).
Non-Pharmacological Management of Plantar Fasciitis

The ideal management of plantar fasciitis is prevention, which is through appropriate warm-up exercises, quality shoes and exercises at an appropriate training level on a safe surface (Miller 2004).

arrett and O'Malley (1999) recommend a conservative treatment that addresses the inflammatory element causing the discomfort and the biomechanical factors producing the disorder. To complement the treatment, the patient should be adequately educated on the etiology of their pain, the biochemical factors that produce the symptoms, home therapy that can relieve some of the discomforts and changes that must be introduced to their daily activities, such as wearing suitable athletic shoes with enough medial arch while walking. If the patient has had an increase in exercise or activity associated with the symptoms, he or she should adopt a less straining regimen until the plantar fasciitis condition resolves (arrett and O'Malley).

1. A removable longitudinal metatarsal pad fitted from the…...

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Bibliography

Barrett, S.L. And O'Malley, R. 1999, Plantar Fasciitis and Other Causes of Heel Pain, vol 59 number 8, American Academy of Family Physicians.  http://www.aafp.org/afg/990415ap/2200.html 

Beck, K 2005, Carrie Tollefson: a Case Study in Talent, Tenacity and Treatment, January-February, Running Times Magazine. http://www.runningtimes.com/issues/05janfeb/tollefson.htm

Edwards, a. 2003, Plantar Fasciitis Treatment Steps into New Territory, CMP Media LLC.  http://www.biomech.com/db_area/archives/2003/0309.roundtable.bio 

Lukowsky, M 2005, Pedorthic Management of Plantar Fasciitis, Comfort Shoe Specialists. http://www.comfortshoe.com/pedorthic_management_of_plantar_html

Non-Pharmological interventions for ADHD
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a relatively common affliction that affects approximately 3 to 5% of school age children in the United States (Friel, 2007). Although the majority of research into effective interventions for this disorder are primarily focused on pharmacological therapies (Karpouzis et al., 2009), some researchers have explored the efficacy of non-pharmacological treatments, such as types of psychotherapy and alternative interventions. It has been determined that the best clinical outcomes of treatments for ADHD are interventions that take a multidisciplinary approach, combining pharmacological therapy with behavioral or psychosocial therapies (Karpouzis et al., 2009). However, it is crucial that researcher further investigate the most effective means of treating ADHD outside of medication in order to provide clinicians and parents with more intervention options. The following discussion will review current research investigating non-pharmacological interventions for ADHD, and will evaluate these investigations according to their findings and…...

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References

Baijal, S. & Gupta, R. (2008). Meditation-based training for attention defifict hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry, 5(4), 48-55.

Black, D.S., Milam, J., and Sussman, S. (2009). Sitting-meditation interventions among youth: a review of treatment efficacy. Pediatrics, 124(3), 532-41.

Chang, C.C., Tsou, K.S., Shen, W.W., Wong, C.C., & Chao, C.C. (2004). A social skills training program for preschool children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Chang Gung Medical Journal, 27(12), 918-22.

Friel, P.N. (2007). EEG biofeedback in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Alternative Medicine Review, 12(2), 146-51.

Pathopharmacological Foundation
Asthma

Analyze the Pathophysiology of Asthma

The complex chronic inflammatory disease known as asthma, involves several inflammatory cells, more than a hundred distinct mediators of inflammation, and various inflammatory outcomes, such as plasma exudation, broncho-constriction, activation of the sensory nerves, and hyper-secretion of mucus. Mast cells contribute immensely to mediation of acute symptoms of asthma; on the other hand, T-helper 2 cells, eosinophils, and macrophages are factors that cause airway hyper responsiveness, by inducing chronic inflammation. It has been realized by an increasing number of researchers that structural airway cells, including smooth muscle and epithelial cells in airway, are a major inflammatory mediator source. Asthma involves several inflammatory mediators, such as growth factors, peptide and lipid mediators, chemokines, and cytokines. Chemokines have a crucial role to play in selective inflammatory cell recruitment from circulation, while cytokines coordinate chronic inflammation, which may cause structural airway modifications, including angiogenesis, sub-epithelial fibrosis, mucus hyperplasia,…...

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References

Bahadori, K., Doyle-Waters, M. M., Marra, C., Lynd, L., Alasaly, K., Swiston, J., & FitzGerald, J. M. (2009). Economic burden of asthma: a systematic review. BMC pulmonary medicine, 9(1), 24.

Brown, E. S. (2003). Asthma and psychosomatic syndromes. Basel: Karger.

Clark, T. (2002). Pocket Guide for Asthma Management and Prevention. In Based on the Workshop Report: Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention, revised.

Gelfand E. W. (2008). The impact of asthma on patient, the family and society. Retrieved 24 October 2015 fromhttp://www.jhasim.com/files/articlefiles/pdf/GELFAND-%20Article1.pdf

THEAPY FO PATIENTS WITH ANXIETY DISODES Therapy for Patients with Anxiety DisordersIntroductionFrom the onset, it would be prudent to note that most people at some point in their lives experience anxiety. However, anxiety could be deemed abnormal or unusual when it is not only frequent, but also rather excessive or intense. Client X (a hypothetical name), a 46-year-old white male, presents with symptoms consistent with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). It is important to note that he has been referred by his PCP following an E visit where he complained of breath shortness, chest tightness, and an impending doom feeling. At present, Client X indicates that he still experiences shortness of breath and chest tightness. He further indicates that he experiences the impending doom feeling on an intermittent basis. He reports frequent alcohol use to help him cope with the aforementioned symptoms. The results of a Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A) return…...

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ReferencesBaldwin, S.D., Ajel, K., Masdrakis, V.G., Nowak, M. & Rafiq, R. (2013). Pregabalin for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: an update. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat., 9, 883-892. Clevenger, S.S., Malhotra, D., Dang, J., Vanle, B. & IsHak, W.W. (2018). Clinical and economic outcomes of adjunctive therapy with pregabalin or usual care in generalized anxiety disorder patients with partial response to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol., 8(1), 49-58. McHenry, L. (2006). Ethical issues in psychopharmacology. J Ed Ethics, 32(7), 405-410. Strawn, J.R., Geracioti, L., Rajdev, N., Clemenza, K. & Levine, A. (2018). Pharmacotherapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder in Adults and Pediatric Patients: An Evidence-Based Treatment Review. Expert Opin Pharmacother., 19(10), 1057-1070. Sansone, R.A. & Sansone, L.A. (2014). Serotonin Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors: A Pharmacological Comparison. Innov Clin Neurosci., 11(3-4), 37-42.

Psychopharmacological Approaches to Treat PsychopathologyNameProgram/Degree NameCourseInstructorDatePsychopharmacological Approaches to Treat PsychopathologySchizophrenia and its spectrum disorders are disruptive disorders that significantly impact the normal processes of the brain (Chien & Yip, 2013). These disruptive disorders are linked to significant abnormalities because they interfere with the ability to think. Patients may struggle to function normally when the symptoms of these disruptive disorders are not controlled or managed. However, proper diagnosis and treatment of these disorders under close supervision of a psychiatric mental health practitioner enable patients to thrive. There are different psychotropic agents used to treat patients with psychotic disorders like schizophrenia. Prompt initiation of pharmacological treatment for schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders is essential, particularly within five years of the first acute episode (Patel et al., 2014).Pathophysiology of SchizophreniaBased on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V), schizophrenia refers to a syndrome characterized by a high relapse rate (>70%), mood…...

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ReferencesChien, W.T. & Yip, A.L.K. (2013). Current approaches to treatments for schizophrenia spectrum disorder, Part I: An overview and medical treatments. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 9, 1311-1332. Medscape. (2021). Loxapine (Rx). Retrieved July 16, 2022, from   K.R., Cherian, J., Gohil, K. & Atkinson, D. (2014). Schizophrenia: Overview and treatment options. Physical Therapy, 39(9), 638-645.Popovic, D., Nuss, P. & Vieta, E. (2015). Revisiting loxapine: A systematic review. Annals of General Psychiatry, 14(1), 1-8.Smith, D.A., Beaumont, K., Maurer, T.S. & Di, L. (2018). Relevance of half-life in drug design. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 61(10), 4273-4282. Spyker, D.A., Riesenberg, R.A. & Cassella, J.V. (2015). Multiple dose pharmacokinetics of inhaled loxapine in subjects on chronic, stable antipsychotic regimens. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 55(9), 985-994. https://reference.medscape.com/drug/loxitane-loxapine-342975#6 Patel,

Mental Health Counseling
Discuss the role in relationship to the prescription and monitoring of pharmacological treatments for mental health issues.

Unique advances have been achieved in the treatment offered to clients suffering from mental illness. Mental health care providers must understand the original causes of mental health disorders in order to provide treatment to clients with these disorders. Therefore, mental healthcare providers are able to treat disorders associated with mental health. This is being done with much success as physical disorders (Madden, 2008).

The profession of mental health provision has categorized strategies of treating mental health problems as either psychotherapeutic or somatic. Somatic methods of treating mental disorders include therapies such as electroconvulsive therapy, which have the potential of stimulating the brain. Psychotherapeutic method includes behavioral therapy strategies, hypnotherapy, and psychotherapy. esearchers have established that most mental health disorders require treatment strategies that involve both psychotherapy and drugs. This is because they…...

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References

Madden, R.G. (2008). Legal issues in social work, counseling, and mental health: Guidelines for clinical practice in psychotherapy. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications

Palmo, A.J., Weikel, W.J., & Borsos, D.P. (2011). Foundations of mental health counseling.

Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.

World Health Organization (2009). Mental health aspects of women's reproductive health: A

Perampanel Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Physical Therapy as Interventions for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease
Clinicians and researchers have been constantly searching for more information on how to treat the symptoms of Parkinson's disease. This paper's aim is to outline three types of therapy that qualify as valid attempts, namely pharmacologically-oriented perampanel endeavors, cognitive behaviour therapy or CBT, and finally, physical therapy. The present paper will review the relevant research pertaining to these three forms of treatment, in terms of effectiveness, validity, safety, and other filters, before suggesting how one approach might be the most effective in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.

The first clinical signs of the degenerative neurological disorder named Parkinson's disease appear only at such time as approximately 60-80% of the dopamine-producing cells of the substantia nigra has already degenerated. Data from across the European continent indicated that about 1.8 of 100 inhabitants over the age of 65…...

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References

Christofoletti, G., Beinotti, F., Borges, G., Damasceno, B.P. (2010). PHYSICAL THERAPY IMPROVES THE BALANCE OF PATIENTS WITH PARKINSON'S DISEASE: A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, 16(S1), S58. doi: 10.1016/2Fs1353-8020-2810-2970204-2

Cole, K., & Vaughan, F.L. (2005) The feasibility of using cognitive behaviour therapy for depression associated with Parkinson's disease: A literature review. Parkinson and Related Disorders, 11, 269-276. doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2005.03.002

Eggert, K., Squillacote, D., Barone, P., Dodel, R., Katzenschlager, R., Emre, M., . . . Oertel, W. (2010). Safety and Efficacy of Perampanel in Advanced Parkinson's Disease: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study. Movement Disorders, 25(7), 896-905. doi: 10.1002/mds.22974

Ellis, T., Goede, C.J., Feldman, R.G., Wolters, E.C., Kwakkel, G., Wagenaar, R.C. (2005). Efficacy of a Physical Therapy Program in Patients With Parkinson's Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 85(4), 626-632. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2004.08.008

Restraining the Elderly
Project Management

The Project Management path for this research proposal will follow the path of quantitative research in a 'quasi-experimental' environment. Adhering as closely as possible to quantitative experiments designed to establish the causal factors or interdependent links between grouped variables, the researcher will follow a natural course of progression in administering dependent and independent variables, designing the sampling set, determining the optimal time(s) and location(s) for conducting the research, developing the measures and instruments necessary for evaluation of non-empirical evidentiary conclusion (i.e., the thought processes and reasoning of medical staff), measuring the response to education and procedural methodology, documentation to include evaluation materials, response forms, and restraint logs, preparing the education program, delivering the lectures, and evaluating the results in change or lack of change in care providers attitudes toward patient restraint.

Project Limitations

Any project that measures the process of learning, comprehension, acceptance or denial, and implementation has inherent…...

Miller, . (1985). Herkovits v. Group Health Cooperative: Negligent Creation of Substantial Risk of Injury is a Compensable Harm. Puget Sound Law Review.
Retrieved and available for viewing at: http://digitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1214&context=sulr&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Furl%3Fsa%3Dt%26rct%3Dj%26q%3Dherkovits%2520v.%2520group%2520health%2520cooperative%253A%2520negligent%2520creation%2520of%2520%2520substantial%2520risk%2520of%2520injury%2520is%2520a%2520compensable%2520harm%26source%3Dweb%26cd%3D1%26ved%3D0CCMQFjAA%26url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fdigitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu%252Fcgi%252Fviewcontent.cgi%253Farticle%253D1214%2526context%253Dsulr%26ei%3Df-mYT-aaK8SmiQLMkbDDDw%26usg%3DAFQjCNEKTiHzBxbVrEjyORcjH0OnmRAEjw#search=%22herkovits%20v.%20group%20health%20cooperative%3A%20negligent%20creation%20substantial%20risk%20injury%20compensable%20harm%

ithin any discipline, there are various ethical issues that constitute an overall rubric of the topic. In the case medicine, the thrust of the ethical template surrounds the reasons for, and moral imperatives surrounding the use experimental drugs and/or procedures. There are mandates and global legal maxims in place to protect human subjects; however the very nature of the topic also requires specific ethical paradigms that govern the field: beneficence, justice and autonomy for instance. .Beneficence is the core of the Hippocratic Oath -- "as to disease & #8230; do no harm." Justice -- models fairness and equity in all medical research regardless of race, age, or cognitive ability, and autonomy -- the respect for the individual in making a cogent, informed,…...

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Works Cited

Cases:

Hardi v. Mezzanotte, 818Z.2d 974 (District of Columbia May 8, 2001).

Hardi v. Mezzanotte Appeal, 99-CV 1386 99-CV-1540 (District of Columbia Court of Appeals March 20, 2003).

Other:

Discussion

Though a great deal more is known about neurotransmission today than was known at the beginning of the research associated with the initial biological discoveries of neurotransmitters and the neurotransmission process there is still a great deal to be discovered. Neurotransmission disorganization and impairment is clearly identified as a pervasive aspect of many psychological disorders. This is particularly true of the anxiety disorders and OCD. There is no doubt that increased understanding of the various mechanisms of OCD and normal neurotransmission will add to a greater research understanding of the biological causalities and modalities of OCD.

Though the most simplistic and earliest neurotransmission disturbance theories have been largely discounted the research has created ample evidence of disturbances in neurotransmission function (in more complex terms) as the root cause of several psychological disorders including various forms of anxiety disorders the subgroup which OCD falls into.

…this research has revealed the staggering complexity of…...

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References

Goodman, W.K., Rudorfer, M.V., & Maser, J.D. (Eds.). (2000). Obsessive-compulsive disorder contemporary issues in treatment. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Hollander, E. Allen, A. Steiner, M. Wheadon, D.E. Oakes, R. Burnham, D.B. (September 2003) Acute and long-term treatment and prevention of relapse of obsessive-compulsive disorder with paroxetine. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 64(9) 1113-1121.

Howland, R.H. (2005). Chapter 6 Biological bases of psychopathology. In Psychopathology: Foundations for a Contemporary Understanding, Maddux, J.E. & Winstead, B.A. (Eds.) (pp. 109-119). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Liebowitz, M.R. Turner, S.M. Piacentini, J. Beidel, D.C. Clarvit, S.R. Davies, S.O. Graae, F. Jaffer, M. Lin, S. Sallee, F.R. Schmidt, A.B. Simpson, H.B. (December 2002) Fluoxetine in Children and Adolescents With OCD: A Placebo-Controlled Trial Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 41(12) 1431-1438.

OBESITY 1 OBESITY 15








Obesity
Name
Date












Introduction
Obesity is a global epidemic affecting almost all population cohorts. Rates of obesity are rising worldwide. According to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2013), the obesity epidemic “is not restricted to industrialized societies,” with millions of obesity-related cases burgeoning in developing countries (p. 1). With billions of cases worldwide, obesity has therefore been described as the “major health hazard of the 21st century,” (Zhang, Liu, Yao, et al., 2014, p. 5153). Given the global nature of the disease, clinical guidelines have become increasingly standardized, but it is still necessary to tailor interventions to specific populations to create age appropriate, culturally appropriate, and gender appropriate treatment interventions. After a brief discussion of obesity pathophysiology, this paper will evaluate standard practices at local, state, national, and international levels. Access to care and treatment options also determine disease outcomes. Therefore, this paper will also address the core factors involved in public…...

Constipation
The Management of Constipation in Palliative Patients

hich strategy is considered the best when nurses must intervene with a patient suffering from constipation? The PubMed publication put out by the National Institutes of Health and the U.S. National Library of Medicine explains that there is some uncertainty within the healthcare field about the choice between managing constipation with drugs (pharmacologically) or with other various clinical programs in palliative care settings (Clemens, et al., 2013).

A section in the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing dedicated to bowel management -- written by researcher Denice Caraccia Economou -- explains that there is no absolute rule as to what intervention is best (220).

Pharmacological Management: The use of opioids is not always recommended for constipated patients, because they increase electrolyte and water absorption in both intestines which can lead to dehydration and dry, hard stools, according to Economou (221). Also morphine is not a recommended intervention because…...

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Works Cited

Clemens, K.E., Faust, M., Jaspers, B., and Mikus, G. (2013). Pharmacological treatment of constipation in palliative care. PubMed. Retrieved September 8, 2015, from http://www.ncbi.nim.nih.gov.

ConvaTec. Retrieved September 9, 2015, from  http://www.convatec.com .

Economou, D. C. (2015). Bowel Management: Constipation, diarrhea, obstruction, and ascites. In the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing, Ferrell, Coyle, and Paice, Eds.

Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing. Cary, NC: Oxford University Press.

Fibromyalgia is a rather mysterious condition, with no known cause and no known cure. The symptoms of fibromyalgia consist primarily of muscle and joint pain and heightened sensitivity to pain, experienced globally. Secondary symptoms, which are also common in sufferers, include chronic fatigue, cognitive and memory dysfunction, sleep disorders, and mood disorders. Women are far more likely to suffer from fibromyalgia than men, and age of onset is generally between 30 to 50 years. A combination of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions are recommended, with the latter taking precedence over the former in evidence-based practice. Prognosis is relatively good when the right combination of lifestyle and treatment options is employed.
Etiology

The cause of fibromyalgia remains a mystery. ecent research reveals the possibility of a genetic marker for pain sensitivity in fibromyalgia patients, in that haplotypes of the COMT gene and genotypes of the Val158Met polymorphism play a key role on pain sensitivity,"…...

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References

Fitzcharles, M. et al. (2013). 2012 Canadian Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of fibromyalgia syndrome: Executive summary. Pain Res Manag. 2013 May-Jun; 18(3): 119 -- 126.

Martinez-Jauand, M. et al. (2013). Pain sensitivity in fibromyalgia is associated with catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene. European Journal of Pain 17(1): 16-27.

Mayo Clinic (2015). Fibromyalgia. Retrieved online:  http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fibromyalgia/basics/tests-diagnosis/con-20019243 

Neusch, E. et al. (2011). Comparative efficacy of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions in fibromyalgia syndrome: network meta-analysis. Ann Rheum Dis 2013;72:955-962

Environmental Interventions for Patients With Dementia
Dementia is a neurocognitive disorder that has been treated in various ways throughout all history. The modern era has proposed pharmacological interventions in the past but these have proved dangerous and degrading to the quality of life that dementia patients and their loved ones prefer. For this reason, environmental interventions have emerged as an alternative method for treating elderly dementia patients. This intervention method consists of altering the environment in which the patient lives by accommodating for the needs of the patient with clearly identifiable pathways, open spaces for communication, naturalistic settings, adequate stimuli and private rooms for quiet. This paper discusses the fundamental principles of environmental interventions for patients with dementia and includes a justification for this approach as a suitable alternative to prevailing psychoactive drug interventions. It also includes a discussion of the historical context of the disorder, its current description according to…...

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References

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. (2015). Non-pharmacologic Interventions

for Agitation and Aggression in Dementia. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from  http://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/index.cfm/search-for-guides-reviews-and-reports/?productid=1999&pageaction=displayproduct 

Bupa. (2015). A dementia friendly society. Bupa. Retrieved from https://www.bupa.com/corporate/our-purpose/healthy-ageing-and-dementia/reports-and-publications/a-dementia-friendly-society

Fleming, R., Purandare, N. (2010). Long-term care for people with dementia:

Case Study: JasonIntroductionThis case study is of a 28-year-old male who has been transferred from the psychiatric unit to the acute hospital after three episodes of tonic-clonic seizure with subsequent altered conscious state. The purpose of the study is to provide details of the presenting problem, the health assessment, a critical evaluation of diagnostic investigations, clinical manifestations, aetiology and pathophysiology, interventions, and relevant evaluations.Patient Demographics and HistoryJason is a 28-year-old male with diagnosed schizophrenia. He lives with his parents and one older sister and has very good social support from his family. There is no primary family history of mental illness. Jason was a preterm baby (34 weeks) and has since been diagnosed with psychogenic polydipsia diagnosed after his most recent hospital admission.Jason presented with seizures, and was transferred from the psychiatric unit to the acute hospital after three episodes of tonic-clonic seizure with subsequent altered conscious state. However,…...

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ReferencesAbram, S. V., Hua, J. P., & Ford, J. M. (2022). Consider the pons: bridging the gap on sensory prediction abnormalities in schizophrenia. Trends in Neurosciences.Adrogué, H. J., Tucker, B. M., & Madias, N. E. (2022). Diagnosis and Management of Hyponatremia: A Review. JAMA, 328(3), 280-291.Ahmadi, L., & Goldman, M. B. (2020). Primary polydipsia: update. Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 34(5), 101469.Bazmi, E., Behnoush, B., Nazari, S. H., Khodakarim, S., Behnoush, A. H., & Soori, H. (2020). Seizure prediction model in acute tramadol poisoning; a derivation and validation study. Archives of Academic Emergency Medicine, 8(1).Braatz, V., Martins Custodio, H., Leu, C., Agrò, L., Wang, B., Calafato, S., ... & Sisodiya, S. M. (2021). Postictal Psychosis in Epilepsy: A Clinicogenetic Study. Annals of neurology, 90(3), 464-476.Fernandez Martinez, A., Barajas Galindo, D., & Ruiz Sanchez, J. (2021). Management of hyponatraemia and hypernatraemia during the Covid-19 pandemic: a consensus statement of the Spanish Society for Endocrinology (Acqua Neuroendocrinology Group). Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders, 22(2), 317-324.Helms, J., Kremer, S., Merdji, H., Schenck, M., Severac, F., Clere-Jehl, R., ... & Meziani, F. (2020). Delirium and encephalopathy in severe COVID-19: a cohort analysis of ICU patients. Critical Care, 24(1), 1-11.Khalid, M., Malik, M., Anandappa, S., Sivappriyan, S., & Kumar, J. (2021, October). Hashimoto’s Encephalopathy: organic psychosis vs catatonic schizophrenia. In Endocrine Abstracts (Vol. 77). Bioscientifica.Kumar, N., & Kukreti, P. (2020). Delirium: Assessment and Management-A Review. Journal of Advanced Research in Psychology & Psychotherapy (E-ISSN: 2581-5822), 3(3&4), 21-27.Peritogiannis, V., & Rizos, D. V. (2021). Catatonia Associated with Hyponatremia: Case Report and Brief Review of the Literature. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health: CP & EMH, 17, 26.Piffer, A., Bianchetti, M. G., Leoni?Foglia, C., Simonetti, G. D., Milani, G. P., & Lava, S. A. (2022). Vaptans for edematous and hyponatremic disorders in childhood: a systematic literature review. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology.Pruitt, P., Naidech, A., Van Ornam, J., & Borczuk, P. (2019). Seizure frequency in patients with isolated subdural hematoma and preserved consciousness. Brain Injury, 33(8), 1059-1063.Riebschleger, J., Costello, S., Cavanaugh, D. L., & Grové, C. (2019). Mental health literacy of youth that have a family member with a mental illness: Outcomes from a new program and scale. Frontiers in psychiatry, 10, 2.Siddiqui, J. A., Qureshi, S. F., & Alghamdi, A. K. (2020). Psychogenic Polydipsia Leading to Hyponatremia Induced Seizure in Schizophrenia. Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 10(3), 158-160.Sindahl, P., Overgaard-Steensen, C., Wallach-Kildemoes, H., De Bruin, M. L., Leufkens, H. G., Kemp, K., & Gardarsdottir, H. (2020). Are further interventions needed to prevent and manage hospital-acquired hyponatraemia? a nationwide cross-sectional survey of iv fluid prescribing practices. Journal of clinical medicine, 9(9), 2790.Singh, G., Paul, B., Chaudhary, A., & Singh, G. (2019). Impact of epileptic seizures in the neurological intensive care unit (NICU) on Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). Epilepsy & Behavior, 101.Yang, Q., Guo, X., & Liu, D. (2018). Hypokalemia Caused by Quetiapine and Risperidone Treatment in Schizophrenia: A Case Report. Shanghai Archives of Psychiatry, 30(3), 204.Young, L., Murata, L., McPherson, C., Jacob, J. D., & Vandyk, A. D. (2019). Exploring the experiences of parent caregivers of adult children with schizophrenia: A systematic review. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 33(1), 93-103.

1. The Neurobiological Basis of Schizophrenia: Exploring the Complexities of Brain Abnormalities

- Investigate the structural and functional brain abnormalities associated with schizophrenia, including alterations in neurotransmitter systems, connectivity, and neural circuitry.
- Discuss the role of genetic and environmental factors in shaping these brain abnormalities and their contribution to the development of schizophrenia.
- Explore the potential links between neuroinflammation, immune dysfunction, and the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.

2. Hallucinations and Delusions: Unraveling the Subjective Experiences in Schizophrenia

- Analyze the phenomenology of hallucinations and delusions, examining their characteristic features, content, and impact on the individual's subjective reality.
- Explore the neurobiological mechanisms underlying these psychotic....

1. The genetic basis of ADHD: exploring the role of specific genes and neurotransmitters in the development of ADHD
2. The impact of brain structure and function differences in individuals with ADHD
3. Environmental factors and their influence on the biology of ADHD
4. The relationship between ADHD and other neurological disorders, such as autism and anxiety disorders
5. The role of epigenetics in the development and manifestation of ADHD symptoms
6. The effectiveness of pharmacological treatments for ADHD in addressing underlying biological mechanisms
7. The potential for personalized medicine approaches in the treatment of ADHD based on individual biology
8. Neuroimaging studies and their insights into....

1. Discuss the role of genetics in the development of ADHD and how it impacts learning and memory processes in individuals with the disorder.
2. Evaluate the neurological basis of ADHD and its impact on cognitive functions such as attention, working memory, and executive functions.
3. Analyze the relationship between ADHD and learning disabilities, and how these co-occurring conditions affect memory formation and retention.
4. Explore the effectiveness of different pharmacological interventions for ADHD in enhancing learning and memory abilities in individuals with the disorder.
5. Discuss the potential role of neuroplasticity and neurogenesis in improving learning and memory outcomes in individuals with ADHD.
6.....

Original Thesis Statement:

Parkinson's disorder is a complex neurodegenerative condition characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms, which significantly impact the quality of life for individuals and their caregivers.

Re-shaped Argumentative Thesis Statement:

Parkinson's disorder is a debilitating neurodegenerative disease that warrants comprehensive and holistic care strategies to effectively manage its multi-faceted symptoms and support the well-being of individuals and their caregivers. This approach should encompass both pharmacological interventions and non-pharmacological therapies, recognizing the importance of addressing both the physical and psychosocial aspects of the condition.

Key Points of Argument:

1. Multi-faceted Nature of Parkinson's Disorder:

Parkinson's disorder is not solely characterized by motor symptoms such as....