Physiology & the Orange
As I tune in to "my orange," I find that it is difficult to separate the sensory input that I am experiencing. My mind seems to put integration on automatic pilot. Before I close my eyes, I find my visual sense to be dominant. I know that I tend to be a visually-oriented person anyway, so this is not really a surprise. But in my attempts to deal with each sensation separately, it is readily apparent that vision stays in the forefront of my awareness. I know from my reading that the brainstem receives information from my eyes and ears and then sends the sensations along to the midbrain.

Once I close my eyes, it becomes easier to focus on the sensations that my fingers and hands are generating as I manipulate the orange. I am aware of the heft and roundness of the fruit, and the texture…...

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References

Calvert, G., Spence, C. And Stein, B.E. (2004). The handbook of multisensory processes. Retrieved books.google.com/books?isbn=0262033216

Frackowiak, R.S.J. (2004). Human brain function. Retreived books.google.com/books?isbn=0122648412

Guthrie, D.M. (1990). Higher order sensory processing. Retrieved books.google.com/books?isbn=0719028043

Mukundan, C.R. (20087). Brain experience: neuroexperiential perspectives of brain-mind. Retrieved books.google.com/books?isbn=8126908173

Physiology
Body Systems Involved in Eating a Snack

The first thing I do when eating a snack is to prepare it. In this case, I reach into the cabinet above me and grab a bag of potato chips. I read the label and make sure they are plain chips, because I do not like flavored chips. When I am satisfied they are the type of chip I like, I break open the seal of the bag. I immediately smell the chips when I open the seal. The smell is familiar: oily, salty, and potato-ey. Still standing, I reach one hand into the bag of chips. My fingers feel all the salt granules and the distinct shape of the thinly sliced crisps. The edges of the crisps are rough but not sharp. I put one chip into my mouth and begin to chew. The initial flavors are salty, and then that gives way…...

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Reference

"What is Digestion?' Retrieved online:  http://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Digestion.aspx

In an acute shock situation, the body shuts down many of its functions in the interest of addressing the patient's most-urgent problem.
In addition to reduced kidney function, the patient's brain function slows down; she may appear lethargic, have difficulty talking, and eventually lapse into a coma. This is due to the body's diverting blood supply from the brain, which typically takes 20% of oxygen and nutrition, to other areas which require it most.

The woman's broken cells will put out markers for tissue injury: in the case of the liver, the SGPT and SGOT enzymes will be elevated, indicating liver damage. General enzyme levels indicating systemic injury will also climb, including myoglobin, various tissue factor antigens, endotoxins and a series of other enzymes which are released upon cell destruction. If the initial concern was the spleen, kidney and liver, it may also make sense for the attending ER physician to…...

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Bibliography

Dubois, C., Panicot-Dubois, L., Gainor, J.F., Furie, B.C. And Furie, B. "Thrombin-initiated platelet activation in vivo is vWF independent during thrombus formation in a laser injury model." Journal of Clinical Investigation (2007): 953-960.

Gando, S., Nanzaki, S. And Kemmotsu, O. "Coagulofibrinolytic Changes after Isolated Head Injury Are Not Different from Those in Trauma Patients without Head Injury." The Journal of Trauma (1999): 1070-1076.

V.E. Mack, M.D. McCarter, H.A. Naama, S.E. Calvano and J.M. Daly. "Dominance of T-helper 2-type cytokines after severe injury." Archives of Surgery (1996): n.p.

Physiology - How a Woman's Various Organs and Systems Respond to Trauma

Physiology of Emotions
Varying Theories on the Physiology of Emotions

In their theory, "How Emotion Shapes Behavior: Feedback, Anticipation, and eflection, ather Than Direct Causation," Baumeister, Vohs, DeWall and Zhang show how the secondary function of emotions is much more important to humans than their initial response to an emotion. Emotions in response to stimuli provoke actions that usually begin too late to effectively react to the stimuli. Thus, it makes more sense to consider the function of emotions as part of a learning process than it does to imagine their value rests with the initial human response. Human emotion is studied as a feedback system that shapes current and future behaviors based on processing prior actions and reactions motivated by emotions. We need this feedback system to successfully function in such complex social and cultural systems. For example, if one is in a public place and moved to anger by another…...

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References

Barrett, L.F., Ochsner, K.N., & Gross, J.J. (2007). On the automaticity of emotion. Social Psychology and the Unconscious, 173-217.

Baumeister, R.F., Vohs K.D., DeWall C.N., Zhang L. (2007). How emotion shapes behavior: Feedback, anticipation, and reflection, rather than direct causation. Personal Social Psychology Review,11, 167-203.

Cunningham, W.A., Zelazo, P.D., Packer, D.J., & Bavel, J.J. (2007). The iterative reprocessing model: A multilevel framework for attitudes and evaluation. Social Cognition, 25(5), 736-760.

Ortony, A., Norman, D.A., & Revelle, W. (2005). Affect and pro-affect in effective functioning. In J. Fellous & M. Arbib (Eds.), Who Needs Emotions? The Brain Meets the Robot (pp. 173-198). New York: Oxford.

The plaintiff sustained life-changing and debilitating injuries in the form of skin cancer that could have also proven fatal had it not been diagnosed in time to treat. There is still no guarantee that the cancer will not recur and the plaintiff will now have to endure that grave uncertainty for the rest of his life.
The employer benefited tremendously from the labor of this employee and it had an affirmative duty to provide the necessary information and forms of protection against solar radiation that could have easily prevented these harms. In light of the tremendous danger and cost of treating skin cancer in comparison to the relative small cost of providing simple precautions and protocols to protect it employees, the employer had a duty to protect the health and welfare of its employees.

Argument against Employer Liability

The employee was never exposed to any hidden or unknown risks of any kind.…...

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References

Halbert, T. And Ingulli, E. (2008). Law & Ethics in the Business Environment. Cincinnati:

West Legal Studies.

These indications then proceed to the neuromuscular connections of skeletal muscles. From there, acetylcholine is released from the axon terminal knobs of alpha motor neurons and received by postsynaptic receptors of muscles, thereby communicating the stimulus to contract muscle fibers (Ihlen & Vereijken, 2010).
Psychological Influences

esearch on patient's brains scanned by Positron Emmision Tomography have designated that the kind of thoughts people have influence the balance of brain chemicals, so by learning to think more positively and sensibly one can influence brain chemistry in a positive way, but other factors like an unloved, unsupported childhood can influence brain chemistry and physiology in such a way that it makes people less able to cope with stress in adulthood. If people think mainly negatively their brains secrete chemicals that can undermine their psychological and physiological health, whereas if they think more positively they can cause chemicals to be secreted that boost their…...

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References

Dulleck, U., Ristl, A., Schaffner, M., & Torgler, B. (2011). Heart rate variability, the autonomic nervous system, and neuroeconomic experiments. Journal Of

Neuroscience, Psychology, And Economics, 4(2), 117-124.

El-Sheikh, M., Hinnant, J., & Erath, S. (2011). Developmental trajectories of delinquency symptoms in childhood: The role of marital conflict and autonomic nervous system activity. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 120(1), 16-32.

Flaherty A. Brain illness and creativity: mechanisms and treatment risks. Canadian Journal

Therefore, in cases unrelated to ileocecal valve malfunction, large distal bowel obstruction is a direct function of LaPlace's Law at the area of the cecum. For the same mechanical reason, the most frequent location of colonic perforation is also at the cecum because it is the area of the largest diameter, and therefore, most susceptible to rupture in comparison to areas smaller in diameter.
11. What are the major types of movement of small intestine?

The first major type of movement in the small intestine is peristalsis. The second major type of movement in the small intestine are discrete clustered contractions, which are comparatively small movements. The third type of major movement in the small intestine is giant migrating contractions, which are larger versions of peristaltic contractions believed to serve a bacterial cleansing purpose.

12. Describe gastric acid feedback function

Gastric acid feedback is controlled by nerve endings in the stomach that are…...

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References

Iazzetti, G., and Rigutti, E, (2007). Atlas of Human Anatomy. London, UK: TAJ Books

Limited.

Therefore, understanding the ways in which insulin resistance can be counteracted is critical toward developing strategies to help individuals with insulin resistance issues. Kaoru et al. explain that increasing fatty acid utilization fights insulin resistance, and that exercise is known to increase utilization (109). The question mark, as the authors explain, is how much exercise and at what level is required in order to facilitate fatty acid utilization. Therefore the rationale for designing a study to probe this question was well founded.
The hypothesis of the study was similarly well-structured. As already mentioned, the study was designed to test the hypothesis that fatty acids are available for utilization in the body even following short-term exercise at low levels of intensity (109). This is a positive hypothesis, one that is designed to demonstrate a conclusion the authors are interested in finding. The study could have, in theory, been designed in an…...

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Works Cited

Toda, Kaoru, Oshida, Yoshiharu, Tokudome, Mizuho, Manzai, Tomoko, and Sato, Yuzo. "Effects of Moderate Exercise on Metabolic Responses and Respiratory Exchange Ration (RER)." Journal of Medical Science 65 (2002): 109-113.

Nephrotic Syndrome is not a disease. It is a condition that is characterized by damaged glomeruli in the kidney. This damage might be caused by one or more disease. These diseases can be related to the kidney as in Familial Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis, abbreviated FFGS or membranous nephropathy. Or it can present from relatively distantly related diseases such as heart diseases, hypertension, diabetes and lupus. The types of diseases that cause nephrotic syndrome also vary with age. Some cases can be corrected with properly prescribed medication, despite some side effects. In more serious cases, kidney failure can occur. Regular dialysis and ultimately, transplantation may be required. Nephrotic Syndrome can cause damage to (or arise from damage to) the glomeruli, which affects it's function of filtering out waste matter and excess water that is converted into urine. Nephrotic syndrome is identified from symptoms known as proteinuria, hematuria and edema. The first…...

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Bibliography

EdREN. (2004). Nephrotic Syndrome. Renal Unit of the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh. Retrieved February 27, 2004, from the World Wide Web: http://renux.dmed.ed.ac.uk/EdREN/EdRenINFObits/NephroticLong.html

Haas, M., Meehan, S.M., Karrison, T.G., & Spargo, B.H. (1997). Changing etiologies of unexplained adult nephrotic syndrome: a comparison of renal biopsy findings from 1976-1979 and 1995-1997. Am J. Kidney Dis, 30(5), 621-631.

Jennette, J.C. (2004). Renal Pathology Tutorial. Maddux, F.W. Retrieved February, 23, 2004, from the World Wide Web: http://www.gamewood.net/rnet/renalpath/ch3.htm

Kassirer, J.P. (1971). Clinical evaluation of kidney function -- glomerular function. N Engl J. Med, 285(7), 385-389.

Physiology & Food elated Social Issue
Physiology and food-related social issue

The chosen food-related social issue is the advertising of junk food as appealing to children. For years, the junk food industry has been accused for promoting obesity and ill-health among children Linn and Novosat 135.

Junk food often contains unhealthy components because of the high content of calories, fats, and sugar Kime 317.

The figure below shows that from the 1960s to the year 2008, the number of children and teenagers with obesity has increased significantly from about 4% across to about 17% - 20% all ages.

www.bariatric-surgery-source.com/child-obesity-statistics.html

The specific research question related to this food-related social issue is "what is the relationship between eating junk food and obesity?" This research question aims at identifying the link between the body's digestion and absorption processes and junk food that has a high calorie, fat, and sugar content. This research question is informed by the fact that…...

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References

Kime, Nicola. "Children's Eating Behaviours: The Importance of the Family Setting." Area 40.3 (2008): 315-22. Print.

Linn, Susan, and Courtney L. Novosat. "Calories for Sale: Food Marketing to Children in the Twenty-First Century." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 615 (2008): 133-55. Print.

Organism Physiology
Evolution of Organisms

For millions of years earth has gone under tremendous changes. This rapid change in environment, landscape and temperature alters the intact system and for surviving this change, a steady modification in living organisms occurs for adaption to surrounding environment. This change is never over night nor does it occur suddenly in newborns, it takes generations to evolve a new feature or characteristic. This adaption is not only in mammals but can also occur in plants and microscopic organisms; plants developed the process of photosynthesis in order to survive in oxygen abundant environment and micro-organisms being not used to access of oxygen either went extinct or formed symbiotic association with oxygen for survival.

The rule of survival of the fittest as determined by nature also applies to all living beings inhabiting earth. A simple example would be a breed of heavy coated sheep living in extreme hot conditions can…...

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References

Darwin, C.R. 1872. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. 6th ed. London: John Murray.

Gould, S.J. (2002). The Structure of Evolutionary Theory. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.

Pincher, C. (1949). "Evolution of the Giraffe," Nature, 164, pp. 29-30.

Simmons, R. & Scheepers, L. (1996). "Winning by a Neck: Sexual Selection in the Evolution of the Giraffe," The American Naturalist, 148, pp. 771-786.

Organism Physiology
The Planarian or "cross-eyed flatworm" is a relatively simple invertebrate organism, belonging to the animal kingdom and the phylum of Platyhelminthes which covers all flatworms. The phylum of Platyhelminthes contains four separate classes: three of these cover parasitic forms of flatworm that live inside other organisms (like the famous tapeworm). The fourth class, Turbellaria, includes all non-parasitic flatworms. One of these is the Planarian, which exists in a number of different genus and species: our diagram is derived from the standard Planarian used for biology students, Girardia Tigrina. A close examination of the structures and functions of the main organs found in this simple organism can explain how the Planarian has evolved physiologically to become suited to its environment.

The first organ to consider in the Planarian is not an internal one. The epidermis, or outer skin layer, of the Planarian (numbered 4 on the diagram above) is a perfect…...

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References

Kenk, R. (1976). Freshwater planarians (turbellaria) of North America. Cincinnati: Environmental Protection Agency.

Littlewood, DTJ, Bray, RA (eds). (2001). Interrelationships of the platyhelminthes. London: Taylor and Francis.

Newman, L, Cannon L. (2003). Marine flatworms: The world of polyclads. Clayton: CSIRO Publishing.

For obese individuals on the Atkins diet, a moderate exercise program that allows the body to burn fat rather than glycogen can be beneficial, since they would be able to exercise longer. For trained athletes, a higher level of exercise at a longer duration is possible, since the body's threshold for the change to using glycogen as ATP is higher.
Thus, our results that obese individuals on that Atkins diet who participate in moderate activity are able to exercise for longer periods of time is supported.

In conclusion, our results indicated that weight loss in our subjects was caused from a negative energy balance, rather than metabolic advantage. The Atkins diet works well not because of a lowered carbohydrate intake, but because of a lowered overall food and caloric intake. This lower level of food intake in turn leads to a higher ratio between energy output, and energy intake. These results…...

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Bibliography

Cecil, J.E., Francis, J., & Read, N.W. (1999, August). Comparison of the effects of a high-fat and high-carbohydrate soup delivered orally and intragastrically on gastric emptying, appetite, and eating behavior. Physiology and Behavior, 67(2), 299-306.

Freedman, M.R., King, J., & Kennedy, E. (2001, March). Popular diets: a scientific review. Obesity Research, 9(1), 40-47S.

Golay A, Allaz A-F, Morel Y, de Tonnac N, Tankova S, & Reaven G. (1996). Similar weight loss with low- or high-carbohydrate diets. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 63, 174-8.

Helge, J.W., Richter, E.A., & Kiens, B. (1996). Interaction of training and diet on metabolism and endurance during exercise in man. Journal of Physiology, 492, 293-306.

Project Management, Sustainability and hole Lifecycle Thinking
Application of Anatomy and Physiology when Performing Direct Patient Care

Scenario: A patient suffering from the following conditions requires direct patient care:

Urosepsis (Urinary tract infection)

Acute Gouty arthritis (Gout)

Cardiac dysrhythmias (Irregular heartbeat)

Hypertensive renal disease (Kidney damage caused by chronic high blood pressure)

DM Type II (Type II diabetes)

Bipolar (Bipolar disorder)

Derangement of joint (Internal joint damage caused by previous trauma)

Contracture joint (Permanent shortening and contraction of joint)

Dental condition (Missing all but four front teeth)

The presence of urosepsis in a patient already suffering from the chronic condition of Type II diabetes is an immediate concern. Diabetes causes many of the predisposing factors, including poor glycemic control, high urinary glucose, and increased bacterial adherence to uroepithelial cells, which are known to cause a variety of severe complications associated with urosepsis. This situation requires immediate treatment of the urinary tract infection through the administration of appropriate antibiotics to assure that the…...

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Works Cited

Christensen, Barbara Lauritsen, and Kockrow, Elaine Oden. Foundations of Nursing. New York, NY: Mosby, 2010. 434-472. Print.

Cushing's disease, as well as Cushing's syndrome, is caused by the overproduction of something called cortisol. Cortisol is "a normal hormone produced in the outer portion, or cortex, of the adrenal glands" (Margulies). hether your body naturally overproduces this hormone, or your body receives too much cortisol in steroid medications used as treatment for other diseases, it can lead to development of Cushing's disease.
In normal function, cortisol helps the body respond to changes and to stressors. Its normal functions include the mobilization of nutrients, modifying the body's response to inflammation, getting the liver to raise blood sugar levels, and regulating the amount of water in the body (Margulies). Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH for short) is made by the pituitary gland, and regulates cortisol production. Overproduction of cortisol, or taking in excess amounts via medications causes significant changes in "all of the tissues and organs of the body" (Margulies). The culmination of…...

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Works Cited

Kirk M.D., Lawrence F., Hash M.D., Robert B., Katner M.D., Harold P., Jones M.D., Tom. "Cushing's Disease: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation." American Family Physician. Vol. 62, No. 5. pp. 1119-27

Kirk M.D., Lawrence F., Hash M.D., Robert B., Katner M.D., Harold P., Jones M.D., Tom. "Patient Information: Cushing's Syndrome and Cushing's Disease." American Family Physician. Vol. 62, No. 5. pp. 1133-4

Margulies M.D., Paul. "Cushing's Syndrome: The facts you need to know." NADF Online.   2002http://www.medhelp.org/www/nadf4.htm21Mar 

What is the history of nursing in Ghana?

Many articles that explore the history of nursing are very focused on the evolution and history of nursing in the Western world, which leads people to mistakenly conclude that nursing evolved in the West and then was transported to other parts of the world, including Ghana.  On the contrary, Ghana has a rich tradition of nurses as healthcare practitioners and the profession evolved in Ghana alongside developments in other parts of the world. The history of nursing in Ghana may not contain any figures as....

1. Bronchiectasis: A Comprehensive Review of Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management

Introduction: Define bronchiectasis and highlight its prevalence, etiology, and risk factors.
Pathophysiology: Discuss the mechanisms leading to bronchiectasis, including impaired mucociliary clearance and chronic inflammation.
Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis: Describe the typical symptoms, physical exam findings, and diagnostic tests used to identify bronchiectasis.
Management: Review the current treatment options for bronchiectasis, including antibiotics, airway clearance techniques, bronchodilators, and surgical intervention.
Prognosis and Complications: Discuss the long-term outcomes and potential complications associated with bronchiectasis, such as respiratory failure and hemoptysis.

2. Role of Imaging in Bronchiectasis: CT, MRI, and Beyond

Introduction: Highlight....

1. The Neurobiological Basis of Schizophrenia: Exploring the Complexities of Brain Abnormalities

- Investigate the structural and functional brain abnormalities associated with schizophrenia, including alterations in neurotransmitter systems, connectivity, and neural circuitry.
- Discuss the role of genetic and environmental factors in shaping these brain abnormalities and their contribution to the development of schizophrenia.
- Explore the potential links between neuroinflammation, immune dysfunction, and the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.

2. Hallucinations and Delusions: Unraveling the Subjective Experiences in Schizophrenia

- Analyze the phenomenology of hallucinations and delusions, examining their characteristic features, content, and impact on the individual's subjective reality.
- Explore the neurobiological mechanisms underlying these psychotic....

Age can have a significant impact on diabetes management in older adults due to various physiological and psychosocial factors.

Physiologically, as individuals age, their body's ability to regulate blood sugar levels may decrease. This can make it more challenging for older adults to control their diabetes and maintain stable blood glucose levels. Additionally, older adults may be more prone to other age-related health issues such as cognitive impairment or mobility issues, which can make it difficult for them to consistently monitor and manage their diabetes.

Psychosocially, older adults may also face unique challenges when it comes to diabetes management. For example,....