A discriminating monopoly is an entity charging different prices for its services or products in different markets or consumers. The prices are usually not associated with the cost of the product or service provision. A company operating as a discriminating monopoly using its position in market control has the leverage of doing this by provided there are variations in the price elasticity of demand markets or consumers and barriers, thereby preventing consumers or customers from attaining arbitrage profitability by selling the products or services amongst themselves. Therefore, by ensuring that every consumer need is catered for, the monopoly, in turn, achieves maximum profitability (Brickley, Smith & Zimmerman, 2015).Usually, when there are two or more market segments, and each experiences a difference in the price of the product or service charged by the monopolist, the monopolist must equate the marginal revenue with the marginal cost of each market segment. Marginal cost…...

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Reference

Brickley, J., Smith, C., & Zimmerman, J. (2015). Managerial economics and organizational architecture. McGraw-Hill Education.

Case 12.1: Price discrimination in Practice1. Why do drug firms give discounts voluntarily?Drug companies mainly offer discounts in the form of rebates. In a rebate arrangement, the purchaser buys the drugs at the list price, but the seller later refunds the purchaser the rebate amount (Stomberg, 2021). In most cases, the rebate amount is tied to the volume of drugs purchased, purchase loyalty, prompt payment, and increased breadth of purchases (Stomberg, 2021). Therefore, drug companies issue them as a means to encourage purchasers to buy higher volumes and to incentivize them to remain loyal (Stomberg, 2021). Thus, ultimately, drug companies voluntarily offer discounts to make more money and increase their market share from their high-end products.Secondly, drug firms voluntarily offer discounts as a means to earn preferential treatment on the pharmaceutical formulary (Stomberg, 2021). A formulary is a list of preferred drugs developed using evidence-based medicine and the judgment of…...

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References

Alhabeeb, M. J., & Moffit, L. (2012). Managerial Economics: A Mathematical Approach. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.

Cook, A. (2000). Why Different Purchasers Pay Different Prices for Prescription Drugs. Memorandum for the Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from  https://aspe.hhs.gov/why-different-purchasers-pay-different-prices-prescription-drugs 

Lee, R. H. (2019). Economics for Healthcare Managers (4 th ed.). Riverside, CA: American

Price Discrimination and elated Concepts
In this paper, we will discuss some basic concepts regarding price discrimination and its related topics. We will first choose a product and outline its market structure, then by using a technique as described in the article written by Michael E. Porter we will discuss how the price of our chosen product should be decided so that profits are maximized. Finally, we will discuss how the pricing technique would affect the profit, supply and demand of each segment of our market. For the reader to have a more general and easy idea regarding these mentioned concepts, we have chosen Pepsi as our main product.

Market structure

Pepsi is a global brand which originated in the United States more than a century ago. It is a carbonated water drink and it also owns many different subsidiaries alongside its main product such as mineral water and other cold drinks. When…...

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References

Furtwengler, D. (2010). Pricing for profit. New York: American Management Association.

Reitlinger, G. (1961). The Economics of Taste. London: Barrie and Rockliff.

Tye, W. (1990). The Theory of Contestable Markets. New York: Greenwood Press.

and, as mentioned before, discrimination allows for a more flexible reallocation of capital, benefiting the customer by increasing research and development of other goods and services.
In the article "Taken to the Cleaners?" The author presents a real world case where dry cleaners are seemingly arbitrarily using price discrimination to mark up the price of dry cleaning for women's blouses vs. men's shirts. This is definitely a third-degree price discrimination, where different consumer's pay different prices. There are two separate markets, one composed entirely of men (or women who wear men's clothes), and the other composed entirely of women. Each is forced to pay different amounts for essentially the same service, thus this is price discrimination of the third degree. (Taken to the Cleaners?, 1998)

There are many real life examples of price discrimination. Take, for instance, the ubiquitous feature of most bars and nightclubs, "Ladies' Night," which offers discounts for…...

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Works Cited

Price Discrimination. (2008). Retrieved June 25, 2010 from Economics Help:   price-discrimination.html.http://www.economicshelp.org/?microessays/?pd/ ?

Price Discrimination. (2008). Retrieved June 25, 2010 from Spiritus-Temporis: examples-of-price-discrimination.html.http://www.spiritus-temporis.com/?price-discrimination/?

Taken to the Cleaners? (1998). Retrieved June 25, 2010 from Slate:  http://www.slate.com/?id/?2050/ .

rice discrimination is typically a means to increase profits, thus meaning that such concepts involve sellers having sufficient market power in order to be able to charge difference prices on account of diverse circumstances. Employing price discrimination practically influences buyers to want to buy more and thus benefits both buyers and the company using this technique.

Many people are likely to consider price discrimination to be unfair because of how it categorizes individuals. However, when considering the bigger picture, this marketing strategy enables a company to gain more profits for the products it is selling and provides numerous people with the opportunity to buy things that they otherwise could not afford. A person who has a fixed budget would take advantage of price discrimination by directing his or her finances to accomplishing a series of objectives. He or she would not have access to many concepts if it were not for…...

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Price discrimination is generally likely to have a beneficial effect on the social order. However, this largely depends on how it is used and on the reasons why some companies employ this strategy. It can also have negative effects on society in particular cases when companies are simply interested in destroying their competition by employing these techniques.

Huffman, Mark, "Coupon Clipping Back in Style"

"Chapter 9. Price Discrimination," Retrieved May 30, 2013, from the University of Georgia website: http://jdorfman.myweb.uga.edu/doc/Chapter%209.pdf

PICE DISCIMINATION AGAINST "EALY ADOPTES"
When technology product manufacturers release a new product that has been heavily pre-promoted, they know that it will be in the highest demand immediately after its initial release, or even before, as thousands of eager consumers camp outside of retail outlets hoping to be among the first to acquire the latest innovation in digital cameras, cell phones, or other digital equipment. This high demand allows manufacturers to set prices artificially high based on the cache of being the first to own a high-profile product. In most instances, the same products drop substantially in price very shortly thereafter.

A particularly good example was the 2007 debut of the Apple iPhone at a retail price of $599 (Dalrymple, 2007). Barely two months later, Apple reduced its price to $399, prompting bitter complaints from many consumers who paid the higher price after waiting outside Apple stores, in many cases, overnight,…...

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Reference

Dalrymple, J. "Lessons Learned From the iPhone Price Cuts: What consumers and companies should have learned from the recent Apple iPhone price cuts and subsequent backlash." Macworld (Sep 11, 2007). Retrieved January 27, 2011 from: http://www.pcworld.com/article/137046/lessons_learned_from_the_iphone_price_cuts.html

During recessions, when people fear losing their jobs, workers are less apt to spend money on things like clothes and entertainment, and horde their money. If they have lost their job, they try to spend as little money as possible. Americans are also buying more big-ticket items like cars, home appliances, and homes, indicating that they are confident enough to take advantage of the currently low interest rates and feel more certain they can pay back the loans in the future. More businesses are hiring, indicating that consumer demand has increased and there is a greater need for staff to meet the business' needs. The stock market is improving, which also indicates that people are investing their money in a more high-risk fashion than before, and feel more confident about the direction of the economy.
Q3. Do you believe companies should be allowed to place cookies on your electronic devices…...

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References

Shpritz, Dave, Tyrone Proctor, Christopher L. Smith, & Cathy Iacobazzi. (2011). Issues in information technology: Cookies. Retrieved March 30, 2011 at  http://www.bsos.umd.edu/gvpt/its/EcommSp01/procon.htm

Second Degree Price Discrimination
Many companies may practice second-degree price discrimination without realizing it by offering volume discounts or charging more for higher quality products or services. To determine what second-degree price discrimination is in real-world settings and to identify appropriate examples of the practice, this paper reviews the relevant literature concerning second-degree price discrimination, followed by an analysis of its important aspects from an economic theoretical perspective. An examination concerning how producers discriminate between different types of consumers is followed by a discussion concerning welfare implications in the example and the potential role for governments to regulate this practice. A summary of the research and important findings are presented in the conclusion.

eview and Discussion

Whenever companies offer their products or services at a discounted price for volume purchases or set higher or lower prices depending on the quality of those goods or services, they are practicing second-price discrimination. For instance, according…...

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References

Burkett, J.P. 2006 Microeconomics: Optimization, Experiments, and Behavior. New York:

Carroll, K. & Coates, D. 1999 'Teaching Price Discrimination: Some Clarification.' Southern

Economic Journal, vol. 66, no. 2, p. 466.

Wilson, R.B. 1993 Nonlinear Pricing. New York: Oxford University Press.

Economics
A price discrimination strategy is one where different customers are charged different amounts. The price charged for my shop's submarine sandwiches will therefore be different for locals than for visitors. There are a number of ways to achieve this. In the context of a sandwich shop, the prices are going to be listed publicly on the menu, so it is impossible to openly discriminate with respect to prices. One technique that can be utilized to lower the average cost for each sub-for locals is to offer a loyalty card. The local would then receive either a discount or a free sub-after making enough purchases. This would deliver a lower price to locals in the long run. Alternately, a loyalty club can allow the locals to receive discounts if they are members of the club. A certain amount of annual sales would be required for club membership, or even a small…...

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Works Cited:

Investopedia. (2010). Perfect competition. Investopedia. Retrieved October 16, 2010 from  http://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/perfectcompetition.asp 

ACC. (2010). U.S. antitrust agencies issue revised merger guidelines. Association of Corporate Counsel. Retrieved October 16, 2010 from  http://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=cf23ba87-0ed6-4db5-9739-d7cf74bcdf8f

Price Targeting Industry
Customers usually complain that they purchased the same product or service at higher price than their friends did. This is actually the price targeting technique that sellers use in order to receive maximum profits or revenue. However, if the customers are aware of the actual price and sellers' technique then they can make a better deal.

Price Targeting

Price targeting is one of favourite techniques of vendors to earn more profits since they can sell the same product or service at different prices to different customers. y this method, vendors identify point of transaction where consumer decides to purchase the product or service and is ready to pay amount close to the maximum price. Thus, the vendors may capture the consumer surplus.

Retailers make discrimination in prices because consumers also hide the maximum price that they are willing to pay off for the particular product or service. Therefore, retailers also do…...

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Bibliography

Avert. (n.d.). AIDS, Drug Prices and Generic Drugs. Retrieved from avert.org:   dnanews. (2012, July 21). AIDS Deaths Worldwide Drop as Access to Drugs Improves. Retrieved August 30, 2012, from dnanews.com:  http://dnanews.com.pk/?p=238 http://www.avert.org/generic.htm 

history-society. (2009). Fundamentals of Business. Retrieved from history-society.com: http://www.history-society.com/an-example-of-price-index.html

Hornbeck, R. (2005). Price Discrimination and Smuggling of AIDS Drugs. Topics in Economic Analysis & Policy.

Martinez, L. (2010, November 16). What is Price Targeting and How Does it Affect You? Retrieved August 30, 2012, from fivecentnickel.com:  http://www.fivecentnickel.com/2010/11/16/what-is-price-targeting-and-how-does-it-affect-you/

Stiglitz
Analysis of the Price of Inequality

In the year 2013, issues of socioeconomic inequality are perhaps as pressing and problematic as they have ever been. This is the assertion at the crux of Joseph E. Stiglitz text, The Price of Inequality: How Today's Divided Society Endangers Our Future (ISBN-13: 9780393345063). Released in 2012 by .. Norton & Company publishers, the 560-page text is a timely and compelling contribution to the current public discourse on our need for greater economic equality in the United States.

Understanding the orientation of the text at the center of this analysis requires a more complete understanding of its author, the economist, Columbia professor and winner of 2001's Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. According to his self-composed biography at the Memorial Foundation site, Stiglitz (2001) was born in Gary Indian in 1943. By his own report, his interests as a young student would lead him to become…...

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Works Cited:

Chinni, D. (2012). 'The Price of Inequality' and 'The Betrayal of the American Dream.' Jefferson Institute.

Columbia University. (2013). Curriculum Vitae-Stiglitz. Gsb.columbia.edu.

Edsall, T.B. (2012). Separate and Unequal. The New York Times.

Stiglitz, J.E. (2001). Biographical. The Nobel Foundation.

Employment Discrimination at Wal-Mart
Foundation of the Study

This study examines the legislative and judicial climate that enables corporations like Wal-Mart to engage in practices that violate workers' rights. The popular consensus is that Wal-Mart, the largest retail store in the United States, displays an inordinate disregard for the human dignity and morale of its employees and, despite continual litigation, continues to blatantly violate the legal rights of its employees. Wal-Mart faces charges of violating The Federal Fair Labor Standards Act (2011) by asking management to adjust time sheets so that overtime will not need to be paid, and so that all employees will work under the hourly limit required by the union in order to obtain membership. Employees were insured, without their knowledge, against their death by Wal-Mart. The company was named beneficiary; following death of an employee, the entire benefit amount was retained by the corporation. Not a single cent…...

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References

Business Day, Companies. (2011) The New York Times. Retrieved  http://www.nytimes.com/ 

2011/03/30/business/30aldi.html?ref=walmartstoresinc

Byrne, T.P. (2009). False profits: Reviving the corporation's public purpose. Discourse, 57 UCLA L. Rev. Disc. 25, UCLA School of Law, UC Berkeley, (Associate, Chadbourne & Parke, LLP). Retrieved  http://uclalawreview.org/?p=1056 

Clifford, S. (2011, March 29). Where Wal-Mart failed, Aldi succeeds. The New York Times. Retrieved

Goodyear which effectively denied employees the right to sue for wage discrimination after the passing of 180 days that "Justice Ruth ader Ginsberg was so incensed she read her scathing dissent aloud from the bench. She defended Lilly Ledbetter's right to sue her employer, Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., Inc. For pay discrimination on the basis of sex, giving a not-so-gentle reminder of the realities of the American workplace." (Steiger, 2007) Specifically written by Justice Ginsburg is that as follows:
worker knows immediately if she is denied a promotion or transfer, if she is fired or refused employment. And promotions, transfers, hirings, and firings are generally public events, known to co-workers. When an employer makes a decision of such open and definitive character, an employee can immediately seek out an explanation and evaluate it for pretext. Compensation disparities, in contrast, are often hidden from sight." (Steiger, 2007)

Steiger reports that the…...

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Bibliography

Abrams, Jim (2009) House Approves Bill to Fight Wage Discrimination. Yahoo News. 9 Jan 2009. Online available at  http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090109/ap_on_go_co/pay_equity 

Barko, N. (2000. June 19). The Other Gender Gap. (Online) Available  http://www.prospect.org/archives/V11-15/barko-n.html .

Bland, T.S. (1999, July). Equal Pay Enforcement Heats Up. HR Magazine, p. 138-145.

Bland, T.S., Nail, T.N., Knox, D.P. (2000, May). OFCCP, White House push comparable worth. HR News, p. 22-24.

This suggests that where racial characteristics are invoked during the process of administering criminal justice, it has been done in order to intentionally subject the minority race to some form of unequal treatment based on his or her race.
It is this orientation that produces the sociological condition called disparity, particularly legislated policy acts unwittingly on underlying biases. So is this noted by illiams (2009), who points to the disparities created inadvertently but owing to core racial prejudices. illiams reports that "a common example of a disparity in the criminal justice system is found in sentencing guidelines. In the 1990s the Sentencing Guidelines and Policy Statements of the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984 that applies to all federal offenses committed after November 1, 1987 created many disparities (Mustard, 2001)" (illiams, p. 2) illiams points out that the sentencing guidelines, for instance, called for harsher penalties for those guilty of crack/cocaine…...

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Works Cited:

Banks, C. (2004). Criminal Justice Ethics: Theory And Practice. Sage Publications.

Williams, C. (2009). Disparity Vs. Discrimination in the Criminal Justice System. Associated Content.

Yet women with similar or comparable education and experience or achievement still earn less than men in work organizations. A missing link or the absent ingredient, between performance and a just payoff, was identified as women's own ability to comfortably and consistently draw the attention they deserve to the contributions they made or gave. Findings of a study conducted on 322 male and female executives showed that women were less comfortable in promoting themselves than men. Many of them still believed that self-promotion by women was still unacceptable and that hard work alone would not put them in the same level as men. Women were also found to be "over-preparers" who wanted their work to be technically correct but who did not bring this sense of accuracy and care to the attention or notice of influential individuals in the organization. Goodson found that even women who understood the importance…...

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Bibliography

1. Auster, Ellen R. professional Women's Mid-career Satisfaction. Sex Roles: a Journal of Research, June 2001

2. Hultin, Mia. Wages and Unequal Access to Organizational Power: an Empirical Test of Gender Discrimination. Administrative Science Quarterly: Connell University Johnson Graduate School

3. Lemons. Mary A. Contextual and Cognitive Determinants of Procedural Justice: Perceptions in Promotion Barriers for Women. Sex Roles: a Journal of Research: Plenum Publishing Corporation

4. Moya, Miguel. Close Relationships, Gender and Career Salience. Sex Roles: a Journal of Reserch: Plenum Publishing Corporation, May 2000

1. The impact of supply and demand on interest rates in HSBC Bank
2. The role of elasticity in determining pricing strategies in HSBC Bank
3. The concept of opportunity cost in investment decisions at HSBC Bank
4. The influence of market structure on competition and pricing in HSBC Bank
5. The effects of government regulation on the banking industry and HSBC Bank specifically
6. The relationship between marginal utility and consumer behavior in the banking sector, with a focus on HSBC Bank
7. The concept of economies of scale and how it applies to HSBC Bank's operations and growth strategies
8. The principles of cost-benefit analysis....