1.  Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Theory
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Theory states that every individual has different levels of needs that must be met for them to reach their ultimate potential. The basic level includes the necessities of life, such as food, clothing, and shelter, while the more advanced levels require such things as positive social relationships and self-esteem. An officers job can be difficult, especially over a number of years. The reality that most officers eventually face is how to deal with stress and staying motivated. Applying Maslow's model can be beneficial to ensure that as many officers needs are as possible so that they can be resilient in their roles and maintain a positive attitude.

2.  Herzberg's Hygiene/Motivators Theory

The hygiene/motivators theory considers satisfaction on two different dimensions. Factors such as salary, benefits, work environment, and others may lead to a satisfied officer who is not necessarily a motivated one. Motivation…...

Police Organizations
This report asks the author of this report to offer ways and methods that police and other law enforcement agencies can use to bring about and implement changes to the organization's policies, practices and habits. Several such methods will be given with an accompanying explanation of why the change would or should work and how exactly that will come about. While change movements and undertakings are similar in all sorts of organizations, change efforts take on a special significance in a public safety-involved agency for quite obvious reasons.

Change Methods

One way that change can be engaged in with private sector employers is to elicit feedback from the customers. While police departments do not have customers in the strictest sense of the word, one can certainly look at the public residing in or around the area the police departments covers as being the customers of the police department, or at…...

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References

Burroughs, K. (2009, October 27). Change Management; What Exactly is Buy-In? | BA

Times. Change Management; What Exactly is Buy-In? | BA Times. Retrieved December 11, 2013, from  http://www.batimes.com/articles/change-management-what-exactly-is-buy-in.html 

Hutchinson, T. (2012, April 3). Retrofitting is expensive; let's demolish and start again. TheGuardian.com. Retrieved December 11, 2013, from  http://www.theguardian.com/housing-network/2012/apr/03/retrofit-expensive-demolish-unfit-homes 

Robertson, L. (2003, September 1). Down with Top-down. American Journalism

Law Enforcement Practice, Procedure, Training, and Administration Standards:

Local police departments range in size from those employing fewer than ten officers to those employing over 30,000 officers, as in the case of New York City's

NYPD, the largest local police agency in the country. With absolutely no existing national standardization for police training, state and local police department training ranges from six-month long, live-in police academies such as those of the largest state police agencies and much smaller, independent local police academies with much shorter training programs. At some of the smallest local sheriff departments, officers may still be sworn into their positions by direct Sheriff's appointment, without prior training of any kind. In between those two extremes, police training and certification in different states range from four-week long, self-sponsored community college certification programs to independently run police academy training programs run by municipal police departments themselves.

Just as pre-employment officer training programs…...

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References

Chase, H.W. And Ducat, C.R. (1978) Corwin's the Constitution and What it

Means Today. Princeton: Princeton University Press

German, M. (3/6/05) an FBI Insider's Guide to the 9/11 Commission

Report GlobalSecurity.org; Retrieved February 26, 2007, at  http://www.globalsecurity.org/security/library/report/2005/guide-iii.htm

Finally, the use of military authority and dress, and the adherence to a set of rules that is not observed by the public the police serves can contribute to an 'us vs. them' mentality that is not conducive to creating positive relations between the police and community the police are supposed to serve. (O'Connor, 2004) final contributor to a hostile police and community relations is the development, as a result of this paramilitary emphasis on 'us' (the police) versus 'them' (the civilians who presumably do not understand the dangers and stresses of policing), of what Jerome Skolnick called "the policeman's working personality." A sense of constant professional danger reinforced by one's fellow officers and through the paramilitary, formalized training all policeman face. The policeman becomes a continually suspicious person, constantly aware that persons he or she deals with outside of the ranks of his or her fellow officers may…...

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Works Cited

Historical Context within Jerome Skolnick's Theory of Police Organization." (2006) Crime Theory. Retrieved 31 Jul 2006 at  http://www.criminology.fsu.edu/crimtheory/skolnick.htm 

O'Connor, T. (2004) "Police Organization." Criminal Justice: Lecture 7. Retrieved 31 Jul 2006 at http://faculty.ncwc.edu/toconnor/205/205lect07.htm

Weber, Diana Celia. (1999) "Warrior Cops: The ominous growth of Paramilitarism in American Police Departments." 20 Aug 1999. No. 50. The Cato Institute. Retrieved 31 Jul 2006 at  http://www.cato.org/pubs/briefs/bp50.pdf

Policing oles
What is the role of police in society? What would happen if the role of the police were lessened as it applies to the theory and practice of community policing?

Generally, the most important roles that police play in civilized society are that of criminal deterrence (Schmalleger, 2009). More specifically, the public awareness of the presence and authority of law enforcement deters most members of the population from criminal conduct that they might otherwise consider if there were no negative consequences. In community policing, police serve a much wider role than criminal deterrence, prevention, and response (Schmalleger, 2009). Modern police also play important roles in ensuring public order and public safety, as well as in addressing contemporary counterterrorism (Schmalleger, 2009). They maximize opportunities to work with proactive members of the community to establish and maintain positive and mutually beneficial relationships (Ellison, 2006). If the role of police were lessened within…...

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References

Ellison, J. "Community Policing: Implementation Issues." Federal Bureau of Investigation Law Enforcement Bulletin. Vol. 75, No. 4 (Apr/06).

Schmalleger, F. (2009). Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st

Century. Hoboken, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Police Management
Management, irrespective of the particular industry, has a profound effect on organizational effectiveness. For one, management has the ability to drive results through proper motivation and incentives. A manager must also effective lead through his or her ability to inspire action on the part of subordinates. These broad requirements of management demands various skill sets. Many of these skill sets including leadership, time managements, the ability to inspire, financial acumen, and so forth are acquired over time. Through a broad array of experiences, management is better equipped to handle varying and often conflicting circumstances. The law enforcement arena is no different in this regard. Management, particular those in law enforcement must be cognizant of a litany of behaviors and activities. Policing management, has undergone extensive change due primarily to the changing societal demographics prevailing in the world today. Cultures are now becoming more profound in America. The Hispanic community…...

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References:

1) Seabrooks, T.J. "Why Are so Many Felons Repeat Offenders?" Geek Politics. Web. 02 Apr. 2012. .

2) Blake, R.; Mouton, J. (1964). The Managerial Grid: The Key to Leadership Excellence. Houston: Gulf Publishing Co...

3) Carlyle, Thomas (1841). On Heroes, Hero-Worship, and the Heroic History. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 1-4069-4419-X.

4) Fiedler, Fred E. (1967). A theory of leadership effectiveness. McGraw-Hill: Harper and Row Publishers Inc.

Police
Describe the impact of Sir obert Peel on American policing

Sir obert Peel was not an American police officer, or an American politician. He served twice as the Prime Minister of Britain as a Tory, passing a series of significant laws. Part of Peel's concern was in the field of criminal justice and law enforcement. He helped pass major prison reform legislation and also established the first significant metropolitan police force in the United Kingdom. In transforming British police organizations and law enforcement, Peel helped to lay the foundation for the modern American police force and its underlying philosophy.

Peel developed a law enforcement philosophy that was based on involving community residents in the process of crime prevention. The modern concept of community policing is in part based on Sir Peel's original "nine principles," which were outlined in the 19th century. The first of Peel's nine principles is that the "basic mission…...

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References

Larrabee, A.K. (2007). Law enforcement: Sir Robert Peel's concept of community policing in today's society. Yahoo! Nov 8, 2007. Retrieved online:  http://voices.yahoo.com/law-enforcement-sir-robert-peels-concept-community-638595.html 

New Westminster Police Service (n.d.). Sir Robert Peel's Nine Principles. Retrieved onine:  http://www.newwestpolice.org/peel.html 

Sabath, D.O. (n.d.). The evolution of American policing. Retrieved online:  http://www.aphf.org/hist.html

Police Motivation
A relationship does exist between control and motivation in a police force. Generally police officers are used to working under a fairly individual and self structured environment. Thus when new order is established it is often the source of conflict. In any environment the tendency of personnel is to close up and become less motivated the more control they perceive is being forced over them. A more authoritarian environment such as that under Captain Frebe often breeds resentment rather than discipline and a loyal workforce. It is important however that a chief working in this environment maintain some level of control over employees to maintain order.

How does a unit create balance? Anderson (1999) suggests that managers of a police department should try to distinguish themselves by maintaining an equal amount of concern for the needs of officers as well as the needs of a department.

Further managers have to be…...

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References:

Anderson, D. (1999). "Policing the police." The American Prospect, January. 49.

Kurke, M.I. & Schrivner, E.M. (1995). "Police psychology into the 21st century." Hillsdale, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Police eform in Post-Authoritarian Brazil
A majority of new democracies entail an unbelievable illogicality of an immensely feeble citizenship coalesced with a stern description of the constitutional guarantees. In order to explicate this disparity it would be prudent to contemplate the significance of political institutions regarding representation of citizen, which were prevalent subsequent to the military establishments attributed as troublesome and a majority of the new restrictions. A few defined in the autocratic establishment, were implemented by quite a few new establishments prominently by the Brazilian Constitution of 1988 (Pinheiro, 1996).

The prominence out of such institutions of Brazil were the excessive illustration of lesser populated regions on the contrary to the regions with greater population: Sao Paulo in recent times incorporates 60 Congressmen (which is analogous to 11.9% of the entire constituents of a Congress) depicting a voting strength of 20,774,991. This strength makes up 21.9% of the entire voting population…...

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References

Amnesty International (2002). 'Subhuman': Torture, overcrowding and brutalization in Minas Gerais police stations. London, Amnesty International.

Bailey, Willian C. 1984. "Poverty, Inequality and City Homicides Rates." Criminology. Vol. 22. no0 4. November.

Beato F., C.C. Accion y Estrategia de las Organizaciones Policiales In: Policia, Sociedad y Estado: Modernizacion y Reforma Policial en America del Sul.1 ed.Santiago: Centro de Estudios del Desarrollo, 2001a, p. 39-56.

Beato F., Claudio Chaves, Renato Martins Assuncao, Braulio Figueiredo Alves da Silva, Frederico Couto Marinho, Ilka Afonso Reis, Maria Cristina de Mattos Almeida. 2001. "Conglomerados de homicidios e o trafico de drogas em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil, de 1995 a 1999." Cadernos de Saude Publica. Rio de Janeiro: v.17, n.5, p.1163-1171, 2001b.

Patrol crafts would be deployed along the coastal areas waiting to act upon any information provided to confiscate drugs and arrest drug traffickers. For this purpose, the city police would be armoured with 2 well-equipped fast patrol crafts. Communication services between the stations and the patrol crafts would be state of the art including GPS systems and radar networks to facilitate identifying and tracking down of suspicious activity in the coastal waters. Further, the use of latest thermal imaging and laser optics tools would provide effective supervision at nights.
Conclusion

The police department has immense responsibility in maintaining law and order and providing safety and security would necessitate a strong police force based on a clear and sound organizational philosophy. As a coastal city with its growing population, the urban city of Metropolis is faced with numerous problems, in particular the high drug trade activity along the coastal regions. The Metropolis…...

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Bibliography

NCWC, " Police in Society," Accessed 16th Apr 2007, Available online at, http://faculty.ncwc.edu/toconnor/205/205lects.htm

Author not Available, "Community Policing," Accessed 15th Apr 2007, available at  http://law.jrank.org/pages/1648/Police-Community-Policing-Definition-community-policing.html 

James T. Quinlivan, Burden of Victory: The Painful Arithmetic of Stability Operations, Available Online at,  http://www.rand.org/publications/randreview/issues/summer2003/burden.html 

City of Phoenix, 'Police Officer Processing Procedures', Accessed Apr 16th 2007, available at http://www.ci.phoenix.az.us/POLICE/pdjob3.html

Atkinson states that the scores from one test to the next do not reflect a reliable picture of a person's motivation. All of these specific (and sometimes esoteric) issues raised by Atkinson should become familiar to those HR people searching for talent that will build organizational strength.
Atkinson goes on to explain that there is a lot to be learned when analyzing the "strength of a motive" verses the "behavioral expression" the individual actually shows. In taking the TAT to task, Atkinson points to the fact that, according to TAT's application, every behavioral incident is looked upon as "a discrete and independent incident in the life of an individual" (Atkinson, p. 22). But the TAT presumes - "gratuitously," in Atkinson's view - that differences in personality traits will also manifest themselves in behavior. But using Atkinson's approach ("achievement motivation") helps explain the "variable behavior" that might occur when the individual…...

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Works Cited

Atkinson, John W. "Motivational determinants of thematic apperception" in Motivation and Personality: Handbook of Thematic Content Analysis, Ed. Charles P. Smith, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 21-48.

Murphy, Steven a. 'Executive Motivation: From the front lines to the boardroom?' International Journal of Police Science & Management 8 (2005): 3.

Spillane, Robert, & Martin, John. Personality and Performance: Foundations for Managerial Psychology. (Sydney: University of New South Wales Press Ltd., 2005).

Police officers are authorized to use force when necessary, a policy that is generally used to protect innocent people from violence and abuse, and protect the general public from harm. However, the authorization to use force can be easily abused. Police abuse of power in the form of police brutality is an ethical problem because it constitutes abuse of power, and also leads to mistrust of law enforcement. Mistrust of law enforcement in turn undermines the authority and legitimacy of the police and prevents cooperative measures of stopping crime like community policing models. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics (2015), 44 million people on average each year in the United States have some kind of face-to-face contact with police and of those 44 million, just under two percent experience use of threatening or nonfatal force. While this number may seem small, on the ground the high rate of police…...

Policing
Community- and problem-oriented policing have risen as the most important mediums for improving the efficiency of police efforts in communities and as ways of reformation of police organizations.

Community-oriented Policing

Community-oriented policing has turned out to the symbol of police in America. In every area of the United States, community policing has emerged as an adaptive style of policing. It is considered as a powerful organizing vehicle for the public protection. If truth be told, it has become an accepted principle for law enforcement agencies. Community-oriented policing promises to thoroughly change the relationship among the police department and the public, deals with community problems, and improves the living conditions of the neighborhoods (Greene, 2000).

The main idea behind community-oriented policing is that the enforcement of law should be focused, proactive and sensitive to the community. It tends to break down the barriers between the law enforcement department and the public. As far…...

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References

Greene, J.R. (2000). Community Policing in America: Changing the Nature, Structure, and Function of the Police. Criminal Justice, 3, 299-370. Retrieved December 15, 2012, from  https://www.ncjrs.gov/criminal_justice2000/vol_3/03g.pdf 

Stephens, G. (2005). Policing the Future: Law Enforcement's New Challenges. The Futurist, 39(2), 51+. Retrieved December 15, 2012, from  http://www.questia.com/read/1G1-129170684/policing-the-future-law-enforcement-s-new-challenges 

The Key Elements of Problem-Oriented Policing (n.d.). In Center for Problem-Oriented Policing . Retrieved December 15, 2012, from  http://www.popcenter.org/about/?p=elements 

"What is POP?" (n.d.). In Center for Problem-Oriented Policing. Retrieved December 15, 2012, from  http://www.popcenter.org/about/?p=whatiscpop

Attitude and Personality:
Most police organizations have in-depth policy and procedure manuals, rules and regulations, or standard operating procedures. Since all organizations are formed for the achievement of specific objectives, they have well-designed structures and clearly established functions. Police organizations are generally highly interactive and dynamic since police officers need to deal with various situations. These officers are expected to work always in accordance with legal provisions despite of the kind of situation they are dealing with. However, for policemen to effectively handle the situations based on the law, they need to have specific and clear instructions for handling the situations.

Police manuals are developed and made available to officers to enable police officers to function lawfully and discharge their various duties effectively ("Indian Police: An Introductory and Statistical Overview," n.d.). In-depth policy and procedure manuals, rules and regulations, and standard operating procedures act as guidebooks to police officers when they…...

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References:

Bronitt, S. & Stenning, P. (2011). Understanding Discretion in Modern Policing. Criminal Law

Journal, 35, 319-332. Retrieved from  http://www98.griffith.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/handle/10072/44249/76896_1.pdf;jsessionid=FA63F8A44D8CFB3DAA37B10231BD424D?sequence=1 

"Indian Police: An Introductory and Statistical Overview." (n.d.). Volume 1. Retrieved July 22,

2014, from http://bprd.nic.in/writereaddata/linkimages/1645442204-volume%201.pdf

The problem with hiring an internal investigator in that his judgment, in most cases, may be clouded by friendship, bias or even personal grudges. Another possible solution would be office shuffling. This police tradition is usually repugnant, superfluous to the public, and ineffective in dealing with the problems in the police. Office shuffle is only effective if competent officers and dedicated to combating police problems replace non-performing officers. For the case of Officer Joe who has had no previous criminal record, shuffling could be effective. The best solution would be progressive discipline for the case of Officer Joe.
To evaluate the success of progressive discipline, the manager has to monitor Officer Joe. Progressive discipline is not a single occurrence; rather it is a continuous process. For the case of Officer Joe, improved dressing, calm in the workplace and evidence of teamwork would be an indication of success of the process.…...

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References

Castillo, A., & Martinez, C. (2008). Library Science in Mexico: a discipline in crisis. Progressive Librarian, 31, 29-36.

Ellison, K.W. (2004). Stress and The Police Officer. Spring Field, IL:Charles C. Thomas Publishers

Kelly, S.F. (2003). Internal Affairs, FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 72(7), 1 -- "6. Retrieved from =12&hid=10&sid =8b9 339b0-4467-44cd-8072 173f1416b5b8%40sessionmgr13&bdata= JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3 Qtb Gl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=aph&AN=10341537http://web.ebscohost.com.lib.kaplan.edu/ehost/detail-vid

Raterman, M.T. (2003). Progressive discipline as a police management tool police department disciplinary, Bulletin, 8(9)Retrieved from edu / socialsciences/docview/198687865/13941E3FCEE3AFCCBE7/3?accountid=34544http://search.proquest.com.lib.kaplan.

Police Functional Adaptation to the Digital or Post Digital Age: Discussions with Cybercrime Experts

Law enforcement agencies (LEAs) worldwide are undergoing a significant transformation in the digital age, driven largely by the rise of cybercrime. This essay explores how LEAs have adapted their functions and approaches to combat cybercrime effectively through discussions with cybercrime experts.

Technological Advancements and Capacity Building

One of the most prominent adaptations involves the integration of advanced technologies into police operations. LEAs are investing in cutting-edge tools such as data analytics, artificial intelligence (AI), and cloud computing to enhance their capabilities. For instance, AI algorithms can sift through....