Postpartum Depression: The ole of Nurses
Nursing oles and Postpartum Depression

Postpartum Depression: The Preventive and Interventional oles of Nurses

Postpartum depression is widely recognized as a significant health threat to the mother and the rest of the family, and thus to society, but the biggest threat is to the lifetime health prospects of the newborn infant. Given the health significance of postpartum depression, recent research about the risk factors for this condition, and recommendations for interventions, were examined. While a direct causal link between depression and child neglect does not appear to exist, or be statistically strong, there is a significant indirect causal link. The essential connection seems to be difficulty bonding and bonding is essential to the process of maternal-infant attachment. There also appears to be an inverse relationship between the strength of the attachment and the risk of postpartum depression, such that both mother and child benefit from a strong…...

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References

Choi, Hyungin, Yamashita, Tatsuhisa, Wada, Yoshihisa, Narumoto, Jin, Nanri, Hiromi, Fujimori, Akihito et al. (2010). Factors associated with postpartum depression and abusive behavior in mothers with infants. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 64, 120-127.

Courey, Tamra J., Martsolf, Donna, Draucker, Claire B., and Strickland, Karen B. (2008). Hildegard Peplau's theory and the healthcare encounters of survivors of sexual violence. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, 14(2), 136-143.

Grassley, Jane S. (2010). Adolescent mothers' breastfeeding social support needs. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, & Neonatal Nursing, 39, 713-722.

Humphries, Joan M. And McDonald, Carol. (2012). Unveiling new dimensions: A hermeneutic exploration of perinatal mood disorder and infant feeding. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 33, 377-386.

Postpartum depression is a serious problem among women. Once thought of as a relatively minor phase within the postpartum cycle, it is now known that it can seriously impair the individual woman's ability to function under the stress of new parenthood and can seriously erode the family, at a point of foundational transition. Over the last twenty years doctors and the general public have demonstrated greater knowledge of the problem of postpartum depression through awareness and of coarse research.
According to the British Columbia eproductive Mental Health Program the prevalence of postpartum depression is relatively high but has risk factors associated with age, social support level and prior history of either previous postpartum depression or other forms of clinical depression.

The most vulnerable time for a woman to develop onset of mood disorders is during the postpartum period. Approximately 12- 16% of women experience depression during the postpartum period. Adolescent mothers will…...

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References

(1995). Depression A Multimedia Sourcebook. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

Dickstein, S., Seifer, R., Hayden, L.C., Schiller, M., Keitner, G., Miller, I., Matzko, M., Sameroff, A.J., Rasmussen, S., & Magee, K.D. (1998). Levels of Family Assessment: II. Impact of Maternal Psychopathology on Family Functioning. Journal of Family Psychology, 12(1), 23-40.

Goldstein, L.H., Diener, M.L., & Mangelsdorf, S.C. (1996). Maternal Characteristics and Social Support Across the Transition to Motherhood: Associations with Maternal Behavior. Journal of Family Psychology, 10(1), 60-71.

Howell, E. & Bayes, M. (Eds.). (1981). Women and Mental Health. New York: Basic Books.

If that is indeed the case, again her societal position afforded her this opportunity although it was in no way an intervention. She voiced some concern through tears in the quiet of the night. However, Scott points out that this submissive positioning exemplified in the story only served to support the diminished position of women during the time. Ecological adaptation equates to diminished female capacity for Scott and any reader who chooses to look past the flowery verbiage regarding the Yellow Wallpaper.
Conclusion

Postpartum depression is regarding by experts in the field as an environmental factor that is influential with the mother, child, and mother child dyad. When postpartum depression reaches a chronic state, less than ideal patterns of mother-infant interactions can develop. esultantly, secure attachment is delayed or hindered entirely, which serves to negatively effect social, emotional, cognitive, and neurological development. Empirical findings and the very nature of child development…...

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References

Besser, A., Priel, B., & Wiznitzer, A. Childbearing depressive symptomology in high risk pregnancies the roles of working models and social support. Personal Relationships 9 (2002): 395-413.

Cox, J., Holden, J., & Sagovsky, R. detection of postnatal depression: development of the 10 item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. British Journal of Psychotherapy, 150, (1987): 782-786.

Goodman, S. Depression in mothers. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 3, (2007): 107-135.

Kinnaman, G., & Jacobs, R. Seeing in the dark. Michigan: Baker Publishing Group, 2006.

, 2009, 239). When women begin to feel depressed, they often do not go find help or understand that this is an event that is more common than one would think. They tend to isolate their depression, which accelerates it even more. Advanced nurse practitioners and other nursing and clinical staff can help better provide for women by being accepting of their depression, rather than questioning it. Nursing staff can help ease some of the stress by not condemning the depressive feelings or symptoms, which typically make it worse. ather, nursing staff can help the women identify with others who have undergone similar depressive states, thus helping them understand they are not alone and reducing the pressure to put on a facade, which only increases mental stress and accelerates the condition overall.
Unfortunately, there are gaps in the literature in regards to the potential risk factors of PPD, leading to the…...

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References

Maeve, M. Katherine. Postpartum depression theory. Chapter 34.

Oppo, a., Mauri, M., Ramacciotti, V., Camilleri, S., Banti, C., Rambellie, M.S., Montagnani, S., Cortopassi, a. Bettini, S., Ricciardulli, S. Montaresi, P., Rucci, Beck, C.T., Cassano, G.B. (2009). Risk factors for postpartum depression: The role of the Postpartum Depression Predictors Inventory-Revised (PDPI-R). Archive of Women's Mental Health, 12(2009), 239-249.

It takes time, reading baby-care books, talks with the pediatrician, support groups with other mothers, and experience to know how to care for a child. And the maternally bonding feelings sometimes take weeks or months to develop.
Perfect aby. The fantasy that your baby will be beautiful in every way, sleep through the night, and never cry is exactly that -- a fantasy. And the thoughts that all your friends new babies are perfect and yours isn't is also a fantasy. In 99 cases out of 100 that won't happen. ut these thoughts can contribute to PPD.

Perfect Mother. eing the perfect mom will never happen -- either for you or your friends whom you perceive as perfect. You think you are not living up to the ideally perfect mother because you have trouble sometimes balancing the baby, other children, housework, a job, a spouse, and a myriad of other tasks.…...

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Bibliography

ACOG. (2009, January). Postpartum depression. Retrieved February 27, 2010, from the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG):   familydoctor.org staff. (2008, February). Postpartum depression and the baby blues. Retrieved February 28, 2010, from familydoctor.org:  http://familydoctor.org/online/famdocen/home/women/pregnancy/ppd/general/379.html http://www.acog.org/publications/patient_education/bp091.cfm 

Lane, B. (2007, January 21). Causes of postpartum depression. Retrieved February 28, 2010, from suite101.com: http://pregnancychildbirth.suite101.com/article.cfm/causes_of_postpartum_depression

Leopold, K., & Zoschnick, L. (n.d.). Postpartum depression. Retrieved March 1, 2010, from obgyn.net:  http://www.obgyn.net/femalepatient/femalepatient.asp?page=leopold 

Mayo Clinic Staff. (2009). Postpartum Depression. Retrieved February 27, 2010, from Mayoclinic.com:  http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/postpartum-depression/DS00546

Postpartum depression or postnatal depression is a term that describes the occurrence of moderate to severe depression in a woman after she has given birth (although sometimes men are given this diagnosis when severe depression occurs after the birth of a child). This depression may occur soon after delivery and may linger up to a year or longer. In the majority of recognized cases the depression occurs within the first three months following the delivery of the child. The DSM-IV does not recognize postpartum depression as a distinct disorder. People who receive a diagnosis of postpartum depression must first meet the standard diagnostic criteria for a major depressive episode and then they must satisfy the additional specifier criteria for the postpartum onset (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2000). This criterion states that the onset of the major depressive episode must occur within four weeks after delivery.
Postpartum depression then should be responsive…...

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References

American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manualof mental disorders (4th Ed.-test revision). Washington D.C.: author.

Cohen, J. (1997). The earth is round (p < .05). The American Psychologist, 49 (12), 997-1003.

Daston, L. (2005). Scientific error and the ethos of belief. Social Research, 72 (1), 1-28.

Hageman, W.J., & Arrindell, W.A. (1999). Establishing clinically significant change: Increment of precision and the distinction between individual and group level of analysis. Behavior Research and Therapy, 37, 1169-1193.

The issue that is most often associated with the diagnosis of PPD is the time frame, however Records notes that there are major discrepancies between the maternity and psychiatric literature making a 2-12-month diagnosis difficult (Records pp). The subjects in Records's study described how their past abuse experiences affected their thoughts and view of their labor, delivery, and postpartum experiences (Records pp). Records revealed that "all of the subjects felt that the combined recall of trauma events and the labor and delivery experience provided the foundation for the PPD...perceived negative labor and delivery experience as the basis for their PPD" (Records pp).
In the May 01, 2002 issue of OB GYN News, Erik L. Goldman cites Dr. Diana Dell's press briefing sponsored by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. According to Dell, women are under tremendous pressure to "make perfect babies and to be perfect mothers and perfect wives...and…...

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Works Cited

Cohen, Lee. "Treating postpartum depression." OB GYN News. February 02, 2002.

Retrieved October 29, 2005 from HighBeam Research Library Web site.

Epperson, C. Neill. "Postpartum Major Depression: Detection and Treatment."

American Family Physician. April 15, 1999. Retrieved October 29, 2005 from HighBeam Research Library Web site.

Postpartum Depression Screening
Postpartum Depression

Evaluation Plan for Postpartum Depression Screening Initiative

Evaluation Plan for Postpartum Depression Screening Initiative

Although a number of screening and treatment programs for postpartum depression have been implemented, many of these programs have not been studied to determine efficacy (reviewed by Yawn et al., 2012b). This lack of evidence has prevented a number of agencies and organizations from issuing recommendations, including the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology and the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.

The Institute of Medicine's (2001) report, titled "Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century," proposed six aims to improve health care in America. These aims were providing safe, effective, patient-centered, timely, efficient, and equitable care. One of the rules outlined to help achieve these aims was to ensure that patients received care based on the best scientific evidence available. In keeping with this goal of providing evidence-based care, an…...

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References

Gilbody, Simon, Richards, David, Brealey, Stephen, and Hewitt, Catherine. (2007). Screening for depression in medical settings with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ): A diagnostic meta-analysis. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 22(11), 1596-1602.

Gilbody, Simon, Sheldon, Trevor, and House, Allan. (2008). Screening and case-finding instruments for depression: A meta-analysis. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 178(8), 997-1003.

Institute of Medicine. (2001). Crossing the quality chasm: A new health system for the 21st century. IOM.edu. Retrieved 20 Sep. 2012 from http://www.iom.edu/~/media/Files/Report%20Files/2001/Crossing-the-Quality-Chasm/Quality%20Chasm%202001%20%20report%20brief.pdf.

Kozhimannil, Katy Backes, Adams, Alyce S., Soumerai, Alisa B. Busch, and Huskamp, Haiden A. (2011). New Jersey's efforts to improve postpartum depression care did not change treatment patterns for women on Medicaid. Health Affairs, 30(2), 293-301.

After controlling for initial depressive symptoms during pregnancy, optimism was associated with fewer depressive symptoms at three weeks postpartum" (Grote & Bledsoe, 2007). They found this in other areas of women's lives, as well, such as reaching menopause and other stressful events that can often lead to the development of depression. Thus, if a family member or loved one suspects a new mother may develop postpartum depression, they could give her support, understanding, and help her to become more optimistic in her outlook to help ward off or deal with the disorder. Support from family members is also an important element of care after the baby is born, and the lack of it can help lead to depression.
In conclusion, postpartum depression is a common disorder, and it can hit just about any new mother. In some cases, the symptoms disappear by themselves, but in severe cases, the woman should…...

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References

Abrams, L.S., & Curran, L. (2007). Not just a middle-class affliction: Crafting a social work research agenda on postpartum depression. Health and Social Work, 32(4), 289+.

Editors. (2008). Depression during and after pregnancy. Retrieved 8 Dec. 2008 from the Women's Health.gov Web site:  

Coping Skills: Postpartum Depression
One of the most useful coping strategies for individuals suffering from depression is to take active steps to reduce the stressors responsible for triggering the depression in the first place (Orzechowska, Zajaczkowska, Talarowska, & Galecki 2013). For patients diagnosed with postpartum depression, this may include reducing the sleep deprivation and constant demands of caring for a newborn. Ensuring that the patient has support from her partner, relatives, and if possible from a hired nurse can reduce some of the factors which may exacerbate her negative mood. Another coping skill is that of reframing. Many women feel guilty that they do not have wholly positive feelings about their newborn and have ambivalent feelings about mothering in general. "Positive reinterpretation and growth (growing as a person as a result of the experience, seeing events in a positive light)" can encourage the woman to see her desire to maintain a…...

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References

Fitelson, E., Kim, S. Baker, A., & Leight, L. (2011). Treatment of postpartum depression:

clinical, psychological and pharmacological options. International Journal of Women's Health, 3: 1 -- 14. Retrieved from:  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3039003/ 

Leandro, P. & Castillo, M. (2010). Coping with stress and its relationship with personality dimensions, anxiety, and depression. Procedia, 5: 1562-1573. Retrieved from:  http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042810017003 

Orzechowska, A. Zajaczkowska, M., Talarowska, M. & Galecki, P. (2013). Depression and ways of coping with stress: A preliminary study. Medical Science Monitor, 19: 1050 -- 1056. Retrieved from:  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3852369/

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Postpartum Depression Introduction
Becoming a new mother can be a very overwhelming experience for some women and the symptoms of postpartum depression that follow birth can confuse and deject them. It is important that women receive the therapeutic help they need in these situations. This paper will discuss the symptoms and causes of postpartum depression, how a counselor can develop strategies to work with clients experiencing postpartum depression, how a counselor can build rapport, barriers to care, and psychological interventions the counselor can use to treat the client.
Symptoms and Causes
Symptoms of postpartum depression for new mothers include a range of signs that can go from mild to extreme. On the mild end of the scale one may experience mood swings, anxiety, sadness, irritability, feelings of being overwhelmed, crying, inability to concentrate, loss of appetite and trouble sleeping (Mayo Clinic, 2020). These symptoms can last anywhere from a few…...

birth of a child is often a time of anxiety for both parents and a source of physical, emotional, and mental strain for the soon to be mother. Within a short amount of time however, family members usually become accustomed to new sleeping schedules, different routines, and even occasional moments of mild depression or mood swings. Their lives quickly return to normal, and their emotions become stable, which allows them to experience the joy of having a newborn child.
For nearly ten percent of new mothers and over thirty percent of all mothers, however, the feelings of mild depression and periods of mood swings do not disappear (Verkerk, 2005). This lingering sense of depression and anguish is known as postpartum depression, and is an extremely misunderstood, misdiagnosed mental illness that plagues thousands of women each year. Untreated, postpartum depression can become a nightmare for the women who experience it, and…...

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References

Ainsworth, P. (2000). Understanding depression. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi.

British Columbia Reproductive Mental Health Program. (2000). Psychosis. Reproductive Mental Health. Retrieved from BCRMHP. Web site: http://www.bcrmh.com/disorders/psychosis.htm.

Canadian Mental Health Association. (2004). Postpartum depression. Reach Out. Retrieved from the Canadian Mental Health Association. Web site:  http://www.cmha.ca/bins/content_page.asp?cid=3-86-87-88 .

Meinrad, P., & Reicherts, M. Depressed people coping with aversive situations. In P. Meinrad (Ed.), Stress, coping, and health: A situation-behavior approach (pp. 103-105). Seattle, WA: Hogrefe and Huber.

Long before the term postpartum depression became part of the vernacular, Charlotte Perkins Gilman deftly and sensitively describes the complex condition in her short story “The Yellow Wallpaper.” The story describes the prevailing attitudes towards women and their narrowly defined roles in society. White, upper middle class women like the narrator of “The Yellow Wallpaper” could not easily express discontent with their position as wife and mother. The narrator’s husband—a physician—believes there is “nothing the matter” with his wife except “temporary nervous depression” and “a slight hysterical tendency,” (Gilman 648). Noting her brother is also a physician, the narrator exclaims, “But what is one to do,” when one is just a woman, and therefore a subordinate whose total financial and social dependency on their male counterparts precludes their self-determination (Gilman 649). To address her “hysteria,” the narrator’s husband and brother confine her to a pleasant enough country home, but restrict…...

nursing because a solution to it directly impacts the level of quality care that staff can provide to patients.
The research is quantitative.

The underlying purpose of the study is to test whether providing information from assessments about patient-caregiver hospice dyads to interdisciplinary teams is effective in improving hospice outcomes. The purpose does correspond to an EBP focus -- namely, therapy/treatment.

Greater awareness leads to a greater ability to provide care.

This study could have been undertaken as a qualitative study by conducting interviews with caregivers and/or patients to assess personal reactions to the issue at hand.

Example 2: Qualitative Research

The research problem is very relevant to the actual practice of nursing because it regards how patients deal with suffering, self-blame, guilt, etc., all of which nurses will encounter when treating them.

The research is qualitative.

The underlying purpose of the study is to provide description of a situation. The purpose does correspond to an EBP…...

Background of postpartum depressionDepression has quickly become a major public health concern for those in the United States. COVID-19 and its resulting health consequences have exacerbated many of the impacts of depression on women within developed worlds. The pandemic for example, caused massive and unexpected job loss of millions of families. Many of those impacted such as travel, tourism, and retail are still reeling from the economic consequences of the virus. These elements can combine to severely impact the psychological wherewithal of individuals in society, particularly women. Child bearing is one of the most powerful and stressful events a woman can experience. If unprepared financially, or healthcare wise, this stress can result in depression. For once Women are nearly twice as likely to experience depression during their childbearing years as compared to men. Postpartum depression is defined by academics as an episode of non-psychotic depression according to standardized diagnostic criteria…...

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References 1. Beck, C. T. (1995). The effects of postpartum depression on maternal-infant interaction: a meta-analysis. Nursing Research, 44, 298-304.2. Cooper, P. J. & Murray, L. (1997). The impact of psychological treatments of postpartum depression on maternal mood and infant development. In L.Murray & P. J. Cooper (Eds.), Postpartum depression and child development (pp. 201-220). New York: Guilford Press.3. Jacobsen, T. (1999). Effects of postpartum disorders on parenting and on offspring. In L.J.Miller (Ed.), Postpartum Mood Disorders (pp. 119-139). Washington, DC.: American Psychiatric Press4. Milgrom, J. (1994). Mother-infant interactions in postpartum depression: an early intervention program. Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, 11, 29-38.

Outline for an Essay on Should Men Get More Paternity Leave?

I. Introduction

Hook: Begin with a compelling statistic or anecdote that highlights the importance of paternity leave.
Thesis statement: State the main argument that men should be entitled to more paternity leave.

II. Section 1: Importance of Paternity Leave for Fathers

Discuss the benefits of paternity leave for fathers:
Improved bonding with the newborn
Reduced stress and anxiety
Increased involvement in childcare
Provide evidence from research and studies to support these claims.

III. Section 2: Benefits of Paternity Leave for Families

Highlight the positive impact paternity leave has on families:
Enhanced child....

Thesis statement: Despite advancements in medical and societal understanding, postpartum depression remains a substantial mental health concern, and addressing it requires not only better screening and treatment options, but also increased awareness and support for affected mothers. Your thesis statement provides a clear focus on the ongoing significance of postpartum depression as a mental health issue. However, consider adding more specific details or examples that support the need for better screening, treatment options, awareness, and support for affected mothers. Including statistics or research findings on the prevalence and impact of postpartum depression could strengthen your thesis statement. Additionally, you may want....

Original Thesis Statement:

Postpartum depression is a serious mental health condition that significantly impacts the physical, emotional, and social well-being of mothers.

Feedback:

The original thesis statement is comprehensive and accurately describes the significance of postpartum depression. However, it is somewhat broad and does not provide a specific focus for the thesis. A more focused thesis statement would help to guide the research and argumentation in the paper.

Revised Thesis Statement:

Postpartum depression is a prevalent mental health condition that manifests in diverse ways and requires tailored treatment approaches to improve maternal outcomes.

Explanation:

The revised thesis statement is more focused in several ways:

1. It identifies a....

I. Introduction
A. Background information on teenage pregnancy
B. Thesis statement

II. Causes of Teenage Pregnancy
A. Lack of sex education
1. Insufficient knowledge about contraception methods
2. Misinformation about pregnancy prevention
B. Peer pressure
1. Influence from friends and social groups
2. Desire for acceptance and popularity
C. Absence of parental guidance
1. Lack of communication within the family
2. Deterioration of family values and morals

III. Consequences of Teenage Pregnancy
A. Health risks for the mother and child
1. Increased likelihood of complications during pregnancy and childbirth
2. Higher rates of preterm birth and low birth weight babies
B. Education....