However, affirmative action does reveal a rift in American political culture. Equality has always been an endemic American value, touted in the Constitution and branded as a key feature of American life. Yet diversity has recently become a keyword in American political culture. Preserving both equality and diversity has become the most current political challenge in the United States and this challenge is encapsulated in the debate over affirmative action.
Affirmative action suggests that equality has not always been a reality for Americans even if the word is embedded in the Constitution. Historical fact supports the point-of-view that non-white Americans have not experienced equality in the ways that privileged people do. Even though discrimination not as tolerated in American society as it was in the 1950s, some residual effects of racism remain in American culture. Enough residual effects of racism exist to prompt some voters to believe that affirmative action…...

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Works Cited

Lecture 4.

Trouble with Diversity."

The roots of social control theory can be traced back to Emile Durkheim, who in the late 1800s proposed that "The more weakened the groups to which [the individual] belongs, the less he depends on them, the more he consequently depends only on himself and recognizes no other rules of conduct than what are founded on his private interests" (209). Hirschi expanded upon this theory to include the influence of social bonding on antisocial behavior. As described by Tittle (1995), Hirschi's social control theory "contends that everybody is motivated toward deviance, but only those who are relatively free of the bonds of commitment to, and belief in, the conventional order, attachment to others, and involvement with conventional institutions of society actually manifest their deviant motivation in unacceptable behavior" (7).

There is little question that ethnic minorities are the ones most likely fall into this category. This is not because they are…...

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Works Cited

Apple, Michael, W. And Assen, Peter. The State and the Politics of Knowledge, Routledge, 2003. Print.

Durkheim, Emile. Suicide, transl. By J.A. Spaulding and G. Simpson, New York: Free Press . 1951.

Halsey, Mark. Assembling Recidivism: The Promise And Contingencies Of Post- Release Life, Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 2007. 97, pp. 101-53. Print.

Hirschi, Travis. Causes of delinquency. Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press. 1969

The technological and otherwise evolutions of the 1970s decade are linked to the Cold War "fought" between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist epublics. But by 1980, the vision of an American nation united by the same powerful middle-class values had lost its meaning. The people were each focus on their own benefit and the national wealth took a secondary position in the priorities of the American populations. Due to the politics of liberalization and intensified foreign relations, the U.S. became the house of millions of immigrants, many of whom could not be adequately integrated within the society. It was during the '80s that immigration became a real issue.

Additionally, it as during the 1980s that the social disrupters manifested with most of the intensity. "As the Cold War waned, the belief in a United States united by shared middle-class values also lost its force. By…...

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References:

Norton, M.B., Sheriff, C., Blight, D.W.,

Robertson, D.B., 1998, Loss of confidence: politics and policy in the 1970s, Penn State Press, ISBN 0271018453

Peck, D.L., Hollingsworth, J.S., 1996, Demographic and structural change: the effects of the 1980s on American society, Greenwood Publishing, ISBN 0313287449

Sagert, 2007, The 1970s, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 0313339198

First, American ideas about freedom have evolved over time, and this might be the natural model for freedom. To believe that an emerging democracy would immediately look like modern day America ignores the fact that freedom continues to evolve in America. Moreover, freedom is guaranteed by certain institutions, such as an independent judiciary, that generally develop over time.
In Presidential address: American freedom in a global age, Eric Foner gives his inaugural speech as the President of the American Historical Association. In doing so, he gives a brief overview of American history over the last century. There is no clear thesis or argument in his statement. He does discuss the spread of American power over the globe over the last century. Moreover, he discusses the fact that there is not agreement over what fueled America's global dominance, economic might or the spread of American culture throughout the globe. He discussed…...

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References

Chong, D., McClosky, H., & Zaller, J. (1983). Patterns of support for democratic and capitalist values in the United States. British Journal of Political Science, 13(4), 401-440.

Foner, E. (2002). Presidential address: American freedom in a global age.

Foner, E. (2003, April 13). Not all freedom is made in America. New York Times.

Smith, R. (1993). Beyond Tocqueville, Myrdal, and Hartz: The multiple traditions in America.

American Frontier and American Political Culture: hat if anything has the frontier contributed to creating a distinctive American political culture?
The notion of a vast and limitless space known as the 'frontier' is a particularly unique aspect of our national political culture, a luxury of space and ideology enjoyed by America alone. Unlike the nations of Europe, only America has had a notion of an expansive, ever-stretching and vast territory with virtually elastic boundaries connected to its civilized, original core of thirteen colonies. The historian Frederick Turner once wrote: "Up to our own day American history has been in a large degree the history of the colonization of the Great est. The existence of an area of free land, its continuous recession, and the advance of American settlement westward, explain American development."(Turner, Chapter 1) America may have began as colonies, but its enrichment and spirit of capitalism is founded on…...

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Work Cited

Turner, Frederick. The Frontier in American History. Last Modified 1997. [7 May 2005]  http://xroads.virginia.edu/~HYPER/TURNER/

American Political Culture and Values
n Hellfire Nation (2003) James Morone described U.S. history as cyclical, with alternating generational cycles of reform and conservatism that can be traced back to the colonial period. n the 20th Century, the reform periods were the Progressive Era, the New Deal and the Great Society of the 1960s, while the 1920s, 1950s and 1980s were eras of conservatism. Religion, culture and sexual morality also follow this cyclical pattern, with the Victorian Era of the late-19th Century and repressive laws of Anthony Comstock, the McCarthyism of the 1950s, and the Moral Majority of the 1980s all following a similar pattern. Since the days of the Puritans in the 17th Century, the great political and moral contests have always centered on the choice between "redeeming 'us' and reforming 'them'," and America has always had a dualistic, Jekyll and Hyde nature (Morone 3). n conservative cycles, politics and…...

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In the 1960s and early-1970s, Victorian morality and old-time religion were particularly threatened by Supreme Court decisions legalizing birth control and abortion, the civil rights, gay rights, feminist and countercultural movements, the Social Gospel of Martin Luther King, and the anti-Vietnam War protests. All over the world, "young people imagined a new, more democratic, more socially responsible order," although predictably all of these generated a huge Right-wing backlash that lasted for decades (Morone 435). A cyclical theory like Morone's is indeed one of the best theoretical frameworks at explaining the pendulum-like swings between reform and conservative periods in U.S. history, and why change in this country so often appears to be a matter of two steps forward and one step back. It would seem counter-intuitive to progressives and liberals, at least until they reflect on history and realize that they often end up fighting the same battles against conservatives and reactionaries in every generation. Indeed, the same pattern is repeating itself right at this moment, with Barack Obama having passed certain reforms, and the political and cultural Right attempting to block these and turn back the clock on many issues. This has been a familiar pattern in American history for two hundred years or longer.

Michael Rogin's Ronald Reagan, the Movie (1987) actually covered much broader ground than simply that particular president and his faulty memories and political fantasies based on his career in Hollywood. His chapter on westward expansion and Indian removal in the early republic and antebellum period (1790-1860) contains a great deal of information that is well-known to historians. Nothing is easier than finding quotes from George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Andrew Jackson and many other white leaders that described the Indians as savage, primitive, backward, living in a child-like state of nature, or standing in way of American progress and civilization. For the U.S. government, and indeed most of the white population, the main policy choice was either to exterminate them or confine them on reservations that turned out to be little better than prisons and ghettoes. Even liberal reformer like Horace Greeley proclaimed "these people must die out -- there is no help for them," and indeed most of them did end up dead, one way or the other (Rogin 144).

None of this is particularly new or surprising to anyone who has even a slight familiarity with American history although for some reason Rogin also felt the need to add a Freudian gloss and theoretical framework to this well-known history. It is not clear whether that nation and all its leaders were fearful of regressing into some kind of oral stage of primitive, magical thinking, violence, savagery and cannibalism, although whites commonly projected all these traits on Indians. Even so, all of this imperialist history can be explained just as well without any reference to concepts like the Indians were regarded as "a pre-oedipal, aggressive threat to the mother-child relationship" (Rogin 151).

Comparative Analysis, State The two states that I will be analyzing are Rhode Island and Florida, on the one hand, as compared to my home state of South Carolina. Variables used in the comparative study comprise of political cultures, state judicial systems, structure of state legislatures and partisan balance, geographic areas, local governments, gubernatorial powers, and states’ levels of party competition.
Comparative Analysis: Policy
Laying emphasis explicitly on the policy issue of teacher shortages, the comparison analysis of each state gives rise to imperative information regarding how the following variables impact the policy outcome.
Political cultures
States will propose dissimilar strategies for coping with teacher shortages, reliant on the political culture. For instance, the state of Florida is providing remunerations for teachers who are prepared and ready to accomplish distinctive areas experiencing shortages (Quinton, 2017). Nonetheless, it might be one of the states diminishing the qualifications requited to educate to address the shortage. On the…...

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References

Burnette II, D. (2016). Teacher Shortages Put Pressure on Governors, Legislators. Education Week. Retrieved from:

Darling-Hammond. (2017). The Answer To Teacher Shortages: Creating A Sustainable Profession. The Huffington Post. Retrieved from: https://www.huffingtonpost.com/linda-darlinghammond/the-answer-to-teacher-sho_b_12319698.html

Quinton, S. (2017). Teacher shortages linger in many states. The Pew Charitable Trusts. http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/blogs/stateline/2017/12/28/teacher-shortages-linger-in-many-states

Reporter’s Committee for Freedom of the Press. (2018). Structure of the court system. Retrieved from: https://www.rcfp.org/florida-open-courts-compendium/structure-court-system

Robbins, J. C. (2016). Florida teacher shortage labeled ‘critcal’. Retrieved from: http://www.miamitodaynews.com/2016/04/12/florida-teacher-shortage-labeled-critical/

https://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2016/02/10/teacher-shortages-put-pressure-on-governors-legislators.html

Thus, weak institutions, frequent military takeovers, and corruption in government ranks, both civilian and military has resulted in present state of affairs of Pakistan. Syria: Syria's history has been one that was dominated by family rule, foreign interventions, and inability to successfully run the affairs of the country by the ruling elite. The Assad family has held the power in Syrian since last four decades and this has caused significant deterioration in institutional and other forms of governance (Zisser 2003, 15-19).With independence from the French forces in 1946, Syria remained internally polarized and externally vulnerable to the tensions of Middle East. Her confrontation with Israel and support for Hezbollah has considerable historical background. Thus, the issues today being faced by Syria are a continuation of its acts of historical omissions and commission by ruling elites.
Influence of leadership: Influence of leadership on both Syria and Pakistan has been largely negative…...

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Bibliography

Berger, Mark T. 2004. "After the Third World? History, destiny and the fate of Third Worldism." Third World Quarterly 25: 9-39. Accessed July 11, 2013. doi: 10.1080/0143659042000185318

Judah, Ben. Assessing stability in Syria. International Relations and Security Network ISN. Aug, 2008. Retrieved from: [ http://www.isn.ethz.ch/DigitalLibrary/Articles/Detail/?lng=en&id=88666 ]

Nasrallah, Jana. 2011. "The impact of external intervention on power sharing agreements. (c2011)." Masters Diss., Lebanese American University. Accessed July 11. [https://ecommons.lau.edu.lb:8443/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10725/337/Jana_Nasrallah_Thesis.pdf?sequence=1]

Rosenlund, Stephen. 2013. "A Bright Light on Syria's Horizons." Center for International Private Enterprise. CIPE Development Blog, March 4. [ http://www.cipe.org/blog/2013/03/04/a-bright-light-on-syrias-horizons/#.Ud5fcztHK_p ]

Political History Of Egypt
Examining the History of an Ancient Land:

The country of Egypt has been ever developing. The reason why it is so important and interesting to study this country now is in light of the recent political events that the country has undergone. Needless to say, Egypt has always been a fodder for change. Without wasting too much time, thus, this paper will undertake one of the changing aspects of the country, namely, its political arena. The paper will begin by examining the development of politics in Egypt, and will continue this political history through to the present, including the recent and important events that have taken place in Egypt as part of the Arab Spring.

Egypt History

In order to truly understand a country and how it functions and develops, it is necessary to examine its history. For this reason, this section is of vital importance and will be expanded…...

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"Search Results | The Economist." The Economist - World News, Politics, Economics, Business & Finance. Web. 15 Nov. 2011. .

"BBC News - Egypt Profile - Leaders." BBC - Homepage. Web. 15 Nov. 2011. .

Goodman, Amy. "Arab Spring: A Discussion on Libya, Egypt and the Mideast with Palestinian Writer Rula Jebreal, Author of "Miral" & Journalist Issandr El Amrani." A Daily TV/radio News Program, Hosted by Amy Goodman and Juan Gonzalez, Airing on over 900 Stations, Pioneering the Largest Community Media Collaboration in the United States. Web. 15 Nov. 2011. .

There is a definite chance that both parties could resolve the prolonged conflict successfully if they find and act on ways to be in command of their shared lack of trust. On the other hand, if the conflict is seen in terms of a neoliberal point-of-view, Israel's military efficiency and powerfulness is a great threat for Israelis. To cut a long story short, the main goal on which all the main five parties agree is the achievement of peace between Israelis and Palestinians but it is only possible if they give up their most preferred results; Israel giving up its favorite result of unrestricted occupation of Palestinian land and Palestine holding back its preferred outcome of unconditional withdrawal. The conflict could be resolved if both parties could also find some common solutions for complex and convoluted detachable issues including "the degree of sovereignty of a Palestinian state, the distribution…...

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References

Adler, E, ed. Israel in the World: Legitimacy and Exceptionalism. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon.: Routledge, 2013.

Aronoff, M.J. Cross-Currents in Israeli Culture and Politics. New Jersey: Transaction, Inc., 1984.

Asa-El, a. "Israel's Electoral Complex." Azure - Ideas for the Jewish Nation.   (accessed June 9, 2013).http://www.azure.org.il/article.php?id=419 

Bard, M.G. & Schwartz, M. One Thousand and One Facts Everyone Should Know About Israel. Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2005.

The United Kingdom and Ireland have both enjoyed geographic separation from the continent of Europe, enabling both to develop unique political cultures and institutions. Ireland has been even more removed from the fray, having never been part of the Roman Empire, and systematically resistant to the same invasions that affected England throughout much of their respective histories. However, the proximity between Ireland and England—and later the United Kingdom—has caused the two countries to be “intertwined politically, economically, and culturally for over 800 years,” (The Republic and Politics of the Republic of Ireland 5). British hegemony has generally meant that Irish identity has been largely oppositional in nature. Divergent trends have emerged in the political cultures and institutions of the United Kingdom and Ireland, especially with regards to the relatively power of the Church. Ireland’s political structures, institutions, and cultures have been inevitably influenced by the British system, but the Catholic…...

Problem/Puzzle Krastev (2011) is perplexed by the stability and longevity of authoritarian regimes in the “age of democratication,” (p. 7).
Main Argument
The “new authoritarianism,” or the “user-friendly” version of authoritarianism is compelling and attractive (Krastev, 2011, p. 7). Russia is actually a good springboard for discussing the new authoritarianism because it represents some of its key features, within a historically relevant framework. Russia’s authoritarian regime is also paradoxical in that it has appropriated some of the most salient democratic institutions.
Theories & Concepts
Krastev (2011) relies heavily on Seymour Martin Lipset’s theories of democracy, political culture, and economic development.
Empirical Evidence
The author provides evidence from other political theorists including Jason Brownlee, Steven Levitsky, and Lucan Way (p. 11), and also cites Jeane Kirkpatrick’s 1979 classic “Dictatorships and Double Standards,” (p. 12).
Structure
Ideology, or a relative lack thereof, is one of the features of the new authoritarianism. Also, the new authoritarianism thrives off blending democracy and authoritarian…...

President George W. Bush began two new wars during his time of office, and frequently used hyperbolic military rhetoric when giving speeches to the world. By awarding America's first African-American president a peace prize, the Nobel selection rewarded America's election of a more diplomatic president rather than Obama's actual accomplishments. This stamp of foreign 'approval' of American voting behavior caused a great deal of anger amongst Republicans.
Q3. Using conflict theory, discuss why we entered the war in Iraq.

Conflict theory is often associated with Marxism: it views all of human history as a series of conflicts between haves and have-nots, or different social classes. This is also seen on a global scale, whereby the 'haves' of the international community use their power and authority over the have-nots of the world. A conflict theorist would state that America entered Iraq to show its domination over the developing world, and the Arabic…...

1. Why is the state considered a central institution in comparative politics? What does state power look like, and where does it come from? Towards what ends do states use their power? Give detailed examples from three country-cases.  The state is the central institution in comparative politics because it represents the group of institutions and agencies that exercise authority over the people subordinate to it. The state mediates disputes and serves to unite the individual will and the collective will under one umbrella. The state is recognized as the legitimate authority by the people and thus they comply with the state’s rules without needing to be coerced. To understand comparative politics, one has to understand the central role of the state.
State power can take numerous forms. In America it takes the forms of the courts, the Congress, and the police—for starters. The government has three branches of government—the executive, the legislative,…...

Public opinion it can only exist in the context of a democratic society?
In a democratic society, it is presumed that information flows freely and that all citizens have equal access to information. On the contrary, it is also presumed that in undemocratic societies, the press is restricted. Citizens do not have access to information and therefore, the ability of people to form opinions is limited. Freedom of press is generally restricted in undemocratic societies and at least legally supported in democratic ones. However, democracy is not a prerequisite for public opinion. Public opinion can most certainly exist outside of the context of a democratic society. Moreover, public opinion in the context of a democratic society is often restricted due to issues like media conglomeration and poor educational systems.

A democratic society's political culture depends directly on public opinion, whereas an undemocratic society is structured so that public opinion has little bearing…...

King Arthur has been a steady feature in pop culture since the original stories of him were told hundreds of years ago.  In fact, he retains a mythical status because of the quasi-historical nature of the stories told about him, leading to many people wondering if King Arthur is actually a real person.  The consensus appears to be that he was not an actual person, but that there were real people whose stories contributed to the stories of King Arthur.  It is no surprise, then, that he continues to be a compelling character in books,....

Title: Navigating the Crossroads of Authority: Exploring the Legitimacy and Limits of Power in Political Theory

Introduction:
At the crux of political theory lies the intricate interplay between authority and power, a dynamic relationship that has sparked debates and shaped paradigms for centuries. This essay delves into the multifaceted concept of legitimacy, interrogating the foundations of authority and the boundaries of power. Through a comprehensive analysis of historical and contemporary perspectives, we will explore the challenges and complexities of legitimizing power, the tensions between various sources of authority, and the implications for political practice and social justice.

1. The Sources and Foundations of....

1. The role of governance in promoting social justice and equality
2. The impact of partisan politics on government efficiency and effectiveness
3. The concept of power and its implications for political theory
4. The role of political ideology in shaping policy decisions
5. The relationship between democracy and human rights in political theory
6. The influence of globalism on the future of political theory
7. The changing role of the state in a globalized world
8. The intersection of politics and ethics in political theory
9. The challenges of implementing political theory in practice
10. The role of political institutions in promoting stability and democracy
11. The concept of....

Captivating Essay Topics Related to Public Opinion and Socialization

I. The Role of Social Media in Shaping Public Opinion
The echo chamber effect: How social media algorithms reinforce existing beliefs
The spread of fake news: The role of social media in propagating misinformation
Digital activism: The impact of social media on political mobilization
The polarization paradox: How social media contributes to both political polarization and civic engagement

II. The Influence of Mass Media on Socialization
The agenda-setting theory: How mass media sets the public's priorities
The cultivation theory: How television and other mass media shape our perceptions of the world
The priming....