Personality Theory
Describe and discuss the basic characteristics, tenets and methods of investigation/research for psychodynamic and cognitive perspectives regarding personality psychology, and the benefits/strengths and limitations/weaknesses of each approach.

The challenge that the researchers and personality theorists will face is to parsimoniously capture the process-oriented and dynamic nature of personality. Dweck (1996) in an earlier study asserts that "trait theorists have addressed some of the more static, descriptive aspects of personality-how people may be concisely described in terms of a set of global characteristics" (Dweck, 1996, p. 348). We are yet at the place where we can briefly express the context-sensitive and process-driven patterns belonging to the personality. Probably one way to do this is by understanding the predominant goals of people as well as their beliefs regarding the process through which the realization of these goals can be carried out (Dweck, 1996, p. 348).

Almost all the classic theories regarding personality (e.g.,…...

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References

Adler, A. (1927). The practice and theory of individual psychology. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World.

Block, J.H., & Block, J. (1980). The role of ego-control and ego-resiliency in the organization of behavior. In W.A. Collins (Ed.), Minnesota symposia on child psychology (Vol. 13, pp. 39-101). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Bri88s, S.R. (1989). The optimal level of measurement for personality constructs. In D.M. Buss & N. Cantor (Eds.), Personality psychology: Recent trends and emerging directions (pp. 246-260). New York: Springer-Verlag.

Buss, D.M. (1987). Selection, evocation, and manipulation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 1214-1221.

Personality Theory Analysis
The trait theory and the psychoanalytic theory are two theories that attempt to explain personality and behavior, but are two entirely different approaches. The trait theory approaches personality with combinations of personality traits and measurements of individual traits in attempting to explain personality and behavior. On the other hand, the psychoanalytic theory explores the unconscious through behavior, feelings, self-esteem, and social contexts in attempting to explain personality and behavior (Beystehner, 1998). Each of the theories have strengths and limitations in their approaches.

The trait theory assumes people are born with inherited traits and trait combinations combined with a degree of measurement of individual trait characteristics shape personality (Trait Theory, 2013) and are composed of a broad set of dispositions (Henriques, 2011). This theory groups individuals into personality type groups to determine individual behavior. One approach to this theory is the "Big Five," which uses the characteristics of extraversion, neuroticism,…...

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References

Beystehner, K. (1998, Aug). Pshychoanalysis: Freud's revolutionary approach to human personality. Retrieved from Northwestern University:  http://www.personalityresearch.org/papers/beystehner.html 

Buchanan, L. (1998, Feb). The impact of big five personality characteristics on group cohesion and creative task performance. Retrieved from Virginia Tech: http://www.scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/public/etc.-32198-18285/Materials/etd.pdf

Henriques, G. (2011, Apr 11). Another Big Five for Personality. Retrieved from Psychology Today:  http://www.pschologytoday.com/blog/theory-knowledge/201204/another-big-five-personality 

Legrand, R.W. (1989). Alleged behavior indicators of sexual abuse. IPT, vol. 1, Retrieved from  http://www.ipt-forensics.com/journal/volume1/j1_2_1.html .

One that is in love will only recognize the good object of their love, and typically for a while at least be not capable or extremely reluctant to recognize the rest. This occurrence is called splitting, and is measured a much undeveloped defense instrument (19 Borderline Personality Disorder: A Theory of Borderlines, 2010).
Splitting seems to be the major defense apparatus of the borderline. A borderline sees others in expressions of black and white or as good or bad. The major difficulty in treatment of borderlines is to manage their impractical visions of other people and in their efforts to generate self satisfying predictions to make everything else fit with their insights. If a borderline thinks one as a superior object, they will go to immense actions in supplying circumstances or accepting this outlook (19 Borderline Personality Disorder: A Theory of Borderlines, 2010).

eferences

19 Borderline Personality Disorder: A Theory of Borderlines.…...

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References

19 Borderline Personality Disorder: A Theory of Borderlines. (2010). Retrieved November 24,

2010, from Web site:  http://stason.org/TULARC/health/mind/psychology/19-Borderline-Personality-Disorder-a-Theory-of-Borderlines.html 

Carl Jung. (2006). Retrieved November 24, 2010, from Web site:

 http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/jung.html

It is more common than many would like to think. It is a disorder which affects behavior in a way which goes against typical norms of social acceptance, and it is also a disorder which has no reliable treatment.
This disorder separates afflicted individuals from the behavior of normal people, "Antisocial Personality Disorder is a condition characterized by persistent disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood" (Long 2005). Many who are diagnosed with Antisocial Personality Disorder have trouble conforming to the norms and mores of the society in which they were born.

Thousands of those diagnosed do not follow the legal laws of their culture and exhibit other types of taboo behavior. Individuals diagnosed excerpt tell-tale signs. Many show high levels of deceitfulness and mal-intended manipulation. They lie, cheat, and steal; anything that the average person would judge…...

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Works Cited

American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental

Disorders, fourth ed. Washington, DC. American Psychiatric Association.

Long, Phillip M.D. (2005) "Antisocial Personality Disorder." Internet Mental Health.  http://www.mentalhealth.com/dis/p20-pe04.html 

Psychology Today. (2005) "Antisocial Personality Disorder." Suusex Publishers. New York.  http://psychologytoday.com/conditions/antisocial.html#Treatment

Personality Theory
From my point-of-view, I see Erik Erikson's epigenetic principle to be the most appropriate theory to most individuals that explains how personality develops. From an online source, the epigenetic principle states that,

This principle says that we develop through a predetermined unfolding of our personalities in eight stages. Our progress through each stage is in part determined by our success, or lack of success, in all the previous stages. A little like the unfolding of a rose bud, each petal opens up at a certain time, in a certain order, which nature, through its genetics, has determined. If we interfere in the natural order of development by pulling a petal forward prematurely or out of order, we ruin the development of the entire flower.

Erikson's theory is usually manifested in our life experiences. How an individual surpasses a stage in his life affects his personality in facing his future experiences. For…...

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Bibliography

Boeree, G.C. Erik Erikson.

Retrieved on January 03, 2005, from SHIP.EDU Online.

Web site:  http://www.ship.edu/%7Ecgboeree/erikson.html 

Attention Deficit and Hyperkinetic Disorders in Children and Young People

Personality Theory
The objective of this study is to focus on two perspectives of personality theory and for this study chosen are the two of: (1) traits; and (2) psychodynamic. The limitations and weaknesses of each will be examined and a preference for one chosen and the reason provided.

Narratives

The work of Johns, Robbins, and Pervin (2008) states in regards to the question of 'what does it mean to know a person?' that the way one knows another involves knowing what extent are the narratives related by a patient in clinical hours are best understood as: (1) a record, albeit an imperfect one, offered from one point-of-view, of something usually interpersonally insignificant that occurred in the patient's life; (2) an index of the patient's ways of experiencing the self and others ( a central aspect of personality); or (3) an index of the efforts of two people to come to terms with…...

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Bibliography

Clark, LA, Watson, D. And Mineka, S. (1994) Temperament, Personality and Mood and Anxiety Disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. Vol. 103 No. 1.

Johns, OP, Robins, RW and Pervin. LA (2008) Handbook of Personality Theory and Research. 3rd Ed. The Guilford Press, New York, London.

Rothbart, MK (2007) Temperament, Development, and Personality. Association for Psychological Science. Vol. 16. No. 8.

Rueda, R. And Rothbart, MK (2009) The Influence of Temperament on the Development on Coping. The Role of Maturation and Experience. In E.A. Skinner & M.J. Zimmer-Gembeck (Eds) Coping and the Development of Regulation. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development 124, pp.19-31. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Personality Theory and Why It Matters Introduction
What shapes the human personality? What factors impact the development of the individual’s cognition, behaviors, and outlook? These questions have longed been considered by psychologists and researchers. Early on, some believed nature played a more dominant role; later, psychologists began to examine the role of a nurturing environment in the formation of the personality. Over the decades, it has become more and more evident that the human personality is complexly impacted both by nature and nurture. To assess personality, therefore, one needs a holistic understanding of the human subject. This paper will discuss major concepts in behavioral, interpersonal and self-psychology models of personality theory. It will describe the roles of hereditary and environmental factors in personality development. It will also describe the assessment method that is most useful in assessing personality, as well as provide personal and career applications.
Major Concepts
Behavioral
Behaviorism focuses on how people develop…...

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References

Hurley, D. (2013). Trait vs. fate. Discover 34(4), 48-55. Retrieved from 

Lecci, L. B. (2015). Personality. Retrieved from  https://content.ashford.edu 

Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50(4), 370.

McCarthy, A. M., & Garavan, T. N. (1999). Developing self?awareness in the managerial career development process: the value of 360?degree feedback and the MBTI. Journal of European Industrial Training, 3, 2.

Osberg, T. M., Haseley, E. N., & Kamas, M. M. (2008). The MMPI–2 Clinical scales and Restructured Clinical (RC) scales: Comparative psychometric properties and relative diagnostic efficiency in young adults. Journal of Personality Assessment, 90(1), 81-92.

Weaver, I. C. G., Cervoni, N., Champagne, F. A., D’Alessio, A. C, Sharma, S., Seckl, J.R., … Meaney, M. J. (2004). Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior. Nature Neuroscience, 7(8), 847-854.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1276 

http://discovermagazine.com

Object Relations
Personality Theory

Describe the most important points in object relations theory that differentiate it from Classical (freudian) Psychoanalysis.

Object relations theory is a more recent development of psychoanalysis that attempts to explain the mechanisms that work to shape the id, ego, and super ego. Many of Freud's theories have stood the test of time in some circles in psychology; however the theories lack a physical component that can explain the mind and body interaction. The object relations theory seems to target some of the vagueness in the way the mind forms its psyche during development.

The theory proposes that during early development, the mind forms "objects" that develop in a response to the environment in infancy. These objects form in the subconscious that follows a person throughout adulthood. The object is the thing that the subject is related to through experience. For example, I love my children. My children would be the…...

To me, man is shoved into the future where his perfection waits, but which at this time, waits for his apt choices that will insure and accelerate that perfection. It would be anti-life to contradict that pristine urge placed within each of us by the Hand that created us and the Spirit that continues to indwell each creature through that inner light.
My personality theory's sense of the future out of the now is more than just blind adherence to a life in the hereafter. The future is not seen by the person as a pie in the sky or some lofty but unreachable prize for good behavior in this world and in this fumbling life. The future sense of the person under my theory actually makes a deliberate choice to be perfect in a momentary sense right here and right now. And that is by deliberately choosing the worthiest,…...

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Boeree, GC (1997). Personality Theories: Alfred Adler (e-text).Shippensburg University.

 http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/perscontents.html 

-: Sigmund Freud

-: Abraham Maslow

The ceased to exist when the star stops to expand and melts -- when it can will itself to shine again and starts looking for ways to become a shining star again -- when it becomes a star, it becomes a nuclear reactor. A nuclear reactor is defined a device in which a nuclear fission chain reaction occurs under controlled conditions so that the heat yield can be harnessed or the neutron beams utilized and all commercial reactors are thermal reactors, using a moderator to slow down the neutrons (Glossary of Uranium Industry Terms, n.d.). The human existence will have no say at the time of our death for we are just particles -- a tiny piece of an atom that can all be destroyed with a nuclear reactor.

The humans evolved through the dreams made by the singularity, each vision it sees creates what we have now. If it stops…...

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References

Barrow, J. (1994). The Origin of the Universe: To the Edge of Space and Time. Phoenix.

Glossary of Uranium Industry Terms (n.d.) Retrieved on March 15, 2009 from TradeTech:  http://www.uranium.info/index.cfm?go=c.page&id=44 

Hawking, S. (1988) a Brief History of Time. New York: Bantam Dell Publishing.

Hawking, S., & Ellis, G. (1968). The Cosmic Black-Body Radiation and the Existence of Singularities in our Universe. Astrophysical Journal, 152, 25-36.

Stereotyping
Personality and Stereotyping Theories

Taking a leadership or management role in the workplace is inherently challenging. This is because it falls upon leadership to manage a wide variance of personalities and needs. This is why it's important to develop a complete understanding of the various theories describing workplace behavior. In the case of this discussion, Personality Theory and Stereotyping Theory offer the opportunity for insight into management the specific workplace challenges of Anger Management and Conflict.

Of the topics selected, Personality Theory was selected for its versatility. According to Cherry (2008), this is a theoretical model in which a wide range of lenses can be used to understand individual motivations. Behavioral, psychodynamic, humanist and trait theories can all be used to understand individual personalities and to work within the scope of their respective needs. Cherry traces personality theory to models proposed by Erickson, Piaget, Freud and Skinner, all in the early 20th…...

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Works Cited:

Cherry, K. (2008). Theories of Personality. About Psychology.

Levy, S.R.; Stroessner, S.J. & Dweck, C.S. (1998). Stereotype Formation and Endorsement: The Role of Implicit Theories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(6), 1421-1436.

personality theory is based on the writings of John Watson. Behaviorism, the idea that human actions are the true indicator of human behavior, denies the existence of the mind or related mental activities. In his book, Does the Center Hold, Donald Palmer illustrates three distinct ways of looking at behaviorism: hard, soft and logical. Hard behaviorism is the strictest of the three; it holds that there is absolutely nothing that can be considered any bit related to the mind or mental states because there is no mind. Logical behaviorism purports that all mentally related behaviors must ultimately lead back to their source as an actual, physical act. Soft behaviorism, according to Palmer's (2002) description states that there is "no need to include minds in the scientific study of humans, whether or not minds exist. The study of behaviors and their physical causes is sufficient for a complete psychology" (p.…...

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References

Palmer, Donald. (2002). Does the Center Hold? An introduction to western philosophy. Boston:

McGraw/Hill.

Boeree, C.G. (1998a). Sigmund Freud. Retrieved November 10, 2005, from  http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/perscontents.html .

Boeree, C.G. (1998b). Carl Jung. Retrieved November 10, 2005, from

I The idea of personality is broadly accepted as being fundamental in psychology, but its dynamics as well as the ways that it may be identified and assessed are questions in which psychologists have been in substantial disagreement. Millon had been focused on perpetually creating a systematic program to describe standard as well as abnormal personality functioning and also to determine various kinds of personality types and conditions according to deductive thinking. This varies with the rising inductive technique that identified proportions of personality functioning and realignment according to factor evaluation of the personality lexicon qualities. The present system consists of 13 personality designs or kinds according to groups generally observed in a number of communities to varying degrees. The primary personality designs established by Millon had been all variants from the Passive, Active along with Pleasure-Pain proportions. Over his years of analysis, Millon has produced a powerful theoretical design composed…...

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References

Pincus, A. L., & Krueger, R. F. (2015). Theodore Millon\\\\'s contributions to conceptualizing personality disorders. Journal of personality assessment, 97(6), 537-540.

Millon, T., Millon, C. M., Meagher, S. E., Grossman, S. D., & Ramnath, R. (2004). Personality disorders in modern life. John Wiley & Sons.

Rossi, G., & Derksen, J. (2015). International adaptations of the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory: Construct validity and clinical applications. Journal of personality assessment, 97(6), 572-590.

O’Connor, B. P., & Dyce, J. A. (1998). A test of models of personality disorder configuration. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107(1), 3.

Lecic-Tosevski, D., Gavrilovic, J., Knezevic, G., & Priebe, S. (2003). Personality factors and posttraumatic stress: Associations in civilians one year after air attacks. Journal of Personality Disorders, 17, 537–549.

Strack, S., & Millon, T. (2007). Contributions to the dimensional assessment of personality disorders using Millon\\\\'s model and the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI–III). Journal of Personality Assessment, 89(1), 56-69.

Bajraktarov, S., Gudeva-Nikovska, D., Manuševa, N., & Arsova, S. (2017). Personality Characteristics as Predictive Factors for the Occurrence of Depressive Disorder. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 5(1), 48–53.

Huck, N. O. (1998). Psychological reactance and Millon\\\\'s personality theory: An integrative comparison (Order No. 9835414). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global: The Sciences and Engineering Collection. (304452298). Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.libaccess.sjlibrary.org/docview/304452298?accountid=10361http://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2017.022

Personal Psychology
Describe and discuss the nature-nurture dichotomy as it relates to personality psychology; the key associated areas of research; and the key research findings.

The study of personality progresses in tandem with advances in neuroscience and behavioral studies, fields that reflect the nature-nurture dichotomy of human development. The word dichotomy is misleading in that it describes a division between two mutually exclusive and contradictory elements or conditions. Yet, contemporary research in personality indicates that there is not an actual nature-nurture dichotomy. Instead, experts assert that, "Both genetic and environmental factors are important to personality" (Krueger & Johnson, 2008, p. 287). Indeed, new conceptual and methodological advances have shifted research questions from a focus on which influences are the strongest in personality development and expression to a focus on determining how "genetic and environmental influences actually come together to shape personality" (Krueger & Johnson, 2008, p. 287).

A molecular psychology of personality is…...

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Sources:

Canli, T. (2008). Toward a "Molecular Psychology" of Personality. In O.P. John, R.W. Robins, R.W., and L.A. Pervin, Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research. (3rd ed.) (pp. 311-323). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Krueger, R.F. And Johnson, W. (2008). Behavioral genetics and personality: A new look at the integration of nature and nurture. In O.P. John, R.W. Robins, R.W., and L.A. Pervin, Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research. (3rd ed.) (pp. 287-310). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

[Type text]

According to the assessment, my personality type is ISTJ (Introversion, Sensing, Thinking, and Judging). List at least two characteristics for each personality type using the descriptions provided by the TypeFocus assessment under “Personality Theory: What Your Four Letters Mean.”
Introversion refers to having an inward focus. An introverted person prefers to spend time alone, or at least needs time alone. The introverted person feels drained after social experiences like parties, and draws energy from solitude.
Sensing refers to the way I perceive the world. A sensor relies primarily on the concrete data received from the five senses, rather than living in a fantasy world or daydreaming.
Thinking refers to how the person processes information. Whereas a feeling person relies on gut instinct, a thinking person like me analyzes or uses logic when making decisions.
Judging refers to how I take action. A judging person weighs all the information available and sticks to a plan.
The four-letter…...

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References

United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics (2017). Actuaries. Retrieved online:  

https://www.bls.gov/ooh/math/actuaries.htm