Almost all of the advice or moral guidance given here, such as "In serving his superior the man of honor makes every effort to be faithful when he is in office," is geared towards making things runs smoothly in a practical fashion (Classic of Filial Piety, p. 68). Virtue is still important for virtue's sake, but is directly tied to practicality and pragmatism.
Even stronger evidence of the joining of philosophy and practicality is found in the virtues expected of (or desirable in) women, according to a later tract. An honorable widow, who learns that her son desires to travel but is scared that she is too old to make the journey, tells hi, "whether you go depends on what you consider right, whether I follow depends on the rules of propriety" (Women's Virtues and Vices, p. 73). While virtue here seems to take precedence, with both son and mother…...

education is that it should be rooted in reason, and in this sense it is based in the philosophical principle of modernism identified by Knight, namely that human reason has the ability to see and understand the world around it, identify its nature and laws and extrapolate its meaning (2008, p. 87). At the same time, however, I also approach education in the sense that there remains a mystery to the world that our human reason cannot always understand. In other words, I see a transcendent reality that exists above us -- and this is rooted in the classical philosophical traditions of the Greeks (Socrates, Plato, Aristotle). I do not view approach as very postmodern in the sense of Hume, Kant, and Nietzsche, who finally stated that there is no truth but what the human mind constructs (Knight, 2008, p. 89). I believe this is to place too much…...

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References

Knight, G. (2008). Issues and alternatives in educational philosophy (4th

ed.). Berrien Springs, MI: Andrews University Press. Retrieved from  http://universitypress.andrews.edu 

Koonce.G. (Ed) (2016), Taking sides: Clashing views on educational issues expanded (18

Ed.). McGraw Hill Publishers.

The business plan is therefore dependent upon these abilities and constraints. The abilities and constraints that the environment provides are furthermore tempered by the inherent abilities of the business person him- or herself. The third dimension of pragmatism is the constraints and abilities provided by the surrounding society. Hence, entrepreneurship is dependent upon the external physical and social environment, as well as internal factors such as inherent abilities and resources.
When applying this to entrepreneurship policy, the three factors need to be integrated to provide the best possible opportunities for entrepreneurs. According to the OECD (2011), one of the first important focal points should be the local community, where an entrepreneurship development strategy should be implemented. To ensure that all pragmatic factors are integrated, key partners should mutually agree on a clear strategy for entrepreneurship aims. These should focus specifically upon the needs and capabilities of the community of focus.

To…...

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References

Kraaijenbrink, J. (2008, May 22-23). The Nature of the Entrepreneurial Process: Causation, Effectuation, and Pragmatism. Dutch Institute for Knowledge Intensive Entrepreneurship (NIKOS). Retrieved from:  http://doc.utwente.nl/73744/1/Kraaijenbrink.pdf 

OECD (2011). Entrepreneurship Policy Delivery. Retreived from:  http://www.oecd.org/document/21/0,3746,en_21571361_38013663_38040823_1_1_1_1,00.html

pragmatism and analytic philosophy uniquely American movements? What elements of American culture (way of life) connect to why those two movements evolved in the U.S. What ideas make them different from the way Europeans of the same period were thinking?
Pragmatism could be called a kind of anti-philosophy. It stresses 'what works' rather than attempts to provide an overarching theory about the nature of the universe. William James, the founder of American pragmatism called ideas 'road maps,' rather than tools that were valuable in and of themselves. Abstract philosophy could not improve human existence. Pragmatists believed that philosophical ideas were valuable based upon the demonstrated benefit that they have to individuals and society, not as metaphysical abstractions.

The concept of pragmatism was well-suited to the American idea that class was an irrational idea, and that hard work should demonstrate one's merit. Proof was in the 'pudding' or the execution, not in…...

In Medieval times Christianity took over as the dominant form of ethics and through feudalism, divine law organized social and political hierarchy. As religiosity was replaced by humanism, and the Catholic church by alternative viewpoints (Protestantism) political and social structures were torn apart, forcing change and a decline in the structure of feudalism and the opening of a new, more individualistic, some say greedy, system of capitalism. Philosophies of the Age of Englitenment further distanced themselves from using religion as the sole basis for structure with such philosophers as John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, Rene Descartes and others holding that human existence was more individual -- and therefore more dependent upon individual morals and judgements. Romanticism took these ideas and, through fusion, merged them with ideas on nature, emotion, and the grand capacity for actualization, but again, through the individual (Tumin and Plotch, 1977; (luhm and Heineman). The modern age…...

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Bibliography

Bluhm and Heineman. (2007). Prudent Pragmatism and Consensus: Case Ethics in Monist and in Pluralist Society. In B. a. Heineman, Ethics and Public Policy: Method and Cases (pp. 39-48). New York: Prentice Hall.

Hamilton, Jay and Madison. (1998, July 1). The Federalist Papers. Retrieved September 2010, from Project Gutenberg:  http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1404 

Hildebrand, D. (2003). The neopragmatist Turn. Southwest Philosophy Review, 19(1), 46-54.

Rescher, N. (2003). By the Standards of Their Day. The Monist, 86(3), 469-80.

The participation of the citizens to the political life of the country is limited to the election of their representatives. Here some might wonder according to which criteria these representatives take their decisions.
The actions were believed to be dictated either by the final results or by the ethic code which they might respect. Regardless of the approach, the fact stands that if the citizens wish to have a better control upon the manner in which resources are used and society is managed, they must get involved at a deeper level. The latest tendencies demonstrate that more and more people are drawn by the possibility they have to impact the political decisions. This happens through the organization of the civil society (in the lack of organization there could be no actual decision making).

It has also been argued that in order to be able to speak about real democracy, the extent…...

Neo-liberal policy theories are best understood when delineating Williamson's (1990) "Washington's Consensus" that first introduced and pioneered the concept.

Williamson sought to transfer control of the economy from the public to the private sector believing that this would improve the economic health of the nation and make for a more efficient government. His 10 points included the recommendations that: tax reform would encourage innovation and efficiency; that by governments running large deficits they were, potentially, ruining themselves; that public spending should be redirected to more humane systems such as pro-growth and pro-poor services; that there should b trade liberalization policies as well as encouraging opportunities for investment in foreign projects; privatization of state enterprises; fianncialiaziton of capital; deregulation of restrictions that hamper competition; and privation of state enterprises.

Whilst on first blush, neoliberalism seems to cohere precisely with pragmatism in that it encourages private competition and seeks to transfer power from one…...

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References

Felkins, L. (1997) Introduction to Public Choice Theory,

 http://perspicuity.net/sd/pub-choice.html 

James, W. 1907. Pragmatism: A New Name for some Old Ways of Thinking, Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1975.

-- -- 1909. The Meaning of Truth, Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1975.

High school and college students use digital media extensively.

Their typical digital media habits and practices are dangerous.

They often publish personal information that can be used for exploitation.

In many cases, information they publish can harm them in the future.

eference

Willenz, P. (2003). "Internet use involves both pros and cons for children and adolescents: Some youth benefit from Internet use while for others it can exacerbate self-destructive behaviors." American Psychological Association.

etrieved July 10, 2010 from:

http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-04/apa-iui042606.php

Hypothesis # 4

The availability of digital social media has increased the incidence of extramarital affairs by providing a convenient medium for initiating anonymous social overtures.

Digital media have been used extensively to conduct illicit sexual affairs.

The privacy of the medium permits secrecy from spouses and significant others.

The anonymity of digital communications facilitates deception in social overtures.

eference

Hertlein, K.M. And Piercy, F.P. "Internet Infidelity: A Critical eview of the Literature." The Family Journal Vol. 14 (2006): 366-371....

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Reference

Hertlein, K.M. And Piercy, F.P. "Internet Infidelity: A Critical Review of the Literature." The Family Journal Vol. 14 (2006): 366-371.

Dreaming argument & Pragmatism
Dreaming

The Blumenfelds' argument in regards to dreaming is essentially that since we have dreams that resemble real life experiences, we cannot be certain that at this moment we are not dreaming, given that the character of our experience does not always alert us to the fact that we are in a dream state. Austen's objection to this is that simply being able to say that dreams have a 'real life' quality presumes that one knows what real life is, as distinguishable from dreams. Austen demands that there must be a particular reason to distrust one's senses and think that one is dreaming (Slides 15-16). "It is possible to recognize cases of deception only if there is a background of general non-deception" (Slide 17).

For a Pyrrhonian Skeptic, one must remain in a continual state of doubt. However, the Blumenfelds' argument suggests doubts in the ability for any appearance…...

TESOL Philosophies
How I might implement the traditional philosophies in my teaching would be in this manner: idealism would be used to teach students that they should strive for something higher, some goal that is an ideal, a virtue, a good -- something like perfection, for example. It may not be possible, but by striving for it, we tend to achieve more than would otherwise be possible. Realism would be used in conjunction with ensuring that students nonetheless remain grounded in reality; for example, a student may want to be able to write a novel by the end of the year. This kind of thinking can be promoted along with idealism, but realism would be employed so as to not cause the student to be disappointed when the end of the year comes and the student cannot write a novel -- in this sense, I would say, "Yes, write a novel…...

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Works Cited

Knight, G. Issues and alternatives in educational philosophy (4th ed.). Berrien Springs,

MI: Andrews University Press. Retrieved from  http://universitypress.andrews.edu 

Koonce, G. (2016) (Ed.), Taking sides: Clashing views on educational issues expanded

(18 Ed.). McGraw Hill Publishers.

Peculiar Ethics of Public Leadership: Pragmatism as a Framework for Action in Public Service
The objective of this study is to examine pragmatism as a framework for action in public services. Towards this end, this work will conduct an extensive review of literature in this area of study.

According to the work of Keith F. Snider entitled "ethinking Public Administration's oots in Pragmatism: The Case of Charles A. Beard" reports that pragmatism because very prominent "around the turn of the 20th century…through the ideas of well-known writers such as William James and John Dewey." (2008) Comaeger (1950) stated that pragmatism is "almost the official philosophy of America." (Stever, 2008) The work of Shields (nd) explains that classical pragmatism "is attractive because it has both depth and complexity." Shields states that these characteristics "have made it difficult to summarize and easy to misinterpret." (nd) Classical pragmatism has been held by scholars in psychiatry…...

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References

Dewey, J. (1927). The public and its problems. New York: Henry Holt.

Dewey, J. (1929). The quest for certainty. New York: Minton, Balch.

Dewey, J. (1998). The essential Dewey (vol. 1, L.A. Hickman & T.M. Alexander, Eds.). Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Garrison, J. (2000) Pragmatism, and Public Administration. Administration & Society; Sep 2000; 32,4:ABI/INFORM Global.

John Rawls' theory…. In his book A Theory of Justice John Rawls offers readers a "Kantian Interpretation" of his "original position," according to an essay in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (SAP). First, a review of Rawls' "original position" will set up the explanation of his Kantian link. Rawls posits (in his "original position") that in understanding his philosophy readers should imagine themselves as "…free and equal" and as willing to agree to "commit themselves to the principles of social and political justice" (SAP, p. 1). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy asserts that the "main distinguishing feature" of Rawls' "original position" is "the veil of ignorance" (SEP, p. 1). hat that means is that in order to be certain there is a total "impartiality of judgment, the parties are deprived of all knowledge of their personal characteristics and social and historical circumstances" (SEP. p. 1).
In the original position (the "veil…...

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Works Cited

Brooks, Thom, and Freyenhagen, Fabian. (2005). The Legacy of John Rawls. New York:

Continuum International Publishing Group.

Piccard, Richard. (2003). A Theory of Justice, by John Rawls. Ohio University. Retrieved February 20, 2012, from  http://www.ohio.edu/people/piccard/entropy/rawls.html .

Rorty, Richard. (2007). Pragmatism. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved February

Educational Philosophies
Pragmatism

Pragmatism emerged from the writings of John Dewey who believed that experimentation was the best approach for educating young minds. For example, pragmatists feel that field trips, educational excursions etc. are more effective in teaching students about the world instead of audio-visual aids. Pragmatism includes such as thoughts as futurism, and educational humanism and econstructionism. Pragmatic education philosophy doesn't assign a traditional role to the teachers who are only seen as guides and not exactly more knowledgeable beings. George . Knight in his book on education philosophies explained that pragmatism focuses on real life experiences as the main source of knowledge and education. They gives the example of field trips as he says that for a child to learn about dairy products, its better to take him to a barn and let him experience the whole thing himself instead of showing him a movie on the subject. (p. 75)

Idealism

Idealism…...

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References

John Dewey, Democracy and Education (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1916)

Knight, George. Philosophy & Education, An introduction in Christian Perspective, Berrien Springs, Michigan: Andrews University Press. 1989

Existentialism from Dostoevsky to Sartre, Edited by Walter Kaufmann, The World Publishing Company, 1956

On the contrary, for Kant, to live a moral life is to live a life that is lived almost completely because of obligation (Moran, Rein & Goodin 2008, p 354). Someone can still do something that is their duty, but that doesn't mean that what they do isn't immoral. A simple example would be if a person owed money: in Kantian morality, if a person paid back the money simply because they owed it and they felt it was their moral obligation to do so, this would be moral; however, if a person paid back money only because they thought that it would help them out if they ever needed to borrow money again, this would be immoral.

Kantian morality -- or the ethical system that we call "deontological" (luhm & Heineman 2007, p. 26) -- has to do with whether or not "its rules do not allow us to specify…...

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Bibliography

Bardach, Eugene. (2008). A practical guide for policy analysis: the eightfold path to more effective problem solving. CQ Press; 3rd edition.

Bluhm, William. & Heinemann, Robert A. (2007). Ethics and public policy: method and cases. Longman.

Fischer, Frank. & Miller, Gerald J. (2006). Handbook of public policy analysis: theory, politics and methods. CRC Press; 1st edition.

Moran, Michael., Rein, Martin. & Goodin, Robert E. (2008). The Oxford handbook of public policy. Oxford University Press.

192). his begs for an empirical objective analysis of performance.
Constructivism

In a constructivist approach, which was essentially that used by O'Meara (2004), the more open-ended and subject-driven the research is, the better (Creswell 2009, pp. 8). his approach leads to very clear results given the scope of questioning and sampling used by O'Meara (2004); focusing on the perceived benefits of post-tenure review on faculty performance amongst a group of individuals (faculty and administration) who in this case were well-aligned in their perspective would necessarily lead to conclusive results according to this worldview. A similar analysis of public and student views on the topic, however, would likely lead to very different results, and this worldview inherently lacks appropriate structures for synthesizing such disparate conclusions in an objective manner.

Advocacy/Participation

his worldview has specific bearings on certain aspects of the study's finding's. O'Meara (2004) specific concerns concerning the effects of post-tenure review on the…...

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The pragmatic worldview has both the clearest and the least applicable bearing on the issue at hand. On the one hand, t is easily argued that all that really matters in the issue are the practical outcomes -- post-tenure review is meant to improve faculty performance, and pragmatism would therefore hold that it is a good practice if it succeeds in this, and useless if it doesn't (O'Meara 2004, pp. 179-82; Creswell 2009, pp. 10). This is abundantly clear, but there is little to no agreement amongst various groups as to the actual practical effects of post-tenure review. This study showed that faculty consistently believe they are doing exemplary work, and thus that post-tenure review will have no effect (O'Meara 2004). Student groups and certain administrators (not in this study) have established a need for greater accountability in tenured faculty, and advocate the use of post-tenure reviews for this purpose. An empirical study of the practice's actual effects would be necessary before a true pragmatic conclusion could be drawn regarding post-tenure review.

Conclusion

This makes it clear that no single worldview is adequate in addressing this issue. There is a need for advocacy and the inclusiveness of the constructivist approach, but given the disparity in views ultimately an empirical (i.e. postpositivist) and pragmatic determination will need to be made. An understanding of each of these four worldviews and their perspectives on the post-tenure review is necessary to a full understanding of the issue.

There are four different philosophical approaches in education: idealism, realism, pragmatism, and existentialism.  While each of these four philosophical approaches can be seen in parts of modern-day education, realism is probably the most pervasive current philosophical influence.

Realism developed from the teachings of Aristotle and can be thought of as concerning objective facts.  While different people may perceive things in various ways, the objective truth of an event does not change.  This emphasis on rational thought means that realism underpins much of what we think of as truth. 

Realism is reflected in educational approaches that teach critical thinking skills....

I. Introduction
A. Hook: Begin with a captivating statement or question that highlights the significance of philosophical thoughts, historical foundations, and social science theories in education.
B. Thesis Statement: State the main argument or claim of the essay, asserting the importance of these components in shaping educational practices.

II. Philosophical Thoughts in Education
A. The Role of Philosophy in Education: Discuss the influence of philosophical perspectives on theories of knowledge, learning, and the nature of education.
B. Major Philosophical Views: Explore different philosophies, such as idealism, realism, and pragmatism, and their implications for educational goals and practices.
C. Importance for Educators: Explain how philosophical insights help....

Key Aspects of American Culture

American culture is a vibrant and dynamic tapestry woven from a rich blend of influences that have shaped its unique identity over centuries. Here are some key aspects that distinguish it from other cultures:

1. Individualism:

American culture places a high value on individual freedom, autonomy, and self-reliance. Individuals are encouraged to pursue their own goals, express their opinions, and assert their rights. This emphasis on individualism contributes to a strong sense of personal responsibility and self-determination.

2. Egalitarianism:

Despite the presence of social stratification, American culture espouses the idea of equality for all. The Declaration of Independence famously proclaims....

Aristotle's Pragmatic Approach vs. Plato's Idealistic Vision of Government

Aristotle and Plato, two towering figures of ancient Greek philosophy, offered contrasting views on the nature and purpose of government. Aristotle's pragmatic approach emphasized the practicalities of governance, while Plato's idealistic vision sought to establish a utopian society ruled by philosopher kings.

Aristotle's Pragmatism

Aristotle believed that the best government is one that is tailored to the specific needs and circumstances of its citizens. He emphasized the importance of practical experience, observing that successful leaders have a deep understanding of human nature and the complexities of society. Aristotle's ideal government would be a constitutional....