Police Shooting Incidents
Cities across the United States have experienced numerous incidents of police misconduct, which occur several times in every decade, particularly when a high profile case takes place. Actually, police misconduct including police shooting has always been exposed by high profile cases, which highlight some forms of police abuse and violation of human rights. While police officers are mandated with the task of making several decisions and taking necessary actions in protecting the society, they sometimes use force irresponsibly and end up hurting the people they are supposed to protect. In the past few months, there have been increased incidents of police shooting, which can be effectively examined and understood through a sociological perspective.

The Phenomenon of Police Shooting

The increased cases of police shooting in the past few months are not a new phenomenon that has been highlighted by increased media coverage. This case of increased shooting of people by…...

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References

CBS Interactive. (2015, March 28). Boston Police Officer in Coma after Shooting. CBS News. Retrieved December 17, 2015, from  http://www.cbsnews.com/news/boston-police-officer-in-coma-after-being-shot-without-provocation/ 

Chappell, A.T. & Piquero, A.R. (2004). Applying Social Learning Theory to Police Misconduct. Deviant Behavior, 25, 89-108.

"Deviance and Social Control." (n.d.). Chapter 7. Retrieved December 17, 2015, from  http://files.meetup.com/19005440/SampleChapter07_final.pdf 

Farago, R. (2013, September 29). Hawaii: This is the Gun Control Paradise they're Looking for. Retrieved December 17, 2015, from  http://www.thetruthaboutguns.com/2013/09/robert-farago/hawaii-this-is-the-gun-control-paradise-theyre-looking-for/

PoliceShootingsRiskAnalysisandActivationProtocolRiskAnalysisTherehasbeenanincreaseinthetrendofpoliceshootingsintheUS.DatafromStatistaindicatesthattherewere1,021fatalpoliceshootingsin2020,999in2019,and292inthefirstfourmonthsof2021(Statista,2021).Withtheriseinpoliceshootings,theorganizationneedstoacknowledgetheriskofsuchincidentstakingplacewithinthepremisesorthelikelihoodofoneofthestaffgettinginvolvedinsuchanincident.Anincidentofpoliceshootingsattheworkplacewouldhavesignificantemotionalandpsychologicaleffectsontheaffectedemployeeaswellastherestofthestaff.Thethoughtofwitnessingacolleaguegothroughsuchanincidentwouldbetraumatizingforthestaff,damagingtotheirmentalhealth,andmightelevatedistressastheymaybeunsureabouttheirownsafety.Thefamiliesoftheaffectedemployeemayblametheorganizationforfailingtodefendtheirlovedoneandmayfacepsychologicaldistressastheytrytodefendthecharacteroftheirlovedone(Alangetal.,2017).Generally,suchanincidentwouldreducetheproductivityoftheemployees,particularlytheaffectedemployee,iftheyhavetodealwithdisabilitiesresultingfrompolice-relatedshootings(Alangetal.,2017).Further,therestofthestaffwouldneedtotaketimeawayfromworktoorganizeprotests,grieve,attendcourtproceedings,ororganizefunerals.Theorganizationwouldbeforcedtodealwithreputationalissuesthatcoulddrivecustomersaway,especiallyiftheybelievethatmorecouldhavebeendone.Thus,policeshootingsplaceasignificantriskontheorganization.Tominimizetheserisks,thereisaneedtodevelopacrisismanagementplandirectingthestaffonhowtorespondandactwhenfacedwithacrisisofthisnature.ActivationProtocolTriggersThisplanprovidesamechanismtoensurethatthreatsofviolencerelatedtopoliceshootingsareaddressedbeforetheyoccurwheneverpossible.Theprotocolisintendedtoidentifythreatsofviolenceandaddressthethreatsbeforetheyarecarriedout.Theplanappliestoanyorganization-sponsoredfunctionsorevents,whetherornottheyarecarriedoutontheorganizationspremises.Thestaffaretoimmediatelyputthiscrisismanagementplanintoactionincaseofthefollowingimminentwarningsignsthatapoliceofficerifbehavinginawaythatispotentiallydangeroustoselforothers(VirginiaDepartmentofEducation,2002):a)Theofficeriscarryingafirearmoranyotherweaponandhasthreatenedtouseitb)Theofficerhaspresentedadetailedplan(time,method,place)toharmorkillc)Theofficerexhibitssevererageforseeminglyminorreasonsd)Seriousphysicalfightingbetweenthelaw-enforcementofficerandacolleaguee)Altercationanddestructionofpropertyf)DetailedthreatstouselethalviolenceAnymemberofstaff,uponperceivingathreatbasedontheseimminentwarningsignsshall:a)Assumethethreattobeseriousb)Immediatelyreportthethreattothedesignatedauthorityc)BeavailableandcooperativeinprovidingastatementofinformationtotheauthoritiesandtheiranonymityshallbeguaranteedNextStepsOnce…...

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References Alang, S., McAlpine, D., McCreedy, E., & Hardeman, R. (2017). Police Brutality and Black Health: Setting the Agenda for Public Health Scholars. American Journal of Public Health, 107(5), 662-65. Statista (2021). Number of People Shot to Death by the Police in the US from 2007 to 2021, by Race. Statista. Retrieved from  

Racism and Police ViolenceCant you just shoot them? Former U.S. President Donald J. Trump in response to Black Lives Matter racial justice protesters exercising their lawful First Amendment rights, Summer 2020The epigraph above reflects one prominent, old white mans longing for the good old days when white police officers in the United States could hurt or even kill minority members in general and African Americans in particular with impunity. Unfortunately, this view is still shared by far too many white Americans, including law enforcement authorities, who believe that the republic was founded on a white supremacist ideal that should remain firmly in place regardless of the Bill of Rights and Fourteenth Amendment. In order to determine the facts, the purpose of this paper is to 1) provide a review of the relevant literature to determine the antecedents of racism in general and among police officers in particular including statistical…...

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References

Johnson, J., & Lecci, L. (2020). Does empathy undermine justice? Moderating the impact of empathic concern for a White policeman on responses to police interracial violence. The British Journal of Social Psychology, 59(3), 752–772.

Lemieux, C., Kim, Y., Brown, K. M., Chaney, C. D., Robertson, R. V., & Borskey, E. J. (2020). Assessing Police Violence and Bias Against Black U.S. Americans: Development and Validation of the Beliefs About Law Enforcement Scale. Journal of Social Work Education, 56(4), 664–682.

Organizations Addressing Police Accountability and Racial Justice. (2022). Neighborhood Funders Group. Retrieved from https://www.nfg.org/resources/organizations-addressing-police-accountability-and-racial-justice-0.

The problem is that the RPP reports, almost in passing, that in all documented cases no victim has been looked into or his case considered before the execution was perpetrated. No prosecution or investigation had been held either. Rather, the victim was summarily executed.

More so, police routinely threaten haphazard witnesses of these killings with, a t least, one witness, being abducted and killed.

This makes all the difference between justified and non-justified execution, and there becomes no difference between a police and a thug. The very fact that he police threaten witnesses indicates some apprehension on the official's part of his selection and execution of a particular man. One may, further, suspect that not only were some of the killings unjustified, but, using this approach and wilding this power, Africans police may arbitrarily target scapegoats of their choosing whom they wish to manipulate or who have, for instance, offended them or…...

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Source

Nzau Musau, (10 April 2012) Kenya: Extrajudicial Killings Still on, RPP Says

AllAfrica.com

Bell was unarmed, yet the officers fired more than 50 shots into his car" (2007, p. 46). Following a grand jury investigation of the incident, three of the five detectives who were involved were charged for the shooting (Mayer, 2007). ccording to Mayer, "The incident is reminiscent of a similar situation in New York in 1999, in which a West frican street vendor, madou Diallo, was killed when police shot at him 41 times. Diallo was also unarmed" (2007, p. 46). The fact that these events occurred almost a decade apart and were unrelated was not the primary focus of the media coverage that attended them, and it is reasonable to assume that sensationalized media coverage of these and other instances of police brutality simply reinforce the perception in the minds of the merican public that the police are out of control.
ll of this is not to say, of…...

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All of this is not to say, of course, that police officers never engage in acts of brutality and the use of excessive force, but it is to say that little attention is paid to the millions of police-citizen encounters that take place every year in the United States where law enforcement authorities would be justified in using force -- even deadly force -- but refrain from doing so at their own personal risk based on their high regard for citizens' rights and the sanctity of human life. This precise point is made by Elicker (2008) who emphasizes that the statistics bear out just how restrained the police departments across the country are in their use of force at all. According to Elicker, "Despite the way mass media presents the subject of police brutality, the occurrences of police use of force cases are not all that common" (2008, p. 33).

Citing the results of a 1999 study sponsored by the United States Department of Justice based on the statistics from more than seven thousand arrests made by six different law enforcement agencies in urban settings wherein statistics had been collected concerning the use of force by and against police officers, Elicker reports that, "There were only 52 cases (or .07%) where police officers used weapons in the arrest. The use of weapons includes stick, knife, handgun, chemical agent, rifle/shotgun, motor vehicle, canine, and other" (2008, p. 34). The results of the Department of Justice study also showed that police officers used one or a combination of weaponless tactics to effect the arrest in 15.8% of the cases (Elicker, 2008). According to Elicker, "Weaponless tactics include grabbing, arm twisting, wrestling, pushing/shoving, hitting, kicking, biting/scratching, use of pressure hold, carotid hold, control hold, and other tactics. Grabbing was, by a vast margin, the most used weaponless tactic (12.7% or 954 cases), followed by arm twisting (3.7% or 281 cases), and wrestling (3.1% or 233 cases)" (2008, p. 34).

While some observers might suggest that there is no place in modern law enforcement for "biting/scratching" or the other weaponless tactics used by the police in the Department of Justice study, the fact that they were used at all when other, more harmful methods were readily available makes it clear that even when their lives are on the line, police officers can and do resort to using their training and discipline rather than simply pulling out a gun and shooting a criminal suspect. In this regard, Elicker concludes that, "To some, these statistics could be shocking. They

Potential Topics: Police Brutality and Race

Police Violence and African Americans

When Does the Use of Force Become Police Brutality?

Police Brutality and the Black Lives Matter Movement

Police Brutality and the Blue Lives Matter Movement
Alternate Titles:
The Use of Violence: Is there a Limit to the Amount of Force Police Officers Should Use on a Suspect?

Why Just Comply Is Not the Answer to Police Brutality

Are Minorities the Victims of Higher Rates of Police Violence?

Police Brutality: Is there a War on Cops or a War by Cops?
Outline:
I. Introduction - Definition

II. Body
A. Definition
B. Racial Disparity in American Criminal Justice
C. The Black Lives Matter Movement
D. Subsequent Killings
E. Delrawn Small on July 4, 2016
F. Alton Sterling on July 5, 2016
G. Philando Castile on July 6, 2016
H. Blue Lives Matter
I. Police Brutality and Attacks on the Police are Separate Issues
III. Conclusion - Proposed Solution
Abstract
This essayexamines the topic of police brutality through the lens of disproportionate violence against unarmed African Americans.…...

Police use of force There is no single globally accepted definition of use of force by police officers. The National Institute of Justice, which is a subsidiary of the Justice Department concurs with this. This leaves the approximately 18,000 police agencies in America with the leeway to formulate their own policies regarding the use of force. Some agencies may address the issue while some may not. The Justice Department has however provided a use-of-force continuum. This refers to a step-by-step manner in which the police officers can act in order to calm a situation. As such, a police officer can first present himself at the scene, resort to verbal warning if his mere presence is not enough, then use unarmed control, say grabbing the offender, proceed to use less harmful weapons such as tear gas and batons, and finally use excessive force (Vera, 2018).
This order of attack is quite important bearing…...

.....police brutality against people of color has a long history in the United States, the Rodney King incident and the media attention it received promised to alter policy and public discourse. Yet police brutality continues to be a problem and threatens to undermine civil rights in America. Police brutality against visible minorities also erodes public trust in the institution of the law and the system of law enforcement. Those effects are palpable not only at the community level but also at the individual level of perceptions of police, as one study shows a substantial number of Americans have evolved contempt for law enforcement, suspicion of law enforcement, or "perceive law enforcement as agents of brutality," (Chaney and Robertson 480). Community policing models cannot take root or hope to mitigate or reverse the effects of these results unless there is a nationwide policy change to law enforcement organizational culture and training.
Fatalities…...

Policing Operations:
Hidden Dangers, Real Weapons, and Potential Technologies

Police officers are, undoubtedly, society's primary protectors. These individuals undertake assignments knowing that they could be placed in lethal danger, and do so in order to help complete strangers and keep a community safe. For this reason, police officers ought to be very much admired. Despite the personal and professional satisfaction that comes with being a great police officer, these individuals are also well aware that, as mentioned above, there are various aspects affecting their daily professional routines, many of which are not present in other careers, and many of which involve great risks. Yet despite knowing this, many police officers absolutely love their job. The paragraphs below will thus discuss policing operations in detail in order to better understand this particular and very important field of work. The essay will be separated into five sections focusing on the dangers of policing, various…...

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Shreeve, J.L. (2012). CSI Foils Felons. Police Technology. Retrieved January 14, 2012, from .

Scheider, M. & Chapman, R. (2003). Community Policing and Terrorism. Homeland Security Wesite. Retrieved January 14, 2012, from .

Simon, S. (2011). Former LAPD Chief Bill Bratton Predicts the Future of Policing. National Public Radio (NPR.com). Retrieved January 14, 2012, from .

Police Interviews
The author of this report has been asked to conduct two interviews of police officers with six basic questions being the crux of both interviews. To protect the anonymity of the officers as well as a way to get the most honest and complete answers, the identity of the officers as well as the departments they have or do work for will not be identified in any way, shape or form. The answers garnered were insightful, honest and illuminating. The perspective they offer is perhaps not nearly as known as it should be given the reporting going on as it relates to the incidents in Ferguson and other places where cops have been shot or allegedly unarmed and/or innocent people on the street have endured the same. While there are two sides to each story, both the police and the people have the right to have their voice heard…...

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References

Cooper, H. (2009, July 22). Obama Criticizes Arrest Of a Harvard Professor. The New

York Times. Retrieved September 30, 2014, from  http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/23/us/politics/23gates.html?_r=0 

Reyes, D. (1994, November 2). Only One Drunk Driver in 500 Is Caught: Enforcement:

Even with tough Highway Patrol policy, probability of arrest in California is small.

Police eform in Post-Authoritarian Brazil
A majority of new democracies entail an unbelievable illogicality of an immensely feeble citizenship coalesced with a stern description of the constitutional guarantees. In order to explicate this disparity it would be prudent to contemplate the significance of political institutions regarding representation of citizen, which were prevalent subsequent to the military establishments attributed as troublesome and a majority of the new restrictions. A few defined in the autocratic establishment, were implemented by quite a few new establishments prominently by the Brazilian Constitution of 1988 (Pinheiro, 1996).

The prominence out of such institutions of Brazil were the excessive illustration of lesser populated regions on the contrary to the regions with greater population: Sao Paulo in recent times incorporates 60 Congressmen (which is analogous to 11.9% of the entire constituents of a Congress) depicting a voting strength of 20,774,991. This strength makes up 21.9% of the entire voting population…...

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References

Amnesty International (2002). 'Subhuman': Torture, overcrowding and brutalization in Minas Gerais police stations. London, Amnesty International.

Bailey, Willian C. 1984. "Poverty, Inequality and City Homicides Rates." Criminology. Vol. 22. no0 4. November.

Beato F., C.C. Accion y Estrategia de las Organizaciones Policiales In: Policia, Sociedad y Estado: Modernizacion y Reforma Policial en America del Sul.1 ed.Santiago: Centro de Estudios del Desarrollo, 2001a, p. 39-56.

Beato F., Claudio Chaves, Renato Martins Assuncao, Braulio Figueiredo Alves da Silva, Frederico Couto Marinho, Ilka Afonso Reis, Maria Cristina de Mattos Almeida. 2001. "Conglomerados de homicidios e o trafico de drogas em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil, de 1995 a 1999." Cadernos de Saude Publica. Rio de Janeiro: v.17, n.5, p.1163-1171, 2001b.

Recklessly creating a situation that increases the required amount of force is immoral. Officer Smith should have ordered the occupants out of the car from the cover of her own vehicle. Using cover effectively would have required the occupants to take far more overt action, getting out of the car and turning around, in order to be a threat to the officers. Officer Smith unnecessarily increased the danger to herself, and therefore the risk that she would have to use deadly force. Creating a dangerous situation for others is immoral, and that was the result of Officer Smith approaching the car. Some might argue that the death of an armed robber may be a net positive for society, but death is an excessive punishment for robbery, and the police do not have the moral, or legal authority to appoint themselves judge, jury and executioner upon encountering criminals on the…...

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Kappeler, V, et. al. "Perspectives on the development of police character. Forces of Deviance: Understanding the Dark Side of," 84-108 Waveland Press, Inc. 1998

Worden, Robert. "Ther "causes" of police brutality: theory and evidence on Police Use of Force. And Justice For All: Understanding and controlling police abuse of force." 31-60, Police

Executive Research Forum, 1995.

Paramilitary Model of Modern PoliceThe paramilitary model of policing incorporates a kind of military-grade level of discipline into the ranks of the police so that they maintain better use of force at all times. The goal of this model is to help the officer be a more disciplined public servant who is self-possessed but fully equipped to restore order at times when public disturbances threaten to turn chaotic or violent (Potter, 2013). While the paramilitary model of policing certainly has its benefits, I believe that it also has some limitations, especially when it comes to the differences between police work and military work. It should be remembered soldiers are tasked with engaging an enemy while the police are tasked with serving and protecting the public. The militarization of the police can give communities the wrong impression that their communities are actually being occupied by a militarized police force rather than…...

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ReferencesCruickshank, D. (2013). Evaluating the paramilitary structure and morale. Retrieved from   C. (2017). Footage of police shooting that jurors chose not to punish. Retrieved from  https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/12/footage-of-a-police-killing-that-jurors-didnt-punish/547868/ Greene, J. R. (2000). Community policing in America: Changing the nature, structure, and function of the police. Criminal justice, 3(3), 299-370.Potter, G. (2013). The organization of policing. Retrieved from  http://plsonline.eku.edu/insidelook/organization-policinghttps://leb.fbi.gov/articles/perspective/perspective-evaluating-the-paramilitary-structure-and-morale Friedersdorf,

Alleged Crimes -- Civil Action
The four alleged crimes in this scenario are: a) an alleged armed robbery and assault on a woman at 2:00 A.M. in a high-crime area; b) an individual refused to comply with an officer's commands; c) that individual was found to be in possession of illegal substances (possibly cocaine); and d) providing false information from the woman who alleged she was robbed and assaulted.

Review of the scenario

The officer was in full uniform and so even though it was nighttime, he could be recognized as a bona fide law enforcement officer. Clearly the woman was lying to protect her husband -- albeit he had apparently assaulted her because she was bleeding -- and that behavior (lying to a police officer) brings the possibility of criminal sanctions.

The assault on the wife is a felony domestic abuse incident, though even though the wife lied to protect her spouse, he…...

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Works Cited

Berardini, N. (2015). Opinion: How de-escalation is bad business for Taser International.

MSNBC. Retrieved November 21, 2015, from  http://www.msnbc.com .

Findlaw. (2011). Police Misconduct and Civil Rights. Retrieved November 21, 2015, from  http://civilrights.findlaw.com .

Travis, A. (2014). Police use of Tasers continues to rise. The Guardian. Retrieved November 21, 2015, from  http://www.theguardian.com .

Bernie Goetz is a vigilante that shot 4 black male youths in 1984. The victims asked Goetz for five dollars to play video games and Goetz accepted. He stated he would give them each five dollars and proceeded to shoot all four, leaving one paralyzed for life. Goetz was eventually caught and later went on trial, receiving 1 year of prison and serving eight months. He lost a civil case against him by one of the victims, but failed to pay a 'single penny' after filing for bankruptcy even when the judge stated he had to pay. W
Regarding how society viewed him at the time. There were three camps. The first supported his actions, believing he was in danger of being beaten and robbed. The second believed the victims, thinking they just wanted to panhandle to play video games. The third believed Goetz, but saw his actions as extreme. The…...