Political Philosophy
Plato and St. Thomas Aquinas both have some strong opinions on the nature of man and knowledge. Plato held that the soul and body were related, but Aquinas rejected that particular position for the human soul (Alican, 2012; Torrell, 2005). He viewed God and the Angels as intelligent but not rational beings, and addressed the fact that the animal (physical) part of the human experience was what led to rationality (Torrell, 2005). In other words, it is not reason that distinguishes humans from animals. ather, it is reason that indicates that humans are animals. Additionally, Thomas discussed the idea that there is a Prime Mover (God), and that the Mover shows that the "moved" (human souls) existed before they were in human bodies and can exist afterward as well (Torrell, 2005). He believed that the soul survived death because it was in the body but not of the body.…...

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References

Alican, Necip Fikri (2012). Rethinking Plato: A Cartesian Quest for the Real Plato. NY: Rodopi.

Torrell, Jean-Pierre (2005). Saint Thomas Aquinas. (Rev. ed.). Washington DC: Catholic University of America Press.

Political Philosophy
The purpose of the present paper is to compare and contrast the following books: On Liberty, written by John Stuart Mill in 1859 and The manifesto of the communist party, written by Marx and Engels in 1848. The first part of the paper will describe and analyze the political ideas included in each of the books. The second part will be an attempt to evaluate some of the positive and negative aspects. The third part will compare some of the most relevant political ideas in the two books.

Just like the title of the books suggests it, the main argument discussed by John Stuart Mill is that of freedom. The concept is discussed in the context in which people are organized in a community called society and create complex relations and relationships.

The philosopher addresses the concept of will at individual level, but also analyzes its implications for the entire society.…...

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Bibliography:

Mill, John Stuart, On liberty, (CreateSpace, 2009)

Marx, Karl, Engels, F., Marx and Engels' manifesto for the communist party, (Progress Publishers, 1975)

Political Philosophy
We have seen that the nature of nature differs for different thinkers. Explain what nature means for a) Greek (Plato) (b) Catholic Christian (Augustin, Aquinas) - A Protestant Christian (Luther, Calvin). (d) A modern scientific philosopher. (Burke, Smith, Locke).

Man, is a creation of God. Man is entitled to happiness, but is bound by the Laws of Nature. Each thinker looks at nature from a different angle.

Greek

The Greek philosophers like Plato perceived Nature in Forms or Ideas. These thinkers considered the Supreme Form to be the Form of Good. They related the Supreme Form of Nature to the Sun which helps illuminate. Their understanding of Nature was based on the Theory of knowledge and the Theory of Being. Plato considered the world to be a living creature with a soul and reasoning capacity. He had an organic view of Nature where the heavenly bodies exhibited perfect symmetry. His analysis of…...

Political Philosophy I pick a political leader (dead alive). Once pick leader, apply a philosopher's ideas a philosophy reveal leaders strengths / weaknesses. You a philosopher's ideas directly influenced a leader ( Machiavelli's influence Mussolini Hitler).
Leadership in the history of political thought has always been identified in the broader lines of certain political paradigms and lines of judgment and characterized by philosophical rules and guidelines. Leaders such as Adolf Hitler, Josef Stalin, Charles de Gaulle, onald eagan, Mikhail Gorbachev, to name just a few of the second part of the 20th century leaders that marked the political history of the world, have all been defined in their actions by particular elements of political and philosophical thought. Whether these examples point out a sense of extremism in terms of actions or moderation in their approaches, they are all representatives of social application of social philosophy and political undertaking.

One of the most…...

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References

Calvocoressi, Peter. World politics since 1945. Budapest: Open Society Institute, 1996.

Hertzler J.O. "The Typical Life Cycle of Dictatorships." Social Forces, Vol. 17, No. 3, (Mar., 1939), pp. 303-309

Levenson, Joseph R. "The Place of Confucius in Communist China." The China Quarterly. No. 12. Oct. - Dec., 1962, pp. 1-18.

Tsou, Tang. The Cultural Revolution and post Mao reforms: a historical perspective. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986.

tripartite theory of political power? Compare and contrast Plato and Aristotle's political philosophy. According to Professor Dennis Dalton what is "The Break?"
Because of the American tendency to bifurcate conceptions of morality and the soul from political structures, it can be at times difficult to grasp the political philosophy of Plato, whereby the nature of the human soul and Plato's ideal political "Republic" are integrally related. For Plato the human soul was merely the state writ small. Both had the same inherent structure or form. "The just man will not be any different from the just city with respect to the form itself of justice, but will be like it" (The Republic, 435b).

Plato's idea republic or city-state thus has three classes. But every person's soul had a dominant feature. One's role in the state depended upon which quality one's soul possessed in greatest amount. For instance, the leading rulers of…...

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Works Cited

Plato. The Republic.

Aristotle, On the Soul,

Hobbes, Thomas. Leviathan.

Machiavelli, N, The Prince.

Federalist Papers are a series of 85 articles about the United States Constitution. These are a series of eighty-five letters written to newspapers in 1787-1788 by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, urging ratification of the Constitution (Wills, 1981). For many years, historians, jurists, and political scientists share a general consensus that The Federalist is the most important work of political philosophy and pragmatic government ever written in the United States (USDS, 2004). It has been compared to Plato's Republic, Aristotle's Politics, and Thomas Hobbes' Leviathan, and has been used by many nations as a base for their constitutions.
One of the main parts of the Federalist Papers is the establishment of a system of checks and balances, which is now the root of democracy (USDS, 2004). This idea of checks and balances is based on a profoundly realistic view of human nature. While the Founding Fathers, which include…...

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Bibliography

Kennington, Richard. (2004). Enlightenment and Natural Rights. Retrieved from the Internet at http://www.crvp.org/book/Series04/IVA-7/chapter_xi.htm.

Masud, K. (March 14, 2004). Let's seek a common ground. The Daily Star.

Patrick, John J. And Clair W. Keller, Lessons on the Federalist Papers: Supplements to High School Courses in American History, Government and Civics, Bloomington, IN: Organization of American Historians in association with ERIC/ChESS, 1987. ED 280-764.

Potter, K. (1999). Federalist's Vision of Popular Sovereignty in the New American Republic.

Just as in the realm of economics, different individuals possess different capabilities, aptitudes, and qualifications for different careers. Civil rights issues and equality in academia and employment have progressed to the point where less deserving and less qualified individuals receive some of the opportunities that were better earned by others who are more qualified.
This reverse racism and reverse sexism is not conducive to a society that emphasizes initiative and effort and which rewards self-responsibility and objective merit above all else. Whereas pervious generations of women and racial and ethnic minorities were deprived of the opportunity to compete fairly with males and non-minority individuals, nowadays, no such impediments exist; therefore, opportunities in both academia and the professional workplace must revert to recognizing and rewarding merit and achievement and not gender and ethic or racial makeup instead.

The Environment:

As in the case of other aspects of the appropriate role of government in…...

evolution of individual rights with various theories, using one source.
Why this concept wasn't there in ancient Greece:

The central concept behind Greek civilization was to have a political center that does not interfere with the individual rights. The notion of individual rights was not apparent in Ancient Greek was because there was no absolute dominant power, who would rule over the populace. Everyone was free and everyone had freedom to practice what they believed. People shared common heritage based on membership status in society but the customs remained within the realms of the individual through polis. There was no hierarchical depotism where the people have to serve to their superiors. Freedom hence, meant that the Greek citizens enjoyed self-governance.

why Machiavelli constitutes a turning point:

Machiavelli, with production of his book The Prince, made a turning point in the history of individual rights. He negates the supreme power of the medieval secular…...

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3) How and when it reaches its 'final' form as we consider it today:

Taking Machiavelli's conceptual framework, John Locke and Adam Smith, present the argument that, a successful society can exist, giving individual their rights, if there is certain laws that govern the limits of the individual rights. Locke's limited role of government distinguishes the powers, the relationship of the individual and the rights of the community to individual lives. In separating, them, Locke present a community where civil liberties are given but with certain degree of limitation.

Cohen, Mitchell and Nicole Fermon, eds. Princeton Readings in Political Thought-Essential Texts since Plato, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996.

Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle's attempts to come to an understanding of human nature ultimately lead him to an understanding of justice. He attempts to understand how humans can reach true happiness, and delves deeply into the definitions of true happiness (eudaimonia) and virtue, and outlines how virtue and happiness are intertwined. Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics deals with metaphysics, and focuses on ides like soul, happiness, virtue, and friendship. In Nicomachean Ethics, he concludes that happiness ultimately derives from activities of the soul that are in accordance with virtue. Says Aristotle "happiness is an activity of soul in accordance with perfect virtue" (Book I).
Aristotle argues that the life that leads to the most happiness is a life of philosophical contemplation. However, he acknowledges that in order to achieve this life some members of a city-state must live a life of politics, adhering to the principles of justice, the highest of the virtues.…...

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Works Cited

Aristotle. Nicomachean ethics: edited with a commentary by G. Ramsauer. New York: Garland, 1987.

inegalitarian systems in society. The writer explores how they operate and argues that they damage not only the ruled but the ruler. The writer uses several angles to argue this point and illustrate the ways the ruler is negatively impacted by having such a society under him or her. There were eight sources used to complete this paper.
Throughout history societies have struggled to discover the most palatable way to exist. Some societies work on the premise that equality is the answer while others believe class systems pave the way for success. The inegalitarian systems that have been and are currently in place have received a lot of scrutiny in recent years. The inegalitarian system of society promotes the idea that class systems work. Whether it is the cache system of India or the class system seen in other nations those who live them and those who rule them often…...

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References

Lindblom, Charles. The Market System: What It Is, How It Works, and What to Make of It

Yale Univ Pr; (September 1, 2002)

Israeli society divided (Accessed, 4-10-2003)

 http://mondediplo.com/focus/mideast/israel-5-1-en

POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY Introduction to Political Philosophy: Reflection EssayPolitical philosophy is important for interpreting how divisions of political power work for the public good, how rights and duties are fulfilled, and how freedom comes in the course of either subjugating or subduing the citizens. The policies formulated following the Constitution are either for the personal interests of those in power or for the public interest, which is still under debate by several political philosophers. The nature, scope, and legitimacy of the public institutions remain under scrutiny within this discipline of study so that their interdependence and relationship can be unraveled with complete clarification.Reflection on Socrates Belief about Exercising AuthorityWhen Platos character Socrates told us that rulers do not rule for their own sake but only to promote the interests of the subjects. It meant that it was for the benefit of the people. It does not suggest that rulers do not…...

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References

Annas, J. (1981). An introduction to Plato’s Republic. Oxford University Press.

Baker, C.E. (1993). Of course, more than words. The University of Chicago Law Review, 61, 1181-1211. https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4847&context=uclrev

Canada, Department of Justice. (2015, July 1). The French Revolution and the organization of justice.  https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/csj-sjc/ilp-pji/rev5/index.html

Marx further included that finally the biased behavior of the working class will end this dictatorship period, and a class less society will establish. He believed that for the formation of this society people need to launch an organized movement against the dictatorship and only a successful revolution would lead to the formation of society of "Communism" (Skoble, 2007).

When we talk about the political philosophy, we can observe that both John Locke and Karl Marx are in favor of the idea that when there is a need of change then an organized revolution is compulsory. People cannot get their rights until they demand for it because it's natural thing that you need to raise your voice in order to get your right otherwise other will keep it as their own possession.

The point of differ come when we talk about the scenario in which both of them forwarded their theories. Karl…...

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References

Riemer, N., & Simon, D. (1997). The New World of Politics: An Introduction to Political Science. San Diego: Collegiate Press.

Skoble. (2007). Political Philosophy: Essential Selections. London: Pearson Education India.

Tully, J. (1993). An Approach to Political Philosophy: Locke in Contexts. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.

Jean Jacques Rousseau and Karl Marx are famous political philosophers, whose ideas in many ways had influenced the development of social formation in modern times, and what is most interesting is that ideas of both were realized in certain ways on practice. Jean Jacques Rousseau prophesied modern democratic institutions that laid into the fundamental of many modern nations; his ideas of "social contract" are the main principles of modern democracy, parliamentary political systems and relations between nation and state. On the other hand the ideas of Karl Marx, who explained an "unavoidable crash" of society with capitalist relations, into a new formation governed by the "dictatorship of proletariat" or a state with no private property, failed to be effective instrument of political and social regulation and did not meet the expectations, probably because the societies where those ideas were tested were not ready at all for radical changes. As both…...

Political Philosophy of HealthcarePolitical philosophy is a discipline that focuses on generating visions of what constitutes a good social life. By defining what ought to be the governing set of values and institutions, political philosophy addresses issues on how best to arrange collective life. As a result, political philosophy has permeated nearly every field including the health sector. Studies have been carried out to examine different aspects of political philosophy in terms of health issues. One such recent study was carried out by Martsolf & Thomas (2019) who examined how political philosophy can be integrated into health policy education. The study was conducted on the backdrop of the deep and widespread divisions in the health sector on public policy solutions to some of the most stubborn issues in healthcare. These researchers contend that health policy challenges are not exempted from such deep divisions as shown in debates on the Affordable…...

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ReferenceMartsolf, G.R. & Thomas, T.H. (2019). Integrating political philosophy into health policy education. Policy, Politics & Nursing Practice, 20(1), 18-27.

Plato and Machiavelli can be considered theorists of the ideal state, and each gives a high position to the military and military arts in achieving and maintaining order in society. However, they do have different views of the ultimate place and purpose of the military. hat each has to say about the military reflects on the nature of the rest of their philosophies as expressed by Plato in The Republic and by Machiavelli in The Prince.
In Plato's Republic, the philosopher uses Socrates to investigate the nature of the city-state and what the ideal city-state should be. The philosophical inquiry in this dialogue addresses two primary conceptions, conceptions which are linked under the heading of idealism, with one detailing Plato's epistemology and the other his political philosophy. The first is a metaphysical consideration of the nature of life and the world and how we can know what we know, while…...

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Works Cited

Plato. The Republic (tr.: Desmond Lee). New York: Penguin, 1987.

Machiavelli, Nicolo. The Prince (tr.: W.K. Marriott). New York: E.P. Dutton, 1948.

1. Explain the concept of the Forms in Plato's philosophy and discuss its significance in his understanding of reality.

2. Compare and contrast Plato's views on education with contemporary educational practices.

3. Analyze Plato's theory of justice as articulated in his Republic and consider its implications for contemporary society.

4. Discuss the role of women in Plato's ideal society as outlined in The Republic and evaluate his views on gender equality.

5. Explore the concept of "philosopher-kings" in Plato's political philosophy and assess their suitability as rulers.

6. Examine Plato's belief in the immortality of the soul and consider its implications for his ethical and....

Plato's Theory of Forms

Plato's theory of forms is one of the most influential and widely-studied philosophical theories in Western history. It is a complex and multifaceted theory, but at its core, it is the idea that there is a realm of perfect, eternal, and unchanging Forms that exist independently of the physical world. These Forms are the true essence of things, and the physical world is merely a shadow or copy of the Forms.

Essay Topics:

Plato's theory of Forms: An overview and analysis.
The relationship between the Forms and the physical world.
The role of the Forms in Plato's epistemology....

Title: Contrasting the Philosophical Perspectives of Plato and Aristotle: A Comparative Analysis

Plato and Aristotle, two towering figures of ancient Greek philosophy, have left an indelible mark on Western thought and continue to shape intellectual discourse to this day. Their profound insights into the nature of reality, knowledge, ethics, and politics have influenced generations of scholars and continue to inspire contemporary philosophical inquiry. This essay delves into the philosophical perspectives of Plato and Aristotle, highlighting their similarities and differences in their approaches to understanding the world.

Similarities in Philosophical Outlook

Plato and Aristotle shared certain fundamental assumptions about the nature of reality. Both....

1. The Essence of Thomas Aquinas's Natural Law Theory: An Exploration of Its Foundations and Implications

Discuss the metaphysical and ethical principles that underpin Aquinas's natural law theory.
Analyze the concept of the eternal law and its relationship to the natural law.
Examine the role of human reason in discerning the precepts of natural law and their binding force.

2. The Harmony of Faith and Reason in Aquinas's Summa Theologica: A Critical Examination

Trace the development of Aquinas's understanding of the relationship between faith and reason.
Explore the arguments Aquinas presents for the compatibility of faith and reason.
Evaluate the strengths....