools and middle schools. Frequently useful are school connections to inside and outside sources of knowledge and scrutiny coupled to a readiness to learn from such sources. Also, schools must work to secure the power to proceed with actions that might go against existing policies and practices. By doing this they master the micro-politics of their districts and their communities.
In schools where circumstances to maintain collaborative problem solving are not in place, leaders must expertly manage two plans at the same time. They…...

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References

Adkins, D. (1990). The Relationship between visionary Leadership and instructional leadership behavior of secondary school principals: regression analysis and hermeneutic

Balsamo, M. (2004). Assessing principal practices in a standards-based environment and examining the association between principal practices and student achievement.

Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY.

Bialystok, E. (2001). Bilingualism in development: language, literacy and cognition. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Topic: Teacher Effectiveness and Behavior: Their elationship and Impact on Student LearningThe purpose of this dissertation topic is to review the efficacy of teacher learning and how it correlates to student performance. esearch has shown a large disparity between student outcomes and external factors such as school resources, social-economic status, and racial makeup (Amber, 2012). Many of these factors also impact teacher effectiveness and behavior as they directly impact the learning environment in which the teacher operates in. This further creates a compounding effect as teachers are less like to innovate their curriculum, enhance classroom culture, or to improve operation efficiencies. Although these factors are distinct from teacher efficacy, they all have direct correlation on teacher effectiveness and behavior. As a result, this document will look to review leadership theories that can impact one or more of the factors above, and how these frameworks can ultimately improve student outcomes.The teaching…...

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References1. Amber M. Humphrey, “Transformational Leadership Behavior and Organizational Citizenship Behaviors: The Role of Organizational Identification,” The Psychologist-Manager Journal, 15 no. 4 (2012) 247-268,   2. Danielle Doyle and Gillian Locke, “Lacking Leaders; Challenges of Principal Recruitment Selection, and Placement, (2019)” Thomas B. Fordham Institute, Retrieved from  https://edexcellence.net  3. Gina M. Bagget, “Transformational Leadership and Psychological Empowerment of Teachers,” (PhD diss., University of Alabama, 2008).4. Hasan Simsek, “Transformational Leadership in Educational Context: A Fantasy of Education Scholars. Editor\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'s Choice: Selected Keynote Speech,” Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, no. 51 (2013): 1-65. James M. Burns, Leadership, (New York: Harper & Row, 2008), 2596. Jeff Quinn, Aaron Deris, Greg Bischoff, and James T. Johnson, “Comparison of Transformational Leadership Practices: Implications for School Districts and Principal Preparation Programs,” Journal of Leadership Education 4, no. 3 (2015): 71-85, http://search.ebscohost.com 

Intervention Effectiveness
esponse to instruction and intervention TI2 is reported as a general approach in education to closing the gap in achievement. TI2 methods are constructed upon the esponse to Intervention (TI) model that was an option for schools under the 'Building the Legacy, Idea 2004 reauthorization of the individuals with Disabilities Education Act IDEA. (California Department of Education, 2011) TI and the expanded TI2 are reported as being based upon "17 years of practice that has refined continuous progress monitoring as a strategy for keeping students on a path toward success." (California Department of Education, 2011) TI is reported as a strategy that moves all students through the steps set out in the learning standards and is further more stated to be an approach that views both academic and behavioral achievement of students.

Tier 1-3

Tier 1 included the 'Universal Interventions' which include "preventive, proactive, universal intervention in all subjects and…...

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References

Benchmark interventions -- reinforcement (2011) Department of Education. Retrieved from: http://pubs.cde.ca.gov/tcsii/ch2/bnchmrkrnfrcmnt.aspx

Case Study: El Rancho Unified School District in Pico Rivera, California (2011) International Reading Program. Retrieved from:  http://www.reading.org/downloads/resources/rti0707_implications.pdf 

Case Study: Pella Community School District, Iowa (2011) International Reading Program. Retrieved from:

Money Hurts Economy Analyze compare effectiveness (A) thesis statements (B) evidence, (C) rhetorical strategies (logos, ethos, pathos) dentify essay thought effective explain .
Rick Rilley's essay "Nothing but Nets," Stanley Fish's essay "But Didn't Do t" and David Wolman's essay "Time to Cash Out: Why Paper Money Hurts the Economy" all address contemporary issues and are all meant to emphasize how apparently simple ideas can bring reform to society. All of these essays are directed at raising public awareness concerning concepts that many people today currently believe to be insignificant when compared to the world's greater goal to experience progress through technology and finances.

Rilley's thesis deals with making it possible for the masses to understand how some small interventions can save lives and can help individuals combat maladies that claim thousands of lives every year. The writer concentrates on producing solid evidence with regard to how a sum as…...

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In spite of the fact that they are two very different digital tools for collaboration, I believe that Facebook (  and Wikipedia ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page ) are largely responsible for helping the contemporary society experience progress. Even with the fact that they play an important role in today's society, both of these digital tools for collaboration are regarded as being little more than places where one can socialize and, respectively, where he or she can get information that is not 100% verifiable. Stigma follows the two in most communities and makes it difficult for the masses to actually be able to understand the beneficial aspects concerning both of them.https://www.facebook.com/ )

Facebook can be use as a tool for socializing and is known to have brought people closer together as a result of how it provides the ability to communicate and connect with people who share similar passions. This digital tool for collaboration needs to be understood properly in order for people to benefit from it, as otherwise it can actually harm individuals.

Wikipedia is known for how individuals can modify content without actually introducing truthful information. However, as long as one has a complex understanding of the digital tool and as long as he or she is able to differentiate between truthful information and information that cannot be verified, he or she is most likely to benefit from using it.

Leadership Styles Among Male and Female Principal
It is the intention of this research to study the leadership and cognitive styles of teachers and instructors of both genders within the educational system and their preference for types of leadership in a principal of that institution.

The research will include teachers and educators from all levels of the educational system from grade school to high school. The study will also include teachers and instructors from all major academic fields of study offered in public and private schools. The studies conducted thus far in the educational arena indicate that teachers are equally inclined towards different cognitive styles.

Teachers prefer a mix of idealist, analytical and realistic cognitive styles of leadership in their Principals. Studies have also indicated that teachers prefer that principals are people oriented and task oriented in their approach to running the school or institution. In addition, teachers also prefer that the Principal…...

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Bibliography

Berens, Linda V., and Dario Nardi. Personality Types, Descriptions for Self-Discovery. New York: Telos Publications, 1999.pp.

Blake, R.R., H. Shepherd, and Jane Srygley Mouton. Managing Intergroup Conflict in Industry. Houston, Tx: Gulf Publishing Company, 1964.pp.

Blau, Francine D., Marianne A. Ferber, and Anne E. Winkler. The Economics of Women, Men, and Work. Prentice-Hall Series in Economics. 4th ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 2002.pp. xviii, 446

Bossert, S.T., et al. "The Instructional Management Role of the Principal." Educational Administration Quarterly 18.3 (1982): 34-64.

Transformational Leadership
The roles of any organization need to be firmly defined and adequately expressed in order for that organization to reach its highest potential. Within the organization there are different levels of leadership that dictate the flow and style of how those quality inherently resonate within each and every individual within that organization.

The educational system is an adequate if not superior means to test the effects of transformational leadership on the overall performance levels of an any given educational institution. The purpose of this paper is to explore the effects of transformational and shared instructional leadership on school performance as measured by the quality of pedagogy and the achievement of the students.

In order to accomplish this, this essay will first give background information on the subject of transformational leadership and define key terms that will serve as a basis for the argument. The next section of this writing will be…...

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References

Bierly, C. & Shy, E. (2013). Building pathways: How to develop the next generation of transformational leaders. Bain, 5 Dec 2013. Retrieved from  http://www.bain.com/publications/articles/building-pathways-to-school-leadership.aspx 

Burns, J.M. (2003). Transforming leadership: A new pursuit of happiness (Vol. 213). Grove Press.

Hallinger, P. (2003). Leading educational change: Reflections on the practice of instructional and transformational leadership. Cambridge Journal of education, 33(3), 329-352.

Hallinger, P., & Heck, R.H. (2010). Collaborative leadership and school improvement: Understanding the impact on school capacity and student learning. School Leadership and Management, 30(2), 95-110.

Quality Management System and Continuous Improvement
Six Sigma Strategy for Continuous Improvement

Implementing Six Sigma

Lean Strategy for Continuous Improvement

Lean and Sig Sigma Interrelated

Industrial application of lean / six sigma

Lean / Six Sigma in Service Industry

Lean / Six Sigma in Manufacturing Industry

Lean / Six Sigma in Construction Industry

Lean / Six Sigma in Mining Industry

Effectiveness of the Lean / Six Sigma in the Industry

Population and Sampling

In the business management strategy, quality plays a major role for global organizations that seeks market competitive position through achieving customer satisfaction more successfully, advancing on internal business processes and reducing cost. The process of globalization is shrinking the market place, creating new avenues for business and confronting them with more challenges and international competition. Under such scenario customer expectations are growing as they can find variety and easy substitute of product and service whereas the products are getting complex day by day. Companies who doesn't prepare themselves for…...

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References

Antony, J, & Banuelas, R. (2002). Key ingredients for the effective implementation of six sigma program. Measuring Business Excellence, 6(4), 20-27.

Antony, J. (2004). Some pros and cons of six sigma: an academic perspective. The TQM Magazine, 16(4), 303-306.

Bernett, R, & Nentl, N. (2010).Opinions and Expectations about Continuous Improvement Programs. Journal for Quality & Participation, 32(4), 35-38.

Berwick, D. (1989). Continuous improvement as an ideal in health care. The New England Journal of Medicine, 320(1), 53-56.

In fact, as early as the 1989-1990 school years, school-based decision making was implemented in three elementary schools in the Memphis City School System (Smith, Valesky & Horgan, 1991). Based on this seminal initiative, improvements were cited in: (a) the coordination provided by the school councils; (b) school-based staff development activities; (c) support and services provided by the district central office; (d) data and reports provided to the individual schools; and (e) the value of the school improvement plans (Smith et al., 1991).
A relevant study of the school-based decision-making process in the State of Tennessee by Etheridge (1990) evaluated the impact of different leadership styles used by school principals on the effectiveness of the school-based decision-making process in seven local school councils in Memphis including their elementary schools following their first 15 months of operation. According to Etheridge, the composition of SBDM councils in Tennessee largely reflects those being…...

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References

California State Board of Education Policy #89-01. (2010). California State Board of Education.

Retrieved from  http://www.cde.ca.gov/be/ms/po/policy89-01-sep1994.asp .

Contract for excellence. (2009, December 31). New York State Education Department. Retrieved from  http://www.p12.nysed.gov/part100/pages/10013.html .

Cowart, C. (2009). The Louisiana awakening: Church as portal for the emergence of a sustainable social reality. Anglican Theological Review, 91(4), 607-609.

Scale to Measure Celebrity Endorsers
In this study by Ohanian, a scale used in measuring celebrity endorsers' expertise, trustworthiness as well as attractiveness is developed. Psychometric scale development protocols are followed for testing the data reliability and validity as well. In addition, this study uses two exploratory and confirmatory samples to initiate a 15-item scale measuring the celebrity endorsers' characteristics. This article complies fully with Churchill's recommendations in several fronts as outlined below.

Several sources are researched on to identify words, phrases, and adjectives to use for this research's questionnaire; this results in the development of several adjectives describing personality traits. During the construction of the scale, 182 adjectives are identified of which some were eliminated to about 139 adjectives. Additionally, the 139 descriptors were further trimmed by a group of 38 college students; the researcher believed the words were unfamiliar with respondents, to 104.

For the identification of celebrities for the study,…...

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References

Churchill, G.A. (1979). A Paradigm for Developing Better Measures of Marketing Constructs. Journal of Marketing Research, 64-74.

Lages, C., Lages, C.R., & Lages, L.F. (2005). The RELQUAL Scale: A Measure of Relationship Quality in Export Market Ventures. Lisbon, Portugal.

Ohanian, R. (1990). Construction and Validation of a Scale to Measure Celebrity Endorsers' Perceived Expertise, Trustworthiness, and Attractiveness. Journal of Advertising, Vol.19, No.3, 39-52.

Zheng, B., Hall, M.A., Kidd, K.E., & Levine, D. (2002). Development of a Scale to Measure Patients' Trust in Health Insurers. Health Services Research Vol 37 No.1, 187-202.

Regional Development
The differences in the level of development in the world regions emanates from the regional disparities in the individual country economies. This result in regional inequality within that country; therefore, regional inequality with respect to a country is the eminent disparity between the living standards that apply in that country. It is a hard task to quantify the level of development, prosperity or poverty in a country or region. However, some indicators show the level of development. Across the world, every nation has a challenge in achieving regional development equality, the difference coming in through the degrees of underdevelopment. The most affected nations by the inequality balance rank are the developing third world nations, Nigeria being among them. Nigeria has a rich endowment of natural resources, minerals and able population. However, the country faces a challenge in establishing itself as an economic superpower in Africa and the world at…...