Perception, Personality and Individual Differences and Ethics
The following pages focus on analyzing three articles on perception, personality, and individual differences and ethics. These issues were selected because of their importance to human interrelationships, influence on human behavior, and importance on communication. In order to understand how these concepts can be efficiently used, it is important to study articles that explain the processes behind these concepts, how they work, and how they can be improved.

The articles presented in this paper represent the point-of-view of specialists in the field. Their opinion can be considered subjective. This is because their opinion was formed based on their individual knowledge and experiences. It is important to understand the motivation used by the authors of these articles in their attempt to provide a point-of-view on these issues.

The issue of perception is of great importance to all target audiences. This is because everyone should have information on…...

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Reference list:

1. Hall, M. (2010). Perception is not Reality. International Society of Neuro Semantics. Retrieved May 25, 2013 from  http://www.neurosemantics.com/nlp-critiques/perception-is-not-reality .

2. Cruz, H. (2002). Personality Could Affect Bottom Line. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved May 25, 2013 from  http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2002-03-19/business/0203190214_1_american-savings-education-council-retirement-planning-Matthew-greenwald-associates .

3. Beaver, J. (2006). Individual Differences in Reward Drive Predict Neural Responses to Images of Food. The Journal of Neuroscience. Retrieved May 25, 2013 from  http://www.jneurosci.org/content/26/19/5160 .

Perceptions at a Party
Different sensations from the environment are processed through sensory receptors, such as the eyes, ears, nose, skin and mouth, which are then perceived and processed in the brain to be organized and interpreted (Huffman, 2007). For the party example, several sensations are being processed through our sensory receptors. hen we arrive to the party, it is already dark outside, so when we enter the hosts' house, the amount of light within is very important. Luckily, the light is neither too bright nor too dim. Probably the first sensation our body would notice is smell. This rounds out our experience, perhaps because we have arrived hungry, and thankfully, the smell of delicious food is wafting through the air. If the house smelled unpleasant, such a cat litter box badly in need of scooping, our experience would be much less pleasant. hat is also interesting about smell is that…...

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Works Cited

Huffman, K. (2007). Psychology in action (8e): Chapter 4. Power Point Presentation, Department of Psychology, Palomar College, San Marcos, CA.

Weiten, W. (2005). Psychology: Themes & Variations, briefer version (6th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth.

This explanation is problematic because once the rotation of the drum slows down the invariant disappears (Wertheim,1994). On the other hand the inferential theory asserts that moving retinal image creates a retinal signal, however when the eyes are stationary they create a zero extraretinal signal (Wertheim,1994). Thus, because the two signals are not equal and the drum is seen to move (Wertheim,1994). Consequently, when using the inferential theory of perception the criticism is that the drum appears to be stationary even after once vection is saturated (Wertheim,1994).
Conclusion

For the purposes of this discussion we focused on evaluating two fundamental approaches to explaining perception; Direct perception and Inferential Theory. We found that the direct perception theory describes an approach, which asserts that the visual world reveals itself as an organized pattern of light. This pattern, called the optic array, is composed of information because it has specific structural features, described as…...

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Knapp, T.J. & Robertson, L.C. (Eds.). (1986). Approaches to Cognition: Contrasts and Controversies. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=89378105 

Warren, R. & Wertheim, a.H. (Eds.). (1990). Perception & Control of Self-Motion. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Wertheim, a.H. (1994). Motion perception during self-motion: The direct vs. inferential controversy revisited. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17 (2): 293-355. / retrieved March 17, 2005 at  http://www.bbsonline.org/documents/a/00/00/04/63/bbs00000463-00/bbs.wertheim.html

Perception of Customer Behavior
The Psychological State of Consumer Behavior

The psychological state of the customer plays an important part in determining the consumer satisfaction. The perception and behavior of the consumer has an impact on the service climate as well as customer perception of service equality. According to Benjamin Schneider, Suzan White and Michelle Paul in the journal of applied psychology (Schneider, White & Paul, 1998), a given set of foundation issues that usually holds up employee work and service worth is conceptualized as essential cause of a climate for service. The climate for service is also reflected in the customer services. A cutthroat international competition, slower growth and mature markets characterize the current environment for many businesses organizations. Therefore, various organizations are making the perceptions of customers of quality of service a priority to in order to stay competitive and retain customers.

Apparently, it is relatively less expensive to keep a…...

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References

Hoyer, W.D., & MacInnis, D.J. (2008). Consumer behavior. Mason, OH: South-Western.

Kardes, F.R., Cronley, M.L., & Cline, T.W. (2011). Consumer behavior. Mason, OH: South-

Western, Cengage Learning.

Perception is the basis of a human's ability to see, hear, and make sense out of these senses. The different types of perception include bottom-up processing, which researchers sometimes refer to data-driven processing, top-down processing, which is sometimes called conceptually driven processing. There are also different ways of viewing perception. An alternative theory believes there are two ways people use perception, the direct view, and the constructive view. Direct relates to the top-down method, while constructive relates to the bottom-up method.
It is probably possible to function cognitively solely on one type of perception, but that would make for a very narrow and constricting view of the world. In reality, the two processes of perception actually compliment and aid each other, leading to a greater depth of perception and understanding as people attempt to make sense of the world around them. Just as perception relies on many senses, it relies on…...

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References

Basics of perception and awareness.

Perceptions About Muslims:
In the past few years, negative perceptions about Muslims have continued to grow and affected the relations between Muslims and non-Muslims. As these relations are hugely affected, many Muslims across the globe are constantly fighting negative perceptions. These negative perceptions about Muslims and Islam in general have been stimulated by recent events in the Muslim and non-Muslim world. These events have continued to receive huge media coverage and generated a tremendous amount of mutual suspicion. One of the major reasons for the growth of negative views about Muslims by non-Muslims is that Muslims are disproportionately prone to violence.

Negative Perceptions about Muslims:

The negative perceptions about Muslims have increased because of the negative media representations of these people and the negative attitudes towards them in various societies. The negative attitudes are in turn linked to the development of stereotypes, which affect social interactions between Muslims and non-Muslims. In some cases,…...

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Works Cited:

Danios. "All Terrorists Are Muslims…Except the 94% That Aren't." Loonwatch.com. Loonwatch.com, 20 Jan. 2010. Web. 29 Dec. 2011. .

Deane, Claudia, and Darryl Fears. "Negative Perception Of Islam Increasing." The Washington Post. The Washington Post Company, 9 Mar. 2006. Web. 29 Dec. 2011. .

Maher, Kate. "Social Interaction and Attitudes towards Australian Muslims: 'we' and 'they' Constructions." The Australian Sociological Association. TASA, 2009. Web. 29 Dec. 2011. .

Spencer, Robert. "Why Do Muslims Tolerate Jihadist Evil They Claim to Abhor?" Human Events: Powerful Conservative Voices. HUMAN EVENTS, 22 June 2006. Web. 29 Dec. 2011. .

Perception is our own individual sense of the world we live in and it is comprised of our recognition of stimuli in the environment as well as actions made in response to these environmental stimuli (Cherry, 2012). The function and purpose of the process of perception is to provide us with information regarding the environment that is necessary for continued survival (Cherry, 2012). Furthermore, perception dictates the way our environment is experienced and it also provides the stage where we can choose different actions within the environment.
Human perception is comprised of five distinct senses that provide the brain with different information about the world. These five senses are sight, sound, taste, smell, and touch. Proprioception is also a component of perception, which involves the brain effectively detecting changes occurring with regard to movement or position of the body (Cherry, 2012). Cognitive processes are also involved in perception, as they are…...

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Reference

Cherry, K. (2012). Perception and the Perceptual Process. Retrieved 18 March, 2012 from  http://psychology.about.com/od/sensationandperception/ss/perceptproc_10.htm .

Perceptions of Success by Non-Traditional Students
Non-Traditional Students' Perceptions of Academic Support Needs

Perceptions of the Adequacy of College Services by Non-Traditional Students

This purpose of this paper is to review two studies relevant to the topic of the perceptions of non-traditional students about their programmatic and service needs as matriculated students in institutions of higher education. The first section reviews an article by Luzius and Webb (2002) on the satisfaction levels of non-traditional students with regard to library services at their institution. Luzius and Webb (2002) distributed a questionnaire to students on a public university that was designed to gauge satisfaction with library hours and resources. Luzius and Webb (2002) identified several potential improvements for library services. The second section reviews a comparative study of traditional and nontraditional students' identities and needs by Senter and Senter (1998). Using extant data, Senter and Senter (1998) compared the perceived needs of traditional and non-traditional…...

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References

Luzius, J. & Webb, B. (2002, Fall). Nontraditional students' library satisfaction. Library Philosophy and Practice, 5(1). Retrieved March 3, 2011, from University of Washington Libraries J. Gate Open Access at  http://www.openj-gate.org/Search/SearchResults.aspx?SearchTerm=%22nontraditional%20students%22&Field=All&res=10&type=0&sub=All&update=None&from=-1&to=2012&pr=2 

Senter, M.S. & Senter, R. Jr. (1998). A comparative study of traditional and nontraditional students' identities and needs. Journal of Student Affairs Research & Practice, 35(4). Retrieved on March 3, 2011, from University of Washington Libraries Web site Open J. Gate at  http://www.openj-gate.org/Search/SearchResults.aspx?SearchTerm=%22students%20identities%20and%20needs%22&Field=All&res=10&type=0&sub=All&update=None&from=-1&to=2012&pr=2

133).
Marks & Spencer is currently met with a wide array of challenges, among which the emergence of the internationalized economic crisis which reduces the buying powers of the individuals, but also the incremental pressures for sustainable development. As the rest of the retailers, Marks & Spencer promotes its development through high levels of consumption, but given the unstable state of the environment, the governments militate for sustainable and limited consumption (Jones, Comfort and Hillier, 2007).

Another challenge is constituted by the need to adapt to the cultural values in the regions into which it expands and opens new stores (Amine and Smith, 2009). Also, the organization deal with financial and legal challenges derived from the international feature of business, such as the competition with local purveyors or the ability to combine and centralize the losses and profits of its international subsidiaries (Graetz and Warren, 2006).

2.5. Perceptions of Thai consumers over…...

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References:

Amine, L.S., Smith, J.A., 2009, Challenges to modern consumer segmentation in a changing world: the need for a second step, Multinational Business Review, Vol. 17, No. 3

Arize, a.C., Chooekawong, P., Prasanpanich, V., 2000, Foreign trade behavior in Thailand: stable or unstable? American Economist, Vol. 44, No. 2

Chang, T., Liu, W.R., Thompson, H., 2002, the viability of fiscal policy in South Korea, Taiwan and Thailand, ASEAN Economic Bulletin, Vol. 19., No. 2

Child, P.N., Heywood, S., Klinger, M., 2002, Do retail brands travel, the McKinsey Quarterly,

Perception Lenses
Alice in the Wonderland

Like Carroll's, "Alice In Wonderland" perception forms. In text, talk "perception lenses".... As personal standpoint influences opinion, discern "inference" "judgment"? As a final point, C. Wright Mills "Sociological Imagination."

Like Carroll's, "Alice in Wonderland" perception forms. In text, talk "perception lenses".... As personal standpoint influences opinion, discern "inference" "judgment"? As a final point, C. Wright Mills "Sociological Imagination"

Things do not exists out there; rather it is the mind of the individual who perceive the existing objects with its own set of mind. The lens of perception provides a practical view of the real world and also provides the guidance regarding how better we could relate ourselves with the world. Lens of perception is considered as a thing of utmost importance in the field of psychology and sociology. With the help of this lens of perception individuals often create a sense of reality. This suggests the fact that…...

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References

Chaffee, John, (2009). Thinking Critically, 10th edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, ISBN: 0495908819

Halpern, D.F. (1996). Thinking Critically about Critical Thinking. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Retrieved September 20, 2011, from Questia database:  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=34635950 

Deducing with Sociological Imagination (n.d.). In www.cliffsnotes.com/. Retrieved September 20, 2011, from  http://www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/Deducing-with-Sociological-Imagination.topicArticleId-26957,a .

The results of this study found that some negative bias towards a patient's socioeconomic standing -- particularly from less-experienced dental students -- can result in "differential treatment" (e.g., less attentive care) (Carson, 675). But by "heightening awareness" of potential biases (that are based on accent or perceived lower socioeconomic status, or on racism) among dental students, through educational initiatives, stereotyping and bias can be reduced if not eliminated (Carson, 678). Another suggestion (Carson, 678-79) in terms of ensuring the quality of treatment is to "inhibit social categorical thinking." This would require not treating the patient as "unique" but rather as a "collections of symptoms."
orks Cited

Carson, Lloyd, Drummond, John, and Newton, James. (2004). Social Perception in the Clinical

Dental Encounter: The Matched-Guise Technique Re-Visited. Psychology and Health, 19(5),

667-683.

Gabbard, Carl, Cacola, Priscila, and Cordova, Alberto. (2009). Is Perceived Motor Competence

A Constraint in Children's Action Planning? The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 170(2),

151-158.

Noland, Heather,…...

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Works Cited

Carson, Lloyd, Drummond, John, and Newton, James. (2004). Social Perception in the Clinical

Dental Encounter: The Matched-Guise Technique Re-Visited. Psychology and Health, 19(5),

667-683.

Gabbard, Carl, Cacola, Priscila, and Cordova, Alberto. (2009). Is Perceived Motor Competence

it's been earned" (emphasis added) (Klawans, 2003, p. 32). In their synopsis of the movie, the producers report that, "Having been gunned down by her former boss (David Carradine) and his deadly squad of international assassins, it's a kill-or-be-killed fight she didn't start but is determined to finish! Loaded with explosive action and outrageous humor, it's a must-see motion picture event that had critics everywhere raving!" (Kill Bill Volume 1 Synopsis, 2005, p. 1). As noted above, critics in fact from just about everywhere have been raving about "Kill Bill, Volume 1" (and 2), but not necessarily in a positive fashion; the possible reasons for these negative assertions about Tarantino's work are discussed further below.
Gender-Based Differences in the Perception of Violence

According to Adler and Denmark (1995), there have been a number of theories advanced over the years concerning violent behavior based on various psychodynamic, social learning, cognitive, and family…...

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References

Adler, L.L. & Denmark, F.L. (Eds.). (1995). Violence and the prevention of violence. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.

Alleva, R. (2004, May 7). East Meets West: 'Goodbye, Lenin!' & 'Kill Bill-Volume 2.'

Commonweal, 131(9), 23.

Arsham, Hossein. (2002). Questionnaire Design and Surveys Sampling, SySurvey: The Online Survey Tool. Retrieved March 2, 2005 at http://ubmail.ubalt.edu/~harsham/stat-data/opre330Surveys.htm#rsi.

Perception
Using the Gestalt principle, "The whole is greater than the sum of the parts," describe a preconceived perception of a college class, three details that you now know are different from your initial perception, and your continuing perception in spite of the details.

In church and in convocation, announcements are made that affect you. Instead of falling asleep, you need to pay attention to them! Label and describe four techniques the speaker could use to keep your attention, Using Attention theory from Gestalt.

You have come through stages of Piaget's cognitive development, in your professional beliefs and in your theological beliefs. Name and trace the development of any one of your beliefs through all four stages, giving at least one specific characteristic for each stage, using terms from the theory of Piaget. Even though you may not remember your cognitive development in every stage, trace what must have happened to you in…...

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Works Cited

Vygotsky, L.S. (1978). Mind and society: The development of higher mental processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

We cannot process information in the same manner because we have no prior knowledge of the object.
erception organization refers to the way we process information or stimuli to make sense of what we are observing. We can thus give them meaning which we can understand easily. There are some important steps in perception organization or we can say types of steps we can take to reach a conclusion.

These are: figure and Ground, Stereotyping, perceptual schemes, closure, proximity and similarity. Figure is what we immediately notice and it is the object of our attention. Ground is the area or stimuli surrounding that image. For example when a friends calls us from a distance, his voice becomes the point of focus while everything else around us like other people's voices become the ground. erceptual schemes are also used to make sense of information. These are based on appearance, social roles, interaction…...

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Proximity refers to how close something is to the other. And Similarity refers to how similar it is to something we already know. This is the perceptual organizational process which helps us finally reach a rich percept.

REFERENCE

Gregory Robinson-Riegler and Bridget Robinson-Riegler. Cognitive Psychology: Applying the Science of the Mind, Second Edition, Allyn and Bacon. 2008

Perception
L. Jones

In order to understand the reality of any complex situation, it is essential to understand basic critical thinking principles. In fact, without realizing that there are several "perceptual blocks" that most people harbour in their "view" of any situation, greatly improves one's probability of having an accurate understanding of the issues involeed -- espeically when that situation is highly charged with emotion, polarization, or conflict. One excellent example in my own life when I was highly influenced by perceptual blocks was my perception of the Israeli/Palestian problem.

As a young person, I was greatly impressed by the story of the creation of the State of Israel. Indeed, the image of the beleagured state of the dispersed Jewish Tribes, especially following the horrors of the Second World War only buoued my impression of Israelis as "Exodus-like" (as in the Leon Uris Novel) idealists, forging a new, free land, where Jews the…...

The term global perspective actually has a few different meanings, depending on the discipline.  It can refer to an individual’s personal lens and how they view the globe; to various perspectives about an issue from around the globe; and to views linked to globalization and the impact of individual or nation-wide actions on the world and its inhabitants.   We are going to provide a range of topic suggestions that incorporate all of these different definitions of global perspectives, with the most suggestions coming from the last topic, as it is the most commonly used across academic disciplines.

A-levels....