Pearl Harbor & 911
Similarities and Differences: Pearl Harbor and 9/11

Sixty years separate two of the most infamous events in American history. Both the terrorist attacks on 9/11 and the Japanese raid on Pearl Harbor were defining moments that altered the course of history. Both caught the country by surprise, rallied its people against their attackers and engendered a long and difficult war against tyranny.

The surprise attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 resulted in more than 2,400 American deaths. Within hours after the incident five of the eight battleships at the U.S. naval base were either sunk or sinking, and many other ships as well as combat planes were heavily damaged or destroyed. The Japanese hoped that by crippling the U.S. Pacific Fleet they could eliminate it as a threat to the Empire's desire to expand south. The attacks of September 11, 2001 were more symbolic than tactical. The…...

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References

Collins, M. (2011, Septmber 9). 9/11 and Pearl Harbor are simular but the impacts are different. Vctar.com. Ventura County Star. Retrieved September 15, 2012, from  http://www.vcstar.com/news/2011/sep/09/911-and-pearl-harbor-are-similar-but-impacts-are/ 

McAvoy, A. (2011, Septmber 6). Comparing 9/11 to Pearl Harbor. kyPost.com. Associated Press. Retrieved September 15, 2012, from  http://www.kypost.com/dpps/news/national/comparing-9_11-to-pearl-harbor_6707923 

Miles, D. (2006, December 7). Pearl Harbor parallells 9-11. Military.com. Retrieved September 15, 2012, from  http://www.military.com/NewsContent/0,13319,120133,00.html 

Smith, P. (2011, December 3). Comparing Pearl Harbor to 9-11 on three levels of warfare. The Augusta chronicle. Retrieved September 15, 2012, from http://chronicle.augusta.com/opinion/opinion-columns/2011-12-03/comparing-pearl-harbor-9-11-three-levels-warfare

Though Kimmel himself states that there had been submarine activity around the Islands, there were no actions taken against them as he was waiting for approval from Department of Navy, in the ten days preceding the attack to act decisively. "For some time there had been reports of submarines in the operating areas around Hawaii.... The files of the Commander in Chief, Pacific Fleet, contain records of at least three suspicious contacts during the 5 weeks preceding Pearl Harbor." () Yet, actions were not taken by Kimmel and Short to act on a suspicion of overt operations, by Japan in their immediate vicinity. Kimmel and Short waited to take action, to a point where the attack came as a complete shock, to the men at work that morning in the harbor.

On November 3, 1941, a patrol plane observed an oil slick area in latitude 20-10, longtiude 157-41. The patrol plane…...

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Works Cited

Ben-Zvi, Abraham. Prelude to Pearl Harbor: A Study of American Images

Toward Japan, 1940-41. New York: Vintage Press, 1979.

Brcak, Nancy, and John R. Pavia. "Racism in Japanese and U.S. Wartime Propaganda." The Historian 56.4 (1994): 671.

Conroy, Hilary, and Harry Wray, eds. Pearl Harbor Reexamined: Prologue to the Pacific War. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1990.

S. was that non-interference of the U.S. In the war, leaving it to the Europeans was the best thing to do. Thus there was no urgency felt in creating armaments. Thus in 1940 the armed strength was "only 150,000 men" (Gailey, 1995) and the generals believed that any future war could be fought and won with artillery and infantry and providing air support and they argued that "tanks and airplanes were fads." (Gailey, 1995)
Thus airpower was given the go by and this development made America really weak. America entirely ignored the power of air attacks. This was the cause of the debacle at Pearl Harbor. It can be easily seen from the pages of history that Germany took advantage of air power with the blitzkrieg concept and Japan used it with telling effect at Pearl Harbor.

Conclusion:

The attack on Pearl Harbor was the result of the changing times. Growth of Japan…...

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References

Beasley, W.G. (1963) "The Modern History of Japan"

Frederick A. Praeger: New York.

Gailey, Harry A. (1995) "The War in the Pacific: From Pearl Harbor to Tokyo Bay."

Presidio Press: Novato, CA.

CUAN MISSILE CRISIS

The Cuban Missile Crisis (CMC) presented a different type of military intelligence than Pearl Harbor did. In the case of CMC, military intelligence provided tremendous amounts of valuable and incontrovertible evidence. However, that information has to be viewed in the larger context of the times to understand why the United States government viewed the situation as seriously as they did.

The United States had been actively but covertly working to prevent the spread of Communism to the Western Hemisphere. Many in America believed that the U.S.S.R. intended to spread Communism to every corner of the world, while the United States was determined to bring democracy to every country possible. This ideological face-off was known as the "Cold War." oth the United States and the U.S.S.R. feared that this ideological conflict might escalate to nuclear war.

The United States had clung steadfastly to the Monroe Doctrine, established in 1823 by President…...

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Bibliography

Kennedy, Robert. Thirteen Days: A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis. 1969 W.W. Norton & Company, New York.

Morgenstern, George. Pearl Harbor: The Story of the Secret War. Devin-Adair, 1947.

Spencer, Warren. 1991. "Why America slept. National Review; December 16.

Wright, Mike. What They Didn't Teach You About the Sixties. 2001: Presidio Press, Novato, CA.

Pearl Harbor as an Intelligence Failure
Several writers and intellectuals express that the shock the Japanese got in their attack on Pearl Harbor was a result from a failure of the United States intelligence community that were unsuccessful to give sufficient, correct information to government as well as to the military decision-makers. As presumed by these historians the intelligence community contained very important information that was misconstrue or in other words was not properly and correctly circulated earlier to the attack.

Furthermore, few of the revisionist historians pledge to conspiracy theories and had the judgment that main members of the United States government deliberately suspended this crucial information from the military command in order to bring the United States into orld ar II against the Alliance powers. Thus, both groups referred to accessible studies and since 1978 classified information formerly released has now been as the evidence for their statement (Ameriger, 1990).

Moreover,…...

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Works Cited

Ameriger, Charles D.U.S. Foreign Intelligence (Lexington, M.A: D.C.) Health & Company. 1990.

Betrayal at Pearl Harbor: A Television Documentary aired on the History Channel (USA), December 7th, 1998.

Gordon Prange, Donald M. Goldstein, Katherine V. Dillon. Warning and Decision. Stanford,

CA. 1968.

Pearl Harbor attack had a number of significant implications for the course of the Second World War. The attack was initiated by the Japanese, who had imperial ambitions for the entire Pacific. The U.S. had enacted an embargo on Japanese goods in response to Japanese aggression in Indochina and by 1941 it was evident that Japan was anticipating the possibility of war with either Britain or the U.S. The U.S. was still a non-participant in World War Two at the time. Japan saw war as a likely event because the embargo cut off oil supplies, forcing Japan to take Indochina. Their war plan left little doubt that the Allies would become engaged, if not the U.S. However, Japan rightly felt that the U.S. was its biggest threat in the region. For its part, the U.S. had moved the headquarters of its naval fleet from San Diego to Oahu, a reflection…...

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References

Goldfield, David; Abbott, Carl; Anderson, Virginia; Argersinger, Jo; Argersinger, Peter & Barney, William. The American Journey: A History of the United States. Pearson: online.

NPS.gov. Setting the stage., 2015. Web. 8 April 2015.

PearlHarbor.org. What happened?, 2015. Web. 8 April 2015.

Roosevelt, Franklin. Pearl Harbor Address. YouTube. Web. 8 April 2015.

attacks on Pearl Harbor and the World Trade Center had similar historical events surrounding each attack. Franklin Delano Roosevelt and George W. ush used similar policies to combat further attacks and unite the nation
The paper highlights the entwined American reactions to the September 11 attacks and the Pearl Harbor attacks. The paper illustrates the similarities in which the over-prevailing backgrounds of each event created reactions to the devastating measures that promptly gave escalation to the Wars that have been fought. The paper also looks at the integration of the memory of Pearl Harbor in American reactions to September 11 attacks. Subsequently, the paper reflects on the similarities in repercussions of the attacks on the Pearl Harbor, as well as, the aftermath of the terrorist attacks on September 11.

It is quite apparent that the global society in which we live has become so much inter-connected that almost all events affect everyone…...

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Bibliography

1) Achcar, Gilbert. The Clash of Barbarisms: September 11 and the Making of the New World Disorder. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2002.

2) Bradley, James, and Ron Powers. Flags of our fathers. New York: Bantam Books. 2000.

3)Boulden, Jane, and Thomas George Weiss. Terrorism and the UN: Before and After September 11. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2004

4)Crotty, William J. The Politics of Terror: The U.S. Response to 9/11. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 2004.

Yamamoto noted that "the war would continue for several years, our supplies would be exhausted, our ships and arms would be damaged and ultimately we would not be able to escape defeat." (Akira, 1990, pp.133-134).
Masaru (1990) added that another difficulty between the two nations was America's attitude during the U.S.-Japanese negotiations on the eve of the outbreak of war. In particular, Masaru points to the hard line position of Secretary of State Cordell Hull. Hull turned down Japan's proposal for summit meeting between Prime Minister Konoe and President oosevelt. Then Hull presented the Hull note which included a demand for immediate and unconditional withdrawal of all Japanese troops from China. This demand was met with considerable opposition by Japan. Masaru stressed the worsening communication between Washington and Tokyo. Masaru reiterated that although Ambassador Joseph Grew had a good grasp of the situation in Japan, his views were not seriously…...

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References

Masaru, I. (1990) "Mismanagement in the U.S. Policy towards Japan" in Pearl Harbor Re-examined: Prologue to the Pacific War edited by Hilary Conroy and Harry Wray. Honolulu: University of the Hawaii Press.

Gaynor, E. And Esler, a. (2003) World History: Connections to the World. Upper Saddle River New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Stearns, P., Schwartz, D. And Beyer, B. (1991) World History: Traditions and New Directions. New York: Addison and Wesley Publishing Company.

Akira, F. (1990) "Road to Pearl Harbor" in Pearl Harbor Re-examined: Prologue to the Pacific War edited by Hilary Conroy and Harry Wray. Honolulu: University of the Hawaii Press.

But the U.S. demanded that it withdraw from both China and Manchuria in exchange for a reestablishment of trade for oil.
Japan's other major source of oil had been the Netherlands, but the Dutch followed the American's oil embargo in August of 1941. The Japanese resolved to take control of Dutch East India's oil fields. If it did so, it knew war with America was inevitable. "The oil stock Japan had was only for a year and half, and time was running out…if the war was unavoidable and they chose to fight, the longer they would wait the lesser the chance for victory would be because of the limited oil stock, which would be spent even during the peacetime" (Arima 2003). To speed up the course of the war, and to buy time for its oil supply, on December 7th in 1941, the Japanese launched a surprise attack on Pearl…...

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Works Cited

Arima, Yuichi. "The Way to Pearl Harbor: U.S. Vs. Japan." ICE Case Studies. Number 118,

December 2003. April 14, 2010.

 http://www1.american.edu/ted/ice/japan-oil.htm 

"Pearl Harbor Raid, 7 December 1941." Naval History. April 14, 2010.

It was an unfortunate and tragic event in the history of the United States, regardless of the reasons that it took place.
The book itself was very interesting, but Layton makes both commanders that he served under - Kimmel and Short - out to be scapegoats that had absolutely no idea of what was happening. While they were denied the benefits of some important pieces of intelligence information, it does seem plausible that they could have figured some of this out on their own. The book makes strong counter-arguments to other works on Pearl Harbor, however, and there are many areas of the book that are particularly well done, such as the description and story of the activities that were used for code-breaking, and the information regarding the Battle of Midway. ll in all, Layton's book is a fascinating look into Pearl Harbor, war, and the sacrifices that so many…...

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And I Was There by Edwin T. Layton

The author of this book, Edwin T. Layton, was a Fleet Intelligence Officer. Along with others, he was tasked with breaking into the secret codes used by Japan. Finally, they were able to get through and have an idea of what the Japanese Navy was generally planning to do. However, Pearl Harbor had no decoding machine of the type that was needed and therefore intercepted information had to be sent elsewhere, decoded, and sent back. The main thesis in Layton's book is that Pearl Harbor was denied important intelligence. If it had been received in a timely manner, the attack that took place on December 7, 1941 could have been avoided. Whether or not this is completely accurate, however, remains a topic of debate. There were other alleged errors made at Pearl Harbor as well, and because of those errors it is very difficult to say with certainty whether Layton is 100% correct or whether the lack of intelligence information only contributed to what happened at Pearl Harbor on that fateful day. It was an unfortunate and tragic event in the history of the United States, regardless of the reasons that it took place.

The book itself was very interesting, but Layton makes both commanders that he served under - Kimmel and Short - out to be scapegoats that had absolutely no idea of what was happening. While they were denied the benefits of some important pieces of intelligence information, it does seem plausible that they could have figured some of this out on their own. The book makes strong counter-arguments to other works on Pearl Harbor, however, and there are many areas of the book that are particularly well done, such as the description and story of the activities that were used for code-breaking, and the information regarding the Battle of Midway. All in all, Layton's book is a fascinating look into Pearl Harbor, war, and the sacrifices that so many people make for their countries.

owever, this is not to discount the fact that there were many human and bureaucratic errors that resulted in the American lack of preparedness, many of which seem quite surprising in light of the fact that the Americans were able to decipher Japanese codes and the Japanese engaged in such militant anti-American rhetoric and military shows of force (170). According to Wohlstetter, because the signals came from such diverse sources and because of the structural lack of communication between different government channels, it was often difficult to make coherent sense of the data that was being received. It was difficult to see the patterns in the intelligence that were emerging regarding the Japanese military movements, and thus the failure to do so was partially the result of human error, partly because of the poor intelligence gathering of the military, and partly because of the accepted fact that hostile enemy movements…...

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How could American intelligence failed so consistently? This was a common question in the American news media after 9/11. The answers of Roberta Wohlstetter's 1962 book Pearl Harbor: Warning and Decision may provide some insight for modern readers, in answer to this question. Of course, Wohlstetter's analysis is applicable to a much older historical problem, namely how could America have failed to anticipate the threat of the Japanese bombings on Pearl Harbor. But her approach and answers provides an important warning to conspiracy theorists and intelligence apologists alike.

According to Wohlstetter, the intelligence clues that an attack on Pearl Harbor would take place only seem certain with the foresight of history. Many of the clues were "not merely ambiguous but occasionally inconsistent with such an attack" and only later did the mounting "dangerous" hints seem add up to the incontrovertible fact that there would be a surprise air attack on the naval base (388). Wohlstetter writes in response to those who state that the attack was obvious and a foregone conclusion, or worse that Franklin Delano Roosevelt knew about the planned bombing, but decided to ignore this to motivate Congress to allow him to declare war against Japan and Germany.

However, this is not to discount the fact that there were many human and bureaucratic errors that resulted in the American lack of preparedness, many of which seem quite surprising in light of the fact that the Americans were able to decipher Japanese codes and the Japanese engaged in such militant anti-American rhetoric and military shows of force (170). According to Wohlstetter, because the signals came from such diverse sources and because of the structural lack of communication between different government channels, it was often difficult to make coherent sense of the data that was being received. It was difficult to see the patterns in the intelligence that were emerging regarding the Japanese military movements, and thus the failure to do so was partially the result of human error, partly because of the poor intelligence gathering of the military, and partly because of the accepted fact that hostile enemy movements were often prone to reversal and designed to provoke panic, rather than true harbingers of future attacks.

A Day That Will Live in Infamy: The Attack on Pearl Harbor President Franklin Delano Roosevelt famously called the attack on Pearl Harbor a day that would live in infamy. The Japanese bombing of the American naval base of Pearl Harbor was the event that ultimately precipitated US entry into World War II. Of course, for many years, the US had shown sympathy to the Allied powers. But the bombing of Pearl Harbor ultimately drove America to choose sides and formally end its neutrality. Supporting the Allied powers was not as popular a stance as might have been believed with hindsight, and isolationist sentiment was still a factor Roosevelt had to overcome.
The Where of Pearl Harbor
The attack on Pearl Harbor was a surprise attack, and an attack on a nation which was still officially neutral despite growing Japanese resentment of perceived and real American bias against the Axis powers. The attack…...

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References

Chang, I. (2012). The rape of Nanking. New York, NY: Basic Books.

Prange, G. (1982). At dawn we slept: The untold story of Pearl Harbor. New York, NY: Penguin.

“President Roosevelt’s ‘Day of Infamy’ speech.” (1941). US Capital. Retrieved from: speech-december-8-1941

Pruitt, P. (2018). Why did Japan attack Pearl Harbor? History.com. Retrieved from: https://www.history.com/news/why-did-japan-attack-pearl-harbor

Robinson, B. (2011). Pearl Harbor: A rude awakening. BBC. Retrieved from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/pearl_harbour_01.shtml

The significance of Pearl Harbour to America and the Second World War. (2009). The Guardian. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/07/pearl- harbour-america-at-war

What was the significance of Pearl Harbor? (2019). Churchill for Schools. Retrieved from: http://www.churchillarchiveforschools.com/themes/the-themes/key-events-and- developments-in-world-history/what-was-the-significance-of-pearl-harbor/background- information

https://www.visitthecapitol.gov/exhibitions/artifact/president-roosevelts-day-infamy-

Nursing during World War II
Pearl Harbor, and the United States' subsequent involvement in World War II, had a lasting impact on the country, much as the events of September 11, 2001, had, and will continue to have, a lasting impact on this nation. In particular, this paper will focus on the impact that Pearl Harbor and World War II had on the nursing profession.

The events of Pearl Harbor and other events during the course of World War II played a large role in helping to change the country's perception of nurses. These dedicated women were now taken more seriously and, as a result, the environment in which nurses learned and worked changed. At the time Pearl Harbor was attacked, the United States was facing a serious shortage of nurses. President Franklin oosevelt issued a call for more nurses, and the military, in an effort to help fulfill the country's need,…...

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References

Condon-Roll, M.E. And Cowdrey, A.E. (1998), The Medical Department: Medical

Service in the War against Japan. Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History United States Army.

Cosmas, G.A. And Cowdrey, A.E. (1992). The Medical Department: Medical Service in the European Theater of Operations. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Feller, C.M. And Moore, C.J., Eds. (1996. Highlights in the History of the Army Nurse

Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor
hat events led to the attack on Pearl Harbor? hy was Japan willing to engage in a bold, highly secretive raid on the main American Navy base in the Pacific? How was Japan able to pull off this dramatic, deadly strike on a cloudless Sunday morning in Hawaii? hat did the United States do in retaliation? And how did the Pacific Theatre of orld ar II impact the United States and its people? These questions will be reviewed and answers provided for them in this paper.

hat were the reasons behind the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor?

hy did Japan attack the United States, a nation far more powerful, with vast resources available to build the weaponry that could defeat a much smaller nation like Japan? There are many reasons for the hostility that grew between the two nations, but it is widely recognized that Japan had been…...

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Works Cited

Dowswell, Paul. 2003. Pearl Harbor: December 7, 1941. Mankato, MN: Heinemann-Raintree

Library.

EyeWitnesstoHistory.com. (1957). "Attack At Pearl Harbor, 1941 / The Japanese View."

Retrieved August 26, 2011, from http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/pfperarl2.htm.

U.S. Entering WWII: Pearl Harbor
The job of any newspaper is to make sure that truth as they get to know about it reaches all individuals in the form of their subscribers at the earliest possible time. It does not matter whether the newspaper is big or small; the task is to make sure that the news reaches at the earliest.

The definition of truth for a newspaper is very difficult to agree on and this is what gives newspapers the opportunity to keep writing on a matter where they feel readers still have interest, even though it may not have any news value.

Let us first remember that the incident we are referring to happened more than 63 years ago. At that time the relative position among different media for newspapers was much stronger. There was no Internet or satellite TV for news to spread at the speed that it travels today.…...

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References

Biesecker, Michael. Haunted Heroes. Retrieved from http://extras.journalnow.com/pearlharbor/

Accessed 11 August, 2005

Front page. Winston Stalen Journal. Retrieved from Accessed 11 August, 2005http://extras.journalnow.com/pearlharbor/frontpage.html

O'Neill, Brendan. Why are we surprised by war lies? 18 September 2003. Retrieved from   Accessed 11 August, 2005http://www.spiked-online.com/Printable/00000006DF23.htm 

One of the more shameful moments in American history was the establishment of internment camps for Japanese-Americans during World War II.  Ostensibly started because the United States was at war with Japan, it is interesting to note that there were no similar internment camps for people of Italian or German descent, despite the fact that Italy and Germany were also part of the Axis powers that fought against the Allies in World War II. 

Prior to World War II, Japanese began immigrating to America for work opportunities.  They initially immigrated to Hawaii, which was annexed by the United....

"Analyzing the Rhetorical Strategies in Roosevelt's 'Declaration for War' Address"
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"The Art of Persuasion: Roosevelt's Rhetorical Devices in the 'Declaration for War'"
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"The Power of Words: Roosevelt's Rhetorical Techniques in the 'Declaration for War'"
"Deconstructing Roosevelt's Speech: A Rhetorical Analysis of the 'Declaration for War'"
"The Language of Leadership: Roosevelt's Rhetorical Strategies in the 'Declaration for War'"
"Rhetorical Flourishes and Strategic Appeals: Analyzing Roosevelt's....

Thought-Provoking Essay Topics on Bruce M. Russett's "No Clear and Present Danger: A Skeptical View of the United States' Entry into World War II"

1. The Role of Public Opinion in the U.S.'s Decision to Enter WWII:
- Analyze how public opinion shaped the Roosevelt administration's policies and decisions leading up to the war.
- Discuss the influence of isolationist and interventionist sentiments on U.S. foreign policy.
- Examine the impact of events such as Pearl Harbor on public perception and the subsequent mobilization for war.

2. The Question of Surprise: Was the U.S. Adequately Prepared for War?:
- Assess the intelligence....