Political Science
Vincent Hutchings -- acial Coding in American Politics

What are three key points discussed by the scholar?

The three key points that were discussed include: race continues to play an important role in political perceptions; to avoid negative stereo types requires showing a particular demographic in a positive light and most people are more racially tolerant but have negative perceptions at the same time. As a result, political candidates are subtle in the messages they are sending. This will not generate a backlash from the voters. ("Vincent Hutchings," 2013)

How do these key points relate to the chapters assigned so far in the term? Give two concrete example.

These points are illustrating how racial relations have changed since the 1960s. Now anyone who is running for office must reach out to different demographics through subtle messages. This is achieved by showing the way they are embracing these new ideas and rejecting those beliefs…...

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References

Trayvon Martin Protests. (2012). Huffington Post. Retrieved from:  http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/04/10/trayvon-martin-protest-la_n_1415208.html 

Fox, F. (n.d.). Poor People's Movement. NY Polisci. Retrieved from:  http://nypolisci.org/files/PDF%20FILES/ChapterIX_%207_Movements%20and%20the%20Structuring%20of%20Protest.pdf 

Vincent Hutchings. (2013). You Tube. Retrieved from:  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xabaQqAjg4o

The prevailing culture has its greatest effect in terms of the form of government accepted by the people. The American system of government was shaped to be different from the parliamentary system prevalent in England and in other countries of Europe. The most dominant form of government in Europe today is some form of parliamentary government with a prime minister generally chosen from the political party with the largest number of seats. Some countries have a president who participates in the selection, while others have the prime minister as the head of the government. Some European countries still have a monarchy, though this is largely relegated today to the position of head of state rather than head of the government, meaning that the monarch is a symbol of the unity of the nation and serves a ceremonial function without participating directly in the promulgation or passage of laws. In country…...

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Works Cited

Basehart, Harry, and John Comer. "Partisan and Incumbent Effects in State Legislative Redistricting." Legislative Studies Quarterly 16, no. 1 (1991): 65-79.

Berry, William D., Michael B. Berkman, and Stuart Schneiderman. "Legislative Professionalism and Incumbent Reelection: The Development of Institutional Boundaries." American Political Science Review 94, no. 4 (2000): 859-874.

Bowen, John and John Richard. Critical Comparisons in Politics and Culture. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1999.

Chase, Oscar G. "Some Observations on the Cultural Dimension in Civil Procedure Reform." The American Journal of Comparative Law 45, no. 4, Symposium: Civil Procedure Reform in Comparative Context (1997): 861-870.

Political Science
Inequality, Voting and American Democracy. The American political system has always prevented electoral participation by certain social groups, especially those with the fewest resources. The obstacles to participation have changed over time and today formal barriers to participation have largely disappeared. Nevertheless, voting turnout has declined over the twentieth century, and the poor and less educated continue to vote at a lower rate than those who are wealthier and better educated. Discuss:

Past and Present Barriers to Electoral Participation. In reality, virtually every society has some type of framework in place to ensure that some people are "more equal" than others, even if these conventions are not codified in the nation's laws. The United States is no exception, although to the extent that such practices exist in this country is the extent to which the 14th Amendment is abrogated. Nevertheless, history has shown time and again that those in power…...

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Works Cited

Bickel, Alexander M. The Least Dangerous Branch: The Supreme Court at the Bar of Politics. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1962.

Gross, Leonard and Norman Vieira. Supreme Court Appointments: Judge Bork and the Politicization of Senate Confirmations. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1998.

Smolla, Rodney A. A Year in the Life of the Supreme Court. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1995.

Stack, Kevin M. (1996). "The Practice of Dissent in the Supreme Court." Yale Law Journal 105(8):2235-59.

Political Science - Immigration
There are a number of important political and social issues facing the United States in this year of presidential politics, and immigration is among those key issues. Getting a driver's license is one particularly controversial issue relating to illegal immigrants. A Sacramento Bee story (Sanders, 2012) explains that legislation in California sponsored by Democrat Assemblyman Gil Cedillo will allow certain undocumented immigrants in the state to obtain driver's licenses. "It's important to all Californians that we have motorists who are licensed, tested and insured," Cedillo explains.

He went on to say that those immigrants who qualify for a driver's license "…are people who are going to be contributing to our economy by seeking work, or pursuing educational goals" (Sanders, p. 2). In other words, if illegal immigrants -- who wish one day to achieve citizenship but are not yet citizens -- wish to work, or are working, they…...

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Works Cited

Los Angeles Times. (2012). Giving driver's licenses to illegal immigrants: is Jerry Brown right?

Retrieved October 17, 2012, from  http://latimesblogs.latimes.com .

Malcolm, Andrew. (2012). Gov. Jerry Brown OKs legal driver licenses for young illegals;

Denver debate fodder? Investor's Business Daily. Retrieved October 17, 2012, from http://www.investors.com.

Those voices and protests helped force the democratic regime to respond. ut there has been no "profound process of 'democratic deepening' to be detected," Wolff explains. The main obstacles that prevent a stronger impact on the part of the piquetero movement are one, only the piquetero leaders actually participate in government legislative dynamics; and two, the social "category" of the piquetero ("unemployed workers") does not reflect what Wolff calls "a viable social cleavage on which to build distinct political organizations."
Further evidence of the challenges and obstacles faced by the unemployed workers' movement (piquetero) - in attempting to legitimize their demands and force the national government to create more jobs - is explained on pages 175-176 in John Peeler's text uilding Democracy in Latin America. For one thing, in Argentine the political power (for the most part) over the past fifty years or more has been in the hands of…...

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Bibliography

Bonner, Michelle D. 2005, 'Defining rights in democratization: the Argentine government and human rights organizations, 1983-2003', Latin American Politics and Society, vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 55-77.

Gelineau, Francois and Remmer, Karen L. 2006, 'Political decentralization and electoral accountability: the Argentine experience, 1983-2001, British Journal of Political Science, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 133-158.

Llamazares, Ivan 2005, 'Patterns in Contingencies: the interlocking of formal and informal political institutions in contemporary Argentina', Social Forces, vol. 83, no. 4, pp. 1671-1696.

Peeler, John 1998. Building Democracy in Latin America. Boulder CO, Lynne Rienner.

Political Science
The Republican Party triumphed a majority in both houses of the Congress in the fall of 1994. This was the first time since the 1952 landslide of Eisenhower. It was believed by many that the Republicans had achieved the partisan realignment in the end. It also came to be believed that the prophesied Republican majority by Kevin Phillips in the late 1960s had come to reality.

The Republicans under the leadership of Newt Gingrich and Rush Limbaugh brought three disparate groups on one platform, namely:

The Entrepreneurial Republicans

These were the ones that celebrated the free enterprise system and sought reduction, even elimination of taxes and government regulations.

The Evangelical Republicans

The Evangelical Republicans perceived a shocking social decay and hunger around them for the return of a moral community made its basis on Christian certitude.

The Eurocentric Republicans

This segment of the Republicans feared cultural relativism in their institutions through the mixing of racial minorities…...

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Works Cited

Fraser, Steve and Gerstle, Gary. The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order, 1930- 1980.

Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1989.

Hartz, Louis. Liberal Tradition in America. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World. 1955.

Hofstadter, Richard. The American Political Tradition. New York: Knopf. 1948

This should not have been the view that the nation held especially in light of the 1993 attack on the orld Trade Towers, the attacks on the Khobar Towers in Saudi Arabia in 1996 and the 2000 attack on the U.S.S. Cole in Yemen. Each of the attacks had not only killed Americans but should have signaled to the country the woeful lack of ability the nation possessed with respect to identifying potential threats and protecting against them. But the U.S. had not taken the warnings that had been so violently given them by the '93 orld Trade Tower bombings, Khobar and Cole incidents but had failed to understand that the enemy that it was fighting wanted to kill as many civilians as possible and would use any means possible. The United States simply could not see that to this new enemy, it was not enough to simply hurt…...

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Works Cited

Dionne, Jr. E.J., Why Americans Hate Politics. New York: Touchstone, 1992.

Hearing of the Senate Armed Services Committee on U.S. Intelligence." U.S. Department of Defense Speeches 17 Aug.

A www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5007028590

Johnston, Robert K. "The Myth of the American Superhero." Christianity and Literature 53.3 (2004): 419+. Questia. 19 Mar. 2005  http://www.questia.com/ .

Stern, 1999)."
The continued existence and development of these disparities have made a mockery of international institutions as they have failed to assist the developing nations to implementing their national goals and interests. One does not need to elaborate on this subject as the mechanism of the international institutions are common knowledge to all those even remotely associated with this subject. Therefore, a new approach to inter-state and inter-regional cooperation, coordination and collaboration is necessary in order to resolve the existing problems; an approach, which does not make the sphere of public ends at its national borders, but rather, an approach, which distinguishes and crafts an effective regional political and socioeconomic system that not only helps the governments solve their problems, but also has the trickle down effect to the masses. As Isabelle Grunberg, Inge Kaul and Marc a. Stern (1999) assert, "A clear jurisdictional loop, reaching from the national…...

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Bibliography

Boyer, Robert, and Daniel Drache, eds. States against Markets: The Limits of Globalization. London and New York: Routledge, 1996.

Frieden, Jeff and Martin, Lisa. International Political Economy: The state of the sub-discipline. Department of Government, Harvard University, 2000.

Fearon, James D. Bargaining, Enforcement, and International Cooperation. International Organization 52 (2): 269-305, 1998.

Grunberg, Isabelle; Inge Kaul and Marc Stern. Global Public Goods: International Cooperation in the 21st Century. Oxford University Press. New York. 1999.

In the case of Europe this would necessarily take the form of energy sources that are not based on the use of petroleum. In many member states, such plans are already well underway. France obtains much of its electricity from nuclear power, while there are extensive wind farms in places such as the Netherlands. The European Union is determined to use its influence both to set an example to other nations and to induce or compel other nations to take steps of their own. One need only look at the fight over the Kyoto Accords to see the effects of the struggle, and the obstacles faced by the federation.
While the European Union may act in a primarily peaceful fashion when it comes to environmental issues, the same cannot be said of other options available to it and member states. Europe has not yet established its own military force, though…...

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References

  http://www.itwales.com/998951.htm.http://currychutney.blogspot.com/2007/11/global-economic-power-shift.html .

A www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5002446499

Kimball, R. (2003, Winter). Political Correctness or, the Perils of Benevolence. The National Interest 158+.

A www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5022837149

With the lessening rank of ideological moderates, the potential of bipartisan cooperation and compromise lessen. Today the two parties disagree with each other more frequently and more vigorously and forcefully than before. Party-based disagreements, policy stagnation, and paralysis stimulated by party rivalry seem to have become the norm instead of the exception (Ono, 2005).
It appears that no one in Washington can get anything accomplished because of the political game playing that goes on. Everyone is so busy making everything a political issue that they can't seen how their lack of co-operation is truly hurting America. It seems that no one really wants to step up and lead. Everyone just wants to follow what others around them are doing. The farther apart that the two political parties get in their thinking the less that will ever be accomplished. Their main concerns should be the economy and the people of this…...

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References

Checks and Balances. (2012). Retrieved from  http://www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0777009.html 

Constitution of the United States. (n.d.). Retrieved from  http://www.senate.gov/civics/constitution_item/constitution.htm 

Government in America. (2010). Retrieved from  http://wps.ablongman.com/long_edwards_ga_12/33/8516/2180304.cw/index.html 

Ono, K. (2005). Electoral Origins of Partisan Polarization in Congress: Debunking the Myth. Retrieved from http://www.ou.edu/special/albertctr/extensions/fall2005/Ono.pdf

Political Science
Politics can very well be defined as the study of who gets what, when and how? The principal reason for such a definition is that politics conflicts between the demands for certain satisfaction and this conflict contributes to the major characteristic of every society. No society can meet all the people's wants, needs and desires. Resources cannot be distributed in accordance with the relatives bargaining power of its members. Someone or some group must be in a position to guide or explain as to what should be done and how. Thus, many problems whether they are social or economic must be settled politically or by the authoritative decision making process of society. Now the problem which arise here is that, questions of rights and obligations, which will handle a problem politically come in the way when a decision is to be made.

oodrow ilson thought that democracy was a universal…...

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Works Cited

Friedrich A.H. The Road To Serfdom. The University Of Chicago Press. 1976.

Edmund B. Reflections On The Revolution in France. Hackett. 1987.

Alexander D.L. The Modern Democratic State. Royal Institute of International Affairs.

Louis H. The Liberal Tradition in America. 1955.

The winning side got what it wanted, in part - the continued legality of abortion - but it did not achieve a wider victor in the abortion war. Abortion's opponents were still represented by the dissenting justices. They too, used stare decisis in their opinion, but in a quite opposite fashion, laying open another path to those who might still hope to have abortion removed as a legitimate constitutional right.
Indeed, Justices Rehnquist and Scalia attacked the very basis of the plurality's opinion. Rehnquist wrote that, "any theory on the proper scope of stare decisis in constitutional adjudication is bound to be indeterminate," a principle that, followed to its logical conclusion meant that, "virtually any overruling can be attacked or defended on the basis of the [chosen] criteria."

Rehnquist et al. believed that Roe had been wrongly decided in the first place, and should be overruled. Planned Parenthood v. Casey offered…...

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Works Cited

Dunn, Pintip Hompluem. "How Judges Overrule: Speech Act Theory and the Doctrine of Stare Decisis." Yale Law Journal 113.2 (2003): 493+.

Peters, Christopher J. "Foolish Consistency: On Equality, Integrity, and Justice in Stare Decisis." Yale Law Journal 105.8 (1996): 2031-2115.  

Find a real life example of a small state in the global South that bargained with a great power about an issue where your interests diverged. Briefly describe the outcome. Imagine you are the leader of this poor state. hat leverage and strategies could you bring into play to improve the outcome for your state?

On January 1, 2008 "the last tariffs on corn, beans, sugar and milk were lifted under the North American Free Trade Agreement, completing a 14-year transition to an open market between Mexico, the United States and Canada"(McKinley 2008). However, many Mexican farmers of these products agree with the sentiments of one small Mexican farmer: "e cannot compete against this monster, the United States...It's not worth the trouble to plant. e don't have the subsidies. e don't have the machinery," and say that the high prices of fuel and fertilizer make it impossible to make a living…...

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Works Cited

Moore, Samuel & Q. Mizher. "U.S. Says it Accidentally Killed 9 Iraqi

Civilians." 4 Feb 2008. The New York Times. 4 Feb 2008.  http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/04/world/middleeast/04iraq.html?ref=world 

McKinley, James. "Mexican Farmers Protest End of Corn-Import Taxes." The New York Times. 1 Feb 2008. 4 Feb 2008.  http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/01/world/americas/01mexico.html?ref=americas

In addition, the critical approach requires both knowledge and reflection to come to an understanding of the interest group and its needs. Thus, the critical theory can provide a more balanced view of interest groups and what they really want. For example, in the pluralist theory, a major drug company winning Congressional support for its policies may be seen as representing the needs of all drug companies, and thus representing the needs of the people served by that drug company, and assume the competition was not as valuable or representative. However, the critical view would look at what the drug company really wants by altering policies, and if the decisions will enhance service and research, or really only enhance the company and its value to shareholders.
After looking at the two different theories of interest groups, it seems, as interest groups have grown increasingly powerful, that the critical approach is…...

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References

Golden, Marissa Martino. "Interest Groups in the Rule-Making Process: Who Participates? Whose Voices Get Heard?" Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 8.2 (1998): 245+.

Petracca, Mark R., ed. The Politics of Interests: Interest Groups Transformed. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1992.

Rust, Michael. "Disparate Interest Groups Vie for Hearts of the Elderly." Insight on the News 27 Nov. 1995: 11+.

Seidenfeld, Mark. "Empowering Stakeholders; Limits on Collaboration as the Basis for Flexible Regulation." William and Mary Law Review 41.2 (2000): 411.

The blame game began almost immediately, and President Bush, together with many among the American people, looked for scapegoats. Iraq - a Muslim nation weakened by war and economic sanctions - would prove an easy target of American wrath in this new era of suspicion and fear. The belief had arisen that, if the rules governing intelligence had been different, 9/11 might have been prevented. A frequent target of attack was "the wall" that supposedly existed between domestic and foreign surveillance operations. In the opinion of the 9/11 Commission, there had evolved the,
Exaggerated belief that the FBI could not share any intelligence information with criminal investigators, even if no FISA procedures had been used. Thus, relevant information from the National Security Agency and the CIA often failed to make its way to criminal investigators. 13

In other words, information that had been available to domestic investigative agencies, like the FBI,…...

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Works Cited

 

The social sciences refer to any academic discipline that deals with human behavior.  The fields that generally fall under this rubric include economics, anthropology, psychology, sociology, political science, historiography, as well as certain types of culture-specific studies.  Mixed method research refers to a research methodology that mixes traditional quantitative and qualitative research designs and discussing both types of evidence or data while considering the takeaways or conclusions of the research. 

Some topics for mixed method research in social sciences are:

1. Does the inclusion of minority police officers in a police force reduce the incidence of police brutality....

Critical Discourse Analysis: Unraveling Power Dynamics and Ideological Influences in Language

Introduction

Critical discourse analysis (CDA) is a multifaceted approach to linguistic inquiry that investigates the ways in which language is used to construct and perpetuate social and political power dynamics. CDA scholars contend that language is not merely a neutral medium of communication, but an active agent that shapes our perceptions, ideologies, and the ways we interact with the world.

Key Principles

CDA is grounded in the following principles:

Language is inseparable from power: Discourse is embedded in social contexts and reflects the power relations that exist within them.
Meaning is socially constructed:....

Disparities in Voting Power: Contributing to Unequal Political Representation
Disparities in voting power arise when some groups of voters have a disproportionate influence on the electoral process compared to others. These disparities manifest in various forms, including gerrymandering, restrictive voting laws, and malapportionment of electoral districts.
Gerrymandering
Gerrymandering involves manipulating electoral district boundaries to give one party or group an unfair advantage. By creating districts with irregular shapes or clustering voters of a particular demographic group into a few districts, gerrymandering can dilute the influence of certain voters. For instance, in the United States, Republican-controlled legislatures have been accused of gerrymandering to reduce....

In conclusion, the perception of Political Science students at Northwestern Mindanao State College of Science and Technology toward online dating is predominantly negative, as indicated by the overall interpretation of "No" in Table 2. The students value partners with an open mind, preferring those who are receptive to new ideas and diverse viewpoints, which is essential for fostering understanding and harmony in relationships. While students have specific standards when it comes to selecting online partners, they are cautious and skeptical about trusting individuals they meet on dating sites, as highlighted in Table 3. Despite the convenience and popularity of online....