Periodontal Disease and Pregnancy:
The promotion of good oral health during pregnancy is an important aspect for the well-being and health of mothers. The need for good health of mothers during pregnancy has provided an opportunity for dentists to educate mothers on preventing dental caries in their babies in order to lessen the occurrences of undesirable pregnancy outcomes. Moreover, mothers need this education in order to prevent the occurrence of periodontal disease since oral health is not widely addressed during prenatal care. Several obstetrician-gynecologists have recognized the significance of obtaining routine dental care during pregnancy and the positive impact of treating the disease to enhance pregnancy outcome.

Periodontal Disease:

Periodontal diseases basically consist of a group of diseases that have a huge negative impact on the supporting structures of the teeth (Avula & Avula, 2011). While the disease was previously known as pyorrhea in earlier literature, it's prevalent across the globe since no…...

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References:

Avula, H. & Avula, J. (2011). Periodontal Infections and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes: The

Oral Health -- Fetal Connection. Journal of Gynecologic Surgery, 27(1), 1-4.

Babalola, D.A. & Omole, F. (2010, June 29). Case Report: Periodontal Disease and Pregnancy

Outcome. Journal of Pregnancy, 2010. Retrieved from  http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jp/2010/293439/

Periodontal disease and respiratory disease: A systematic review of the evidence," Agado & Bowen (2012) perform a systematic review or meta-analysis style of research to determine whether there is a correlation between periodontal disease and pneumonia, or between periodontal disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a "common" condition that includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Smoking is a major risk factor for COPD; but pneumonia can be caused by a number of different variables, some of which are environmental. It has long been suspected that there is a link between periodontal disease and either pneumonia or COPD, if not both. However, prior research has been inconclusive if these relationships are causal or correlational. A causal relationship has been hypothesized in some research, as the authors cite the fact that "aspiration of oral bacteria has been implicated in the occurrence of healthcare associated pneumonia and exacerbation of COPD," (p. 3). Therefore,…...

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Reference

Agado, B. & Bowen, D. (2012). Periodontal disease and respiratory disease: A systematic review of the evidence. Canadian Journal of Dental Hygiene 46. 2 (May 2012): 103-114.

Frequently Asked Questions About Periodontal (Gum) Disease and General Health)

5. Conclusion

The increasing incidence of periodontal disease in developed countries is a cause of concern. As a study in this regard by Albandar, Brunelle and Kingman (1999) states, "Periodontitis is prevalent in the U.S. adult population" (p, 13).

This study estimated that, "...about 21 million persons have at least one site with > or = 5 mm attachment loss, and 35.7 million persons have periodontitis" (Albandar, Brunelle and Kingman, 1999, p.13). The authors also note that this is a conservative estimate.

However, there has been relatively little research undertaken on the concomitant and related affects of this disease. As has been discussed above, there is a growing body of research that suggests that periodontal disease affects other illnesses and can exacerbate diseases such as diabetes. More research is needed in this area, which will in turn place greater emphasis on the need for…...

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References

Albandar JM, Brunelle JA, Kingman a. (1999) Destructive periodontal disease in adults 30 years of age and older in the United States, 1988-1994. J Periodontal, 70(1), pp. 13-29.

Periodontal disease. Retrieved July 8, 2008, at  http://www.stevedds.com/periodon.htm 

Types of Gum Disease. Retrieved July 8, 2008, at  http://www.perio.org/consumer/2a.html 

Frequently Asked Questions About Periodontal (Gum) Disease and General

342).
One of the strongest correlations between periodontal disease and another disease that could have heavy implications as to whether periodontal disease progresses is the correlation and relationship between diabetes and periodontal disease.

A recent study determines that "the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and periodontal disease/periodontitis (PD) is high, and the association of these two as risk factors influencing each other has been recognized and is extensively documented" (Acharya, Satyanarayan, Thakur, 2010, p. 70). This is another disease that is correlated to periodontal disease, and with that correlation is additional evidence that gingivitis does not always preclude the more destructive form of periodontal disease. Many periodontal therapists have for the last few years known and espoused the fact that patients who took care of their oral health faced far fewer health related challenges than those that did not. One 2002 study professed "health professionals need to be cognizant of the…...

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Works Cited

Academy report (2003) American Academy of Periodontology, Report 74, pp. 1 -- 9

Acharya, A.B.; Satyanarayan, A.; Thakur, S.L.; (2010) Status of association studies linking diabetes mellitus and periodontal disease in India, International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries, Vol. 30, Issue 2, pp. 69-74

Aschmwanden, C. & Chen, I.; (1998) How to keep your smile, Health (Time Inc. Health), Vol. 12, Issue 7, p. 22

Bellows, J.; (2004) Periodontal disease -- a primer on recognition and therapy, DVM: The Newsmagazine of Veterinary Medicine, Vol. 35, Issue 1, pp. 16S -- 24S

Transmission of Periodontal Disease Through Saliva
Transmission of Periodontal Disease

Periodontal disease is associated with the pathogens Actinobacillus. actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis. These pathogens are found in both juvenile and adult periodontitis. People who don't have periodontitis are rarely found to have A. actinomycetemcomitans and P.gingivalis. esearch has demonstrated that these pathogens are transmitted among family member.

When Do the Pathogens Colonize the Oral Ecosystem?

actinomycetemcomitans and P.gingivalis are not found in the mouths of infants and very young children. A Finnish study did not find the pathogens in a group of 1 to 7-month-old infants or in a group of young children aged 2 to 3 years. A variety of other pathogens are frequently found in low numbers in the mouths of people who are periodontally healthy, even when they are young children. In fact, young children who do acquire A. actinomycetemcomitans may only harbor the bacterium for a short time.

A. actinomycetemcomitans. esearch…...

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References

Askiainen, S, Chen, C., Alauusua, S, and Slots, J. (1997). Journal of the American Dental Association, 128, 1263-1270

Herrera, D., Matesanz, P., Basones-Martinez, A., and Sanz, M. (2012). Local and Systemic Antimicrobial Therapy in Periodontics. Journal of Evidence-Based Dental Practice 12(3), 50-60.

Socransky, S.S. And Haffajee, A.D. (1992). The bacterial etiology of destructive periodontal disease: Current concepts. Journal of Periodontology, 63(4s), 322-3331.

Zarco, M.F., Vess, T.J., and Ginsburg, G.S. (2011). The oral microbiome in health and disease and the potential impact on personalized dental medicine. Oral Diseases, 18(2), 109-120.

The researchers of this study found that subgingival levels of acteroides forsythus and actinobacillus was more among smokers when compared with non-smokers. Umeda et.al (1998) also reported that smokers had increased levels (or = 4.61) of Treponema denticola. These studies clearly show that smokers have increased oral pathogenic bacterial infection. [D.F.Kinane, 2000]
Smoking induced alveolar bone loss was confirmed by a 1991 Swedish study. In this radiographic study the Swedish dental hygienists observed that all the smoking subjects showed a pattern of greater distance between the cemento enamel junction and the interdental septum when compared to nonsmokers. [D.F.Kinane, 2000] Another longitudinal Swedish study conducted over a period of 10 years, which analyzed 293 young people, reported that young smokers who smoked more than 15 cigarettes per day carried a 78% risk for developing periodontal disease. Martinez -Canut et.al (1995), a Spanish study involving 889 patients found that smoking status was…...

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Bibliography

Joshi, 'Smoking and Periodontal Diseases: Patient Awareness', Accessed Dec 2nd 2008, Available online at,  http://www.nature.com/bdj/journal/v199/n11/abs/4812972a.html 

Elizabeth a Kraal, PhD, M.P.H, Arthur J. Garvey PhD & Raul L. Garcia D.M.D, 'Alveolar Bone Loss and Tooth loss in Male Cigar and Pipe Smokers' JADA Vol 130 Jan 1999

D.F.Kinane, L.G.Chestnutt, 'Smoking and Periodontal Disease', Critical Review in Oral Biology & Medicine, 11(3) 356-365, 2000

Enrique Bimstein, Howard L. Needleman, 'Periodontal and Gingival Health Diseases:

Gingivitis is a mild form of periodontal disease. It causes irritation, redness, and inflammation of the gums and can be so mild that individuals may not even be aware they have it (Mayo Clinic staff, 2011). Many people have it to a varying degree because it often develops during puberty or early adulthood due to hormonal changes (osenberg, 2010). It is important to take gingivitis seriously, however, because, left untreated, it can lead to periodontitis, a more severe form of gum disease. Eventually, tooth loss can result.
Gingivitis is commonly caused by poor oral hygiene, but can result from a number of other conditions, including diabetes, depressed immune system (for example, as a result of HIV / AIDS or leukemia), certain viral and fungal infections, and hormonal changes such as those related to puberty, as already mentioned, or with pregnancy or the use of oral contraceptives. Gingivitis can also result from…...

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References

Mayo Clinic staff. (2011, Nov 18). Mayoclinic. Retrieved from  http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/gingivitis/DS00363 

Rosenberg, D. (2010, 22 2). Gingivitis. Retrieved from  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002051/

Self-Perceived Oral Malodour Among Periodontal Patients:
One of the most common dental consultations is perceived oral malodour that suggests that thorough evaluation of oral malodour in dentistry. Generally, oral malodour is considered as a widespread, horrible, medical condition that is characterized with emergence of unpleasant odour from the mouth because of gram-negative anaerobic bacterial putrefaction of proteinaceous substrates containing sulfur. According to Azodo & Umoh (2013), oral malodour is basically caused by hydrogen sulfide, dimethyl sulfide, volatile sulfur compounds, and methyl mercaptan (p.125). These elements have also been associated with the pathogenesis of periodontal disease because of their toxicity to oral tissues.

Based on this background, the authors agree that oral malodour is a huge concern to the general population since it has unfavorable consequences on both the private and professional life. Therefore, it's a significant health issue with negative effects on the quality of life, especially with regards to social interactions.…...

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Reference:

Azodo, C.C. & Umoh, A.O. (2013, August). Self-perceived Oral Malodour among Periodontal

Patients: Prevalence and Associated Factors. International Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Research, 2(2), 125-132. Retrieved from  http://www.ajol.info/index.php/ijmbr/article/download/92813/82237

Polymicrobial Diseases of Animals and Diseases
Identify the research hypothesis and re-state it

The research hypothesis is that polymicrobial diseases found in animals as well as human beings are instigated by polyviral contaminations, polybacterial contaminations polymicrobial contaminations that involve viruses and bacteria, polymicrobial infections that involve fungi and parasites and polymicrobial infections owing to microbe-induced immunosuppression. These aforementioned illnesses are severe and whose etiologic causes are every now and then challenging to diagnose and treat.

What is the major issue at the heart of this publication?

The key issue at the core of this publication is the discussion of polymicrobial infections, particularly in human beings and animals. It also takes into consideration the etiological causes and the fundamental mechanisms of pathogenesis. It is imperative to note that polymicrobial illness is a fast developing and exceedingly studied field, yet at the same time signifies an ignored concept. Therefore, this article delves more into the comprehensive…...

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References

Brogden, K. A. (2002). Polymicrobial diseases of animals and humans.

Instruments

Instrumentation needed for the research study will be relatively minimal and straightforward; necessary equipment for a standard checkup to determine cardiovascular health and other basic signs of chronic disease as well as scrapers, swabs, and vials for the collection of bacterial samples will be needed. It is possible that culturing of the bacterial samples will be desired, in which case additional instruments and controlled environment equipment will also be needed for the full completion of the study. In order to assess the exclusionary criteria related to weight, a standard scale and height ruler will need to be utilized along with caliper measurements to determine body mass index. Other than this and the instruments necessary for recording and analyzing the data collected using these instruments, it is not expected that any other resources will be necessary for this research study.

Procedure

ollowing initial measurements to determine suitability for inclusion in the study, the…...

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Following these general examinations and the more extensive examinations of cardiovascular health, specifically identified areas in participants' mouths will be variously swabbed or scraped to obtain bacteria samples, and levels of bacteria in these areas and in the mouth as a whole will be measured using a variety of techniques. If necessary, the bacteria collected through this direct methodology will be cultured in an appropriate lab setting using standard equipment, with twenty-four hours being sufficient time for the culture to grow to be identifiable in most instances. Examination of bacteria types, growth patterns in the mouth, and correlation with cardiovascular disease will be identifiable with the data collected via these methods, enabling appropriate analysis and a determination of correlation.

Data Analysis

The latest available version of SPSS software operated by an experienced statistician, under the observation and supervision of the lead researcher, will be utilized to analyze the raw data collected in this study. Specifically, regression analyses will be utilized in order to determine the correlation, if any, that exists between the existence of certain types or levels of bacteria in the mouth or in certain areas of the mouth and cardiovascular disease. The Mann-Whitney test will also be used to determine which if any variables are statistically different between the participant group with cardiovascular disease and those without. Again, this is in keeping with similarly designed studies already successfully completed (Johansson et al. 2008).

The research thus concludes the essence of having quality and effective legislation addressing the aspects of overall oral health of the people.
Additionally, the Canadian Dental Association also relates several issues of the overall body health to the oral health of the individual. In view of the article on the relation "oral health -- good life," the article gives information on the essence of good oral health, indicating some of the illnesses of ill oral health (Chattopadhyay, 2011). In this article, the relation between the ill oral health and the overall health of the body is that the mouth is the ingress to the body. Therefore, an individual with ill oral health is at the highest risk of having infection that affects the whole body system severely. According to this article, it emphasizes the need for dentists-patient relation as the dentists is the only person with the skill, expertise and…...

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References

Chattopadhyay, a. (2011). Oral health epidemiology: Principles and practice. Sudbury, Mass:

Jones and Bartlett Publishers.

Ramseier, C.A., & Suvan, J.E. (2010). Health behavior change in the dental practice. Ames,

Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell.

With our progressing knowledge in molecular biology and the increasing understanding of the various signaling pathways there is no question of doubt that in the near future the prognosis for OSCC would be considerably improved. As with any other disease, prevention is better than cure. Avoiding the well-known risk factors, a well-balanced nutritional plan and regular dental health checkups are the most effective means of preventing Oral cancers.
ibliography

1) Michael King, Kourt Chatelain & Dustin Farris et.al, 'Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma proliferative Phenotype is modulated by Proanthocyanidins: a potential prevention and treatment alternative for Oral Cancer', MC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2007, 7:22, 19 June 2007 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/7/22

2) M. Chidzonga, L. Mahomva, 'Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, maxillary antrum and lip in a Zimbabwean population: A descriptive epidemiological study, Oral Oncology, 2006, Volume 42, Issue 2, Pages 184-189

3) National Cancer Institute, 'Oral Cavity', Accessed Jan 15th 2010, available online…...

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Bibliography

1) Michael King, Kourt Chatelain & Dustin Farris et.al, 'Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma proliferative Phenotype is modulated by Proanthocyanidins: a potential prevention and treatment alternative for Oral Cancer', BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2007, 7:22, 19 June 2007  http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/7/22 

2) M. Chidzonga, L. Mahomva, 'Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, maxillary antrum and lip in a Zimbabwean population: A descriptive epidemiological study, Oral Oncology, 2006, Volume 42, Issue 2, Pages 184-189

3) National Cancer Institute, 'Oral Cavity', Accessed Jan 15th 2010, available online at,  http://oralcancerfoundation.org/dental/pdf/oral_cavity.pdf 

4) Keyvan Nouri, 'Skin Cancer: Oral Cancer', McGraw-Hill Professional, 2007

ole of Antibiotic Therapy in the Treatment of Periodontal Disease?
The objective of this work is to examine the role of antibiotic therapy in the treatment of periodontal disease. Also examined will be the delivery system, the type of antibiotics and efficacy as an adjunct to mechanical therapy in the management of periodontal disease. Toward this end, this work will examine the literature in this area of study including literature located in professional and academic journal and publications.

Sub-Antimicrobial Dose Doxycycline

The work of Preshaw, et al. (2005) entitled "Long-Term Treatment with Sub-Antimicrobial Dose Doxycycline Has No Antibacterial Effect on Intestinal Flora" reports a study that sought to determine if a nine-month regimen of subantimicrobial doxycycline (20 mg. bid) had an effect on either the intestinal or the vaginal microflora. The study involved 69 individuals with periodontal disease who were randomized to receive drug or placebo control for a nine-month period. It…...

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References

American Academy of Periodontology. (2000) Parameter on "refractory" periodontitis. J Periodontol 2000;71:859-860.

Andrian E, Grenier D, Rouabhia M. (2004) In vitro models of tissue penetration and destruction by Porphyromonas gingivalis. Infect Immun. 2004;72: 4689 -- 98.

Chen C, Slots J. (1993) The current status and future prospects of altering the pathogenic microflora of periodontal disease. Curr Opin Periodontol 1993;71-77.

Chen C, Slots J. (2000) Microbiological tests for Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Periodontol 2000-1999;20:53-64.

Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble molecules known as secosteroids. Vitamin D itself is a fat-soluble vitamin that is not available in many foods. However, photochemically, it is produced when ultraviolet rays from sunlight strike the skin and trigger Vitamin D synthesis. Vitamin D externally, though, is biologically inert in the human body, and "must undergo two hydroxylations in the body. The first occurs in the liver and converts Vitamin D to 25-hydroxyvitamin D The second occurs primarily in the kidney and forms the physiologically active 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d (VanDen Berg 1997, S76). Although called a vitamin, Vitamin D is not actually an essential dietary vitamin because it can be synthesized in more than adequate amounts from sunlight. Typically, an organic chemical, or group of chemicals, is known as a vitamin when it must be obtained through diet or other means, and cannot be synthesized through bodily processes.
Vitamin D has…...

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REFERENCES

Vitamin D (2012). Office of Dietary Supplements -- National Institutes of Health. Retrieved from:  http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminD-HealthProfessional/ 

Balasubramanian and Ganesh. (2008). Vitamin D Deficiency in Exclusively Breast-Fed Infants. Indian Journal of Medical Research. 127 (2): 250-55.

Dryden, Jim. (2005). Sunlight Exposure May Help Prevent Periodontal Disease. Washington University St. Louis -- News and Information. Retrieved from:  http://news.wustl.edu/news/Pages/5881.aspx 

Feldman, D., et.al. (2012). Vitamin D, Volume 1. 2nd ed. Burlington, MA: Elsevier.

Project Management, Sustainability and Whole Lifecycle Thinking
Explaining Dental Biofilm to a Client

While showing Pamela the pink/purple disclosing stain on her teeth, she comments "oh-that is from my lunch earlier today. I did not have time to brush before the appointment." espond to her comment by explaining what the disclosing solution showed.

Lark, while I understand your concerns about the results of your recent dental biofilm examination, I would like to take some time to explain the diagnosis in more detail to help alleviate those concerns. First, it is important to remember that dental biofilm is not a disease, nor does it result from poor dental habits on your part, as these naturally occurring collections of bacterial communities are simply microorganisms functioning as nature intended. You have probably heard of plaque, while that oral health issue is widely known, and the data obtained from empirical studies during the last decade shows that…...

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References

Che'rel F, Mobilia A, Lundgren T, Stephens J, Kiger R, Riggs M, Egelberg J. Rate of reformation of tongue coatings in young adults International Journal of Dental Hygiene 2008 January;(6):371 -- 375

Collins FM. Biofilm formation, identification and removal. Pacific Endodontic

Research Foundation 2006 March;3(1)1-7

Hiyari S, Bennet, KM. Dental diagnostics: Molecular analysis of oral biofilms. The Journal of Dental Hygiene 2011 Fall;85(4):256-63

## Impact of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) and Oral Health Issues on Mental Health

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and oral health issues are significant global health concerns that can profoundly impact mental health. The intricate relationship between these physical and mental health conditions is often overlooked, yet understanding their interplay is crucial for comprehensive healthcare.

### Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs)

NCDs, also known as chronic diseases, are long-lasting conditions that are not transmissible. They include cardiovascular diseases, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases, and diabetes.

Impact on Mental Health:

Depression and Anxiety: NCDs can lead to persistent pain, reduced mobility, and limitations in daily activities, contributing to feelings of....