Cell Wall: The Cell Wall is composed mainly of Cellulose whose molecules are joined together in fibrils as layers and contains openings to make it permeable. Most Cell Walls also contain lignins, which add rigidity, and waxes, such as cutin and suberin, which reduce water loss from cells. Its main function is to protect the cellular contents, and provide structural support to the plant. It is also involved in transport, absorption, and secretion during a plant's life cycle.
Vacuole: Vacuoles are cavities filled with cell sap and bounded by a membrane. The cell sap is made up of water containing various dissolved sugars, salts, and other chemicals. Its…...
Photosynthesis 1231
Plant Cell and Solar Cell: Similarities and Differences
Photosynthesis is that process by which plants harness the solar energy for producing food. These cells help the plants to trap energy from the daylight. This trapped light is converted into other constituents that are then used by the plant to manufacture food. The additional components such as oxygen are released to the atmosphere. After these processes, the light energy is converted to chemical energy. The modern science has been able to develop technologies containing semiconductors that have solar cells. The solar energy is trapped and is converted to electricity by these solar cells (Haile & O'Connell, 2005).
The semiconductors and photosynthesis have some similarities and dissimilarities. As far as the similarities are concerned, their aim is to harness the solar energy. While plants use photosynthesis to lock in energy from the sun for manufacturing food, semiconductors trap solar energy to convert it…...
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References
DOE/National Renewable Energy Laboratory (2011, May 12). Improving photosynthesis? Solar cells beat plants at harvesting sun's energy, for now. ScienceDaily. Retrieved July 27, 2012, from http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/05/110512151408.htm
he RHDl gene product appears to be necessary for proper initiation of root hairs, whereas the RHDS, RHD3, and RHD4 gene products are required for normal hair elongation. hese results demonstrate that root hair development in Arabidopsis is amenable to genetic dissection and should prove to be a useful model system to study the molecular mechanisms governing cell differentiation in plants.(Schiefelbein & Somerville, 1990, p.235)
he genetic analysis of root hair development has identified several genes that are required for the initiation and growth of the root hair. RHL1, RHL2, and RHL3 genes are active during the formation of a bulge early in root hair growth. RHL1 encodes a nuclear protein of unknown function that is required for the formation of the polarized outgrowth. RHD6 activity is necessary to localize the site of hair initiation in the trichoblast. RHD6 acts through an auxin/ethylene pathway, as the rhd6 mutant phenotype can…...
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There were twice as many short hairs (fewer than 40 um long) as it found in 2002. In 2002 the plants were grown in Hoagland's medium (which contains 3 X more sucrose). This was solidified with Bactoagar, and was probably grown in different lighting conditions. I will use both methods (2007 & 2002) to test this hypothesis by growing plants in AMM medium compared to Hoagland's medium with bactoagar.
Can the rhd7-4 ttg double mutants be used for experiments to increase the number of ruptured and recovering root hairs? The ttg mutation causes every epidermal cell to produce a root hair. I am growing rhd7-4 and ttg to cross them in order to obtain the double mutant rhd7-4 ttg and collect seeds. The hypothesis is the double mutant rhd7-4 ttg produced will increase the number of hairs per root for experimental use (since only 40% recover in rhd7-4{10}). (Galway et al., 1994, p.741) How normal are the mutant plants? Does spontaneous root hair rupture (from inside to outside) cause healthy, sterile rhd7-4 or kjk-2 plants to respond as if they are under attack by a plant pathogen (from the outside to the inside)? Methods: PR1 is "Pathogenesis Related Gene 1." PR1 gene is expressed (= mRNA is transcribed, and proteins are synthesized using the mRNA) when plants are attacked by pathogens. The actual function of the protein encoded by PR1 is unknown. To test if rhd7 plants respond to rupture as if they are under attack, we will use plants that contain an extra copy of the PR1 gene combined with a GUS gene. The GUS gene is not a plant gene, it a prokaryotic (bacterial) gene that encodes a ?-glucuronidase enzyme. The purpose of the artificial GUS: PR1 gene is that if the plant is "under attack" normal PR1 genes plus the GUS: PR1 is activated. The plant therefore starts synthesizing ?-glucuronidase enzyme. If we kill the plant and wash it in a solution of the colorless X-Gal substrate, the ?-glucuronidase binds to the X-Gal and catalyzes its chemical conversion into a bright blue dye. Therefore, if a GUS: PR1 containing plant has produces no blue dye, it is not under attack and did not make ?-glucuronidase. However, if the plant turns blue, we know that it made ?-glucuronidase and is reacting as if it was under attack. GUS is called a "reporter" gene because it tells the researcher if the gene of interest (PR1) is activated or not.
Method will cross plants containing GUS: PR1 to rhd7 and kjk in order to obtain rhd7 GUS: PR1 plants and WT (rhd7) GUS: PR1. Then I will carry out the GUS staining test on these plants, and compare wild type to rhd7.
Meiosis, Transpiration, Monocots, Dicots, Plant Cell, Angiosperms, Fungi, Algae
The Events of Meiosis and the Importance of Prophase 1
Generally, meiosis has two divisions of events. Each constitutes 4 phases of same names but of different division number. They are prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. From Meiosis of Access Excellence, the events in meiosis can be summarized as the following.
Prophase 1 - chromosomes duplicate into a pair of chromatid. Later, exchanging of fragments or crossing-over may occur.
Metaphase 1 - aligning of chromosome pairs at the center of the cell.
Anaphase 1 - separation of homologous pairs to opposite poles of the cell.
Telophase 1 - homologous pairs separate and forms two daughter cells
Prophase 2 - no replication of DNA
Metaphase 2 - aligning of chromosomes at the center of each cell
Anaphase 2 - the chromatids separate moving to opposite cell direction
Telophase 2-4 cells are formed each containing one chromosome.
Cells are known as the basic units of life. One thing that plant cells and solar cells have in common is that they are very important to humans and living things on earth. One main difference between plant cells and solar cells is how each harnesses solar energy. Plants harness solar energy to use photosynthesis. Solar cells harness solar energy to convert it to electricity.
One of the main duties of photosynthesis is changing solar energy into chemical energy. Anything that can be digested and all fossil fuels are products of photosynthesis. Many organisms are responsible for carrying out photosynthesis. Organisms carry out this task by converting CO2 or carbon dioxide to organic material. The outcome of this chemical reaction is electrons that are converted to protons and oxygen. The remaining energy from this chemical reaction is then absorbed by carotenoids and chlorophylls.
Solar cells are composed of many semiconducting materials. The…...
STOEGER, WILLIAM R. "Thermodynamics, Second Law of." Encyclopedia of Science and Religion. The Gale Group Inc. 2003. Retrieved January 24, 2010 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3404200511.html
J. Whitmarsh and Govindjee (1995), "Photosynthesis" by published in Encyclopedia of Applied Physics (Vol. 13, pp. 513-532) by VCH Publishers, Inc.
Eukaryotic Cell vs. Prokaryotic Cell:
There are two types of cells found, that originate from a common ancestor - The prokaryotes and eukaryotes. While Prokaryotes are organisms without a cell nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles and are mostly unicellular, but some exceptions are found. In contrast Eukaryotes have their cells have complex structures by internal membranes and a cytoskeleton. The principal membrane bound structure is the nucleus. All animals, plants, fungi, and protists are eukaryotes. (Diffen, 2013) Prokaryotes were the only form of life on Earth until the more complex eukaryotes evolved from them.
Differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells:
The distinctions between these two types of cells create the differences in organisms Thus the groups of organisms that belong basically to the prokaryotes are non-membranous and in contrast the eukaryotes contain membrane-bound organelles, such as the nucleus, while prokaryotic cells do not. Though this is the basic difference, the presence of mitochondria,…...
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References
Cooper, GM. (2000) "The Cell: A Molecular Approach." Sunderland (MA): Sinauer
On average, male skeletons are larger than female skeletons, but just as some women are larger than some males, this distinction does not hold firm in all instances. Female pelvic regions tend to be wider than male pelvic regions, an evolutionary feature that has made childbirth easier. Female bones tend to be thinner and less dense than male bones, and thus the female skeleton tends to be lighter than male skeletons.
The skull is one of the most notable sites of difference between male and female skeletons. The teeth of males tend to be larger, and above their eye sockets men tend to have a more visible brow ridge while women often have none. The male skull tends to have a squarer (as opposed to a pointed) chin and is more angular in its demarcations than the female skull. Women's nose openings are more apt to be pointed, rather than…...
Kumar, G.B.S., Ganapathi, TR. Bapat, V.A. Revathi, C.J. & K.S.N. Prasad. (2002). Expression
of Hepatitis B surface antigen in transgenic banana plants and NT- I cell line of tobacco. BARC. Retrieved from: http://barc.gov.in/publications/nl/2003/200310-12.pdf
ne of the most difficult and intractable health issues worldwide is that of Hepatitis B The disease is difficult to treat and potentially deadly. "There are about 350 million chronic carriers in the world and it is estimated that 75- 100 million of them will die of liver cirrhosis and/or hepatocellular carcinoma" (Kumar, Ganapathi, Bapat, Revathi, Prasad 2002:85). Although vaccinations do exist, the injectable form of the vaccine is expensive and has been difficult to distribute throughout the developing world where Hepatitis B is most prevalent. Injectable vaccines also require trained healthcare professionals to disseminate. There is also the risk of needle contamination in unsanitary conditions, again, making vaccines in the developing world potentially more dangerous. Cold storage is…...
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One possible solution is the development of oral vaccines. This proved to be a great advantage in the treatment of polio. Unlike injectable vaccines, "they can activate the mucosal immune system against many pathogens by oral delivery" and also because they do not contain whole pathogens, there is no risk of actually transmitting the disease by accident through the vaccination process (Kumar et al. 2002: 86). Plant-based vaccines have proven to be particularly effective in the developing world through the use of transgenic banana plants. At present, the surface antigen of Hepatitis B (HBsAg) has been successfully found to be expressed in transgenic tobacco plants as well. "The HBsAg derived from transgenic tobacco plants is physically, biochemically and immunologically similar to yeast derived rHBsAg" but is cheaper to produce (Kumar et al. 2002: 87). Both transgenic tobacco and banana plants, it is hoped, hold the potential to develop an effective oral vaccine.
The series of experiments conducted by the study's authors to support their exploratory research to find plant-based vaccines were promising. For the transgenic tobacco plants, "Western analysis confirmed the presence of HBsAg specific band corresponding to yeast derived rHBsAg in pHBs100 and pHER100 transformed tobacco cells whereas in the control non-transformed cells the same was absent…the denatured HBsAg expressed in plant cells showed 4 kDa peptides similar to yeast derived rHBsAg" (Kumar et al. 2002: 91). This antigen is not naturally occurring in tobacco plants, it should be noted: transgenic manipulation would be required for the vaccine to be generated, thus there still would be considerable expense in generating the vaccine initially. The hope would be, however, that once it was developed, it would be useful in the context of the developing world to provide treatment.
The most desirable and promising potential vaccine source, however, would still be to derive the vaccine from a banana plant, given the proliferation of the fruit in the tropics and also its palatability. "Expression of HBsAg in bananas may be advantageous as they are grown in most of the tropical and subtropical countries, where cost effective vaccines are required and their digestibility and palatability by infants makes it an attractive choice" (Kumar et al. 2002: 93). It must be noted that the development of the vaccine in any plant form is still very much in its nascent stages. At present, the closest to an oral vaccine that has been derived in a lab is an HBsAg prototype from a transgenic potato plant tested in mice. Still, the research indicates potentially promising developments in this area which should not be ignored.
Operation Management
What type of layout would you use for the assembly of a television set? What are the reasons for this choice?
A product layout would be best suited for the assembly of a television set. Televisions sets, in general, are commodity products with very little differentiation between product classes. In many instances a Sony 32-inch high definition television will have many of the same components as the Sony 40-inch high definition television set. Conversely, auto manufacturers often use the same parts on similar vehicle types.
In regards to a television set, companies often mass produce these items to achieve economies of scale. Manufactures, such as those that create televisions, often have very high fixed costs associated with property, plant, and equipment. As such, the more television that are produced the cheaper on a per unit basis each television is. The manufacturer therefore has incentive to product a wide array of televisions…...
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References:
1) Hyer, Nancy and Wemmerlov, Urban. (2002). Reorganizing the Factory: Competing through Cellular Manufacturing, Portland, OR
2) Ohno, Taiichi (1988). Toyota Production System. Productivity Press. p. 8. ISBN 0-915299-14-3
3) Swamdimass, Paul M. And Darlow, Neil R. (2000). 'Manufacturing Strategy', in Paul M. Swamidass (ed.), Innovations in competitive manufacturing, Boston, Mass.; London: Kluwer Academic, 17-24
Cell is important because it is the building block of the body. It is a replicating organism that has proteins and cytoplasm and nucleic acids inside a membrane Alberts (2002). Cells are in everything from humans to plants, though each representation of life has its own particular cells. Cells are very small and impossible to see with a microscopic lens. That is why the cell was not actually noticed until such technology came along in the 17th century. Indeed, the name cell, which means small room in Latin, comes from the discoverer of the cell, who thought they looked like the small rooms that monks in the medieval era used to live in, which were called cells (Karp, 2009). Essentially, all living organisms are made up of cells and if there were no cells there would be no life. So the cell is very important.
What do cells do? That depends…...
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References
Alberts, B. (2002). Molecular Biology of the Cell. UK: Taylor and Francis.
Karp, G. (2009). Cell and Molecular Biology. UK: Wiley and Sons.
Fuel Cells in Green Engineering
The energy tomorrow is beginning to be available today. Fuel cells, which just a very few years ago were a pipe dream, are becoming g a reality, and they are used in areas ranging from space exploration to toy motivation (Joy). The promise of the fuel cell can be seen in the fact that they use the most abundant source of energy on the planet, Hydrogen atoms (Birch). They are also being seen as the energy savior because they emit a common, non-toxic waste which can also be utilized as a saving grace around the globe, water (Joy; Patturaja). A fuel that uses the most abundant element on the planet and emits clean, pure water does seem like science fiction, but there are already being used with it as a motive force.
The space shuttle has always been powered by hydrogen fuel cells (Joy). Although they are…...
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Works Cited
Birch, Amanda Sue. "Microbial Fuel Cells: Converting Waste to Water and Watts." Engineering and Technology for a Sustainable World. (2010). Print.
Fields, Scott. "Making the Best of Biomass: Hydrogen for Fuel Cells." Environmental Health Perspectives. (2003). Print.
Joy, Linda E. "A Basic Overview of Fuel Cell Technology." Automotive Community. (2007). Web.
Khan, Abdul Majeed. "Electricity Generation by Microbial Fuel Cells." Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences. (2009). Web.
U.S Department of Energy (2010) provides the description of different fuel cell technologies. The fuel cell technologies are differentiated according to their efficiency, operating temperatures, costs and application. The classifications are based on 6 major groups:
Alkaline fuel cell (AFC),
Phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC),
Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC),
Molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC),
Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC);
Direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC).
Alkaline fuel cell (AFC)
The AFC generates electrical power using alkaline electrolyte KOH (potassium hydroxide) in water-based solution. The presence of hydroxyl ions within the electrolyte allows a circuit to extract electric energy. The illustration in Fig 2 reveals an alkaline fuel cell. As being revealed in Fig 2, two hydrogen gas molecules combines with 4 hydroxyl ions have a negative charge to release 4 electrons and 4 water molecules. The equation 4 reveals the reaction of oxidation that takes place. (Mark, 2003).
Equation (4)
(Oxidation) 2H2 + 4OH H2O +…...
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References
Andujar, J.M, Segura F. (2009). Fuel cells: history and updating. A walk along two centuries.
Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 13:2309 -- 22.
Grove, W.R. (1842). On a Gaseous Voltaic Battery. Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science .vol. XXI: 417 -- 420.
Kordesch, K.(1999). Alkaline fuel cells applications, innovative energy technology. Austria: Institute of High Voltage Engineering, U Graz.
Dimitrios Karussis and Ibrahim Kassis, in the article, "Use of Stem Cells for Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis," conclude,
"In the current review, the various types of stem cells, which were mainly studied in animal models, will be reviewed as a potential therapeutic approach for MS. The main and common mechanisms of action of all stem cells include induction of neuroregeneration and remyelination through the activation of resident stem cells, or production of new CNS cell lineage progenitors, paralleled by local and systemic immunomodulating effects" (Karussis & Kassis, 2007, Conclusion ¶).
The other diseases that are showing promise in treatments resulting from stem cells usage includes: as cancer, diabetes, osteopetrosis, rheumatoid arthritis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, spinal cord injuries, heart disease, immune system disorders, blood disorders; the list goes on (Diseases Treated by Cord lood, 2010).
Conclusion
Stem cells are a valuable weapon in the future treatment of disease and in drug testing. The…...
Family Background Plant, Breeding History Plan
isconsin fast plants were developed in the mid-1980's by professor Paul illiams as a way of enabling individuals to study the life cycle of plants in a relatively short period of time. isconsin fast plants are of the brassica rapa species, and are ideal for short-term studies because they develop celeritously over a life cycle which is completed within a year's time. They typically bloom in the winter. Although there are many different varieties of brassica rapa (which includes strains such as brassica rapa ssp. campestris L., brassica rapa ssp. sarson and others) (Itis), they are all part of the family known as cruciferae. These plants look like many types of vegetables including mustards, turnips and cabbage. Virtually all of the plants in this family have four petals that cross one another similar to a crucifix, which is where the name of this family…...
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Works Cited
Marstaller, Tess, Hanmer, Tasia, Lang, Caitlin. "Assessing Fast Plant Growth in Different pH Levels." 2003. Web. http://community.emmawillard.org/Math/mathscienceweb/Fast%20plant%20growth%20in%20different%20pH%20levels_files/Fast%20plant%20growth%20in%20different%20pH%20levels.htm http://communityemmawillard.org.
The price charged for the company's biodiesel product lines will be tied to the prevailing prices charged for feed stock and production costs, but any costs in excess of traditional diesel fuel alternatives will be offset by marketing initiatives designed to promote the environmentally responsible aspects of the products' use, as well as the patriotic aspects of reducing America's reliance on foreign oil.
Distribution (Place). Transportation for the company's product line will be outsourced.
Promotion. As noted above, biodiesel products possess a number of characteristics that can be promoted to different industries and organizations depending on their specific needs. Larger enterprises such as Universal Studios Theme Park could be encouraged to use biodiesel alternatives based on the tax advantages and public relations opportunities such use affords; likewise, governmental agencies could reap economies of scale by converting large vehicle fleets to biodiesel applications and also enjoy the P benefits that accrue to…...
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References
Cravens, D.W. (2000). Strategic marketing (6th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Edinger, R. & Kaul, S. (2003). Sustainable mobility: Renewable energies for powering fuel cell vehicles. Westport, CT: Praeger.
Cellular respiration is the process by which cells break down glucose to produce ATP (energy).
In animal cells, cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria, where glucose is broken down through a series of metabolic reactions to produce ATP. The final products of cellular respiration in animal cells are carbon dioxide and water.
In plant cells, cellular respiration also occurs in the mitochondria, but plants have an additional organelle called chloroplasts that allow them to perform photosynthesis. During photosynthesis, plants convert sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen. The glucose produced through photosynthesis is then used in cellular respiration to....
Cellular Respiration: A Fundamental Metabolic Process
Cellular respiration is a ubiquitous metabolic pathway that generates energy for cells through the oxidation of organic molecules. It plays a critical role in sustaining the vital functions of all living organisms. While the overall process of cellular respiration remains largely conserved across different cell types, animal and plant cells exhibit distinct adaptations in their respiratory mechanisms, reflecting their unique physiological characteristics and metabolic requirements.
Substrate Utilization: The Fuel for Cellular Respiration
The primary substrates for cellular respiration are glucose, a carbohydrate, and fatty acids. In animal cells, glucose is broken down through glycolysis, a series of....
1. Plant Chemical Defenses and their Prominence in Medical Treatments
Plants have evolved intricate strategies to defend themselves against herbivores, pathogens, and environmental stressors. These defense mechanisms include the production of a diverse array of chemical compounds. Plant chemical defenses play a crucial role in protecting plants from damage and ensuring their survival. However, the medicinal properties of these compounds have been recognized for centuries, with traditional medicine systems utilizing plants as sources of healing remedies. Modern medicine has also begun to harness the therapeutic potential of plant chemical defenses, leading to the development of novel drugs and therapies.....
Water contamination poses significant threats to the survival and health of plants and animals in ecosystems. Here's an elaborate explanation:
Effects on Plants:
Reduced Growth and Yield: Water contaminants can inhibit the absorption of nutrients and water, leading to stunted growth and decreased crop yield. Heavy metals like lead and mercury can accumulate in plant tissues, impairing photosynthesis and nutrient uptake. Physiological Damage: Some contaminants, such as pesticides and fertilizers, can cause physiological damage to plant cells, resulting in wilting, yellowing, and leaf drop. Reduced Seed Germination: Contamination can affect seed germination by altering the hormonal....
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