Political Science in Western Europe
Lipset and Rokkam's freezing hypothesis, published in the 1967, approached the political spectrum from their experiential paradigm. The party system in Europe, and indeed most of the western world, had evolved through a homogeneous process which had experiences little in the way of social upheaval. The economies of the West were based on societal evolutions form agriculture to industry which had smoothly transitioned, and formed the basis for social prosperity and order.

However, in the late 60's and 70's, the cradle of prosperity gave birth to other forces by which citizens wanted to identify themselves. Social caused, and religious ethics, which had been somewhat ignored by secular social system became important to the individual. Lipset and Rokkan based their theory on the assumption that if men were given equal right to vote, then a level of social freezing would take place, limiting the emergence of oppositional parties.…...

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Bibliography

Seymour M. Lipset and Stein Rokkan, "Cleavage Structures, Party Systems, and Voter Alignments: An Introduction," in Lipset and Rokkan, 50.

Bartolini and Peter Mair, especially chapter 2. See also Peter Mair, "Continuity, Change and the Vulnerability of Party," in Peter Mair and Gordon Smith, eds., Understanding Party System Change in Western Europe (London: Frank Cass, 1990), 169-87

ROSE, Richard, and URWIN, Derek W.: -- Persistence and Change in Western Party Systems Since 1945 --, Political Studies 18/1970, p. 287-319.

DALTON, Russell J., FLANAGAN, Scott P. And ALLEN BECK, Paul (eds.): Electoral Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies: Realignment or Dealignment? Princenton, Princenton University Press, 1984.

However, the system is much more representative. Thus, in the ritish Parliament there are representatives from the Scottish parliament as well as from the Northern Ireland Assembly. Even so, the proposals for the reform of the electoral law and program have tried to ease the access of the population to the voting system, to increase the public awareness in relation to the political representation. This would determine a better ethnical and religious representation on the one hand, an element that would help the issues with Northern Ireland. At the same time, it would influence the way in which people express their opinions, views, and preferences, which would in time determine a change in the economic and political decisions taken at the level of the Parliament.
Changes such as the ones from Russia and ritain can affect to a certain point the American political framework. The Russian democracy cannot be considered…...

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Bibliography

Berstein, Serge, and Milza. Pierre. Histoire de l'Europe. Paris: Hatier, 1994

CIA. "The Russian Federation." The World Fact Book. 2008. 7 March 2008  https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rs.html 

CIA. "United Kingdom." The World Fact Book. 2008. 7 March 2008  https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uk.html 

Cohen, Ariel. "Putin's Legacy and United Russia's New Ideology." The Heritage Foundation. 2006. 7 March 2008  http://www.heritage.org/Research/RussiaandEurasia/bg1940.cfm

Parties and Party Systems
The Creation and ole of Political Parties and ole Effects

In general political parties have four main relevant dimensions; government control to some degree and in some facet including legislation making and approval and nominations to electoral bids and/or nominations to nonelected positions in government, a stable base which includes mass popular or populous support, they have some internal structure that controls funding and platform and finally they are a source of information to the public. According to Katz the defining characteristics of a party include their general position as "central actors" in democratic as well as other forms of government and they are very unlikely to be replaced by "social movements or governance networks" (2008, p.294) The central role or most important dimension of a political party is its ability to control government in some fashion, the development of this aspect of the party system has to…...

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References

Katz, R.S. (2008) "Political parties," in Daniele Caramani, ed., Comparative politics.

(Oxford: Oxford University Press,), pp. 293-317.

Sartori, G. (2005) Parties and party systems: a framework for analysis. Colchester, UK: University of Essex Press.

Ware, A. "The classification of party systems," Chapter 5 in book Political

19th century, the federalist/anti-federalist schism dominated political discourse in the United States. The so-called "first party system" became less relevant as increasing numbers of citizens became politically active, leading to a greater plurality of voices and opinions. Even then, political parties had not yet become fully formed. Most elections had candidates running independently. However, the anti-federalists had become the Democratic-Republicans and they emerged as a dominant presence in the controversial 1824 presidential election. When he was defeated in that election by John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson and his supporters started the Democratic Party as an opposition group. In response, John Quincy Adams and his Secretary of State Henry Clay rebranded the Democratic-Republican Party the National Republicans.
Jackson's Democratic party grew in popularity during his presidency. An opposition party, the Whig party, emerged in response in the 1830s. For the next several decades, the Democrats and the Whigs were the primary political…...

Evolution of the Two-Party System in America
Most of the founding fathers of the United States were opposed to the formation of political parties considering them as "quarreling factions" that would foster corruption and hinder the public from freely judging issues on merit. Hence no provision was made in the U.S. Constitution for political parties. Yet a two-party has come to dominate the country's politics, with the Democratic and the Republican parties becoming the two dominant political parties in the U.S. since the mid-19th century.

As early as the 1790s, people with deferring vision of the country's future had started to band together in order to win support for their ideas. The faction that was identified with Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton and Vice President John Adams became known as the "Federalists" while those who supported Thomas Jefferson and James Madison came to be known as the "Democratic-Republicans." (Burke) The Federalists…...

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Works Cited

Burke, Robert E. "Political Parties in the United States." Article in Encyclopedia Encarta. CD-ROM Version, 2003

Politics of the United States" Para on Political Parties. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2004. March 31, 2004.  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States 

James Madison argued in his "Federalist Papers" against a system in which "factions" (parties) could seize control of the government

The present Democratic Party traces its roots to the Jeffersonian Republicans.

The same thing happens when considering public officials who are Republicans and are yet more open minded than most of their colleagues. Belonging to a certain political party does not necessarily mean that one has to change his or her principles.
Even with the fact that the two major parties in the U.S. have different opinions in regard to a series of matters, they seem to agree in most situations. This is basically a result of the fact that they want the majority of people to like them and they know that the only method to do so would be for them to perform actions that would be appreciated by the general public. Thus, it would be irresponsible for either party to perform extremist acts or to refrain from acting in agreement with what the masses want. Doing so would only reduce their number of voters and would influence the…...

Anti-Federalists and the Constitution in the Development of Political Parties
The Development of Political Parties

The Constitution and Political Parties

The Changing Ideology of Political Parties

Even before the adoption of the Constitution, political parties were beginning to form. Those who favored the Constitution were called Federalists, and were led by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison. Another group, led by Thomas Jefferson, opposed the adoption of the Constitution and was known as Antifederalists. The Antifederalists broke up after the Constitution was ratified, but they set the stage for the development of other political parties, resulting in the two party system that we have today.

The Development of Political Parties

The debate over the Constitution split people into two groups. Those who favored ratification believed that a strong federal government that would dominate the individual states. Hamilton particularly argued that the future of the country depended on the development of a viable mercantile and manufacturing economy.…...

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Bibliography

Brief History of the Democratic Party." 2003. Democratic National Committee. 30 April 2003  http://www.democrats.org/about/history.html .

Elkins, Stanley and Eric McKitrick. The Age of Federalism: The Early American Republic, 1788-1800. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.

Main, Jackson Turner. The Antifederalists: Critics of the Constitution, 1781-1788. Chapel

Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1961.

The merits of the two-party system all stem from its perceived (and probably justifiably so) stability. That stability is offered by many as reason enough to avoid rocking the boat. But, as presented here, the arguments against the two-party system and, indeed, maybe against stability itself, are more persuasive. The U.S. can handle electoral dynamics associated with more than two parties, and it seems that the governing body can only benefit from the injection of new, perhaps radical, ideas. hile the two-party system is unlikely to change in the near future, it seems possible that a charismatic and visionary leader from a third party could tap into broad public dissatisfaction and create a whole new chapter for America.

orks Cited

Alesina, Alberto. (1988). Credibility and Policy Convergence in a Two-Party System

with Rational Voters. The American Economic Review, 78 (4): 796-805

Arjmand, Marzieh. (2010). Two-Party System in the United States. Available at:

http://ezinearticles.com/?Two-Party-System-in-the-United-States&id=3498174

Dalton, Russell J.…...

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Works Cited

Alesina, Alberto. (1988). Credibility and Policy Convergence in a Two-Party System

with Rational Voters. The American Economic Review, 78 (4): 796-805

Arjmand, Marzieh. (2010). Two-Party System in the United States. Available at:

 http://ezinearticles.com/?Two-Party-System-in-the-United-States&id=3498174

Party Machines and Immigrants
For more than a century, party machines dominated the political process in many parts of the United States where William "Boss" Tweed and his Tammany Hall henchmen and their ilk controlled the outcomes of elections in many major American cities by manipulating the immigrant vote. Although these political figures were eventually displaced by other politicians, they left a legacy of corruption, back-scratching and double-dealings that persists to this day. To determine the impact of these events on modern American politics, this paper provides a discussion concerning some of the main actors involved in party machines and immigration in the United States during the 20th century, including Frank Hague, William "Boss" Tweed, Abraham euf, George Cox, ichard Daley and Vito Lopez. A summary of the research and important findings concerning party machines and their implications for immigrants are provided in the conclusion.

eview and Discussion

Frank Hague -- Jersey City

According…...

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References

Hamilton, C. (2012, September 4). County party chair remains powerful, if poorly understood, position. WNYC News Blog. Retrieved from  http://www.wnyc.org/blogs/wnyc-news -blog/2012/sep/04/powerful-poorly-understood-county-party-chair-seat-have/.

Howe, F.C. (1915). The modern city and its problems. Chicago: C. Scribner's Sons.

Judd, D.E. & Swanstrom, T.R. (2012). City politics. Pearson.

Luthins, R.H. & Nevins, A. (1954). American demagogues: Twentieth century. Boston: Beacon

Systems Development
The Case for ejecting Outsourcing the IT Department

The data and information within an organization is its life blood, it was what makes one company differentiated from another and valuable to customers. With IT being at the center of the information engine of any business, the idea of outsourcing it, allowing a third party company to manage this vital aspect of the company's health is like allowing a podiatrist to do heart surgery. It's not going to end well for either the doctor or the patient. The costs and benefits of IT outsourcing are presented in this analysis. Granted, IT outsourcing of menial, low-end tasks shows potential for streaming the operations of a business, allowing it to concentrate on its core business more effectively (Goo, Huang, Hart, 2008). Conversely outsourcing all aspects of IT can lead to a company abdicating its leadership in its main markets by sacrificing its core…...

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References

Cardella, T. (2003). Executive roundtable. Customer Inter@ction Solutions, 22(3), 16-17.

Goo, J., Huang, C.D., & Hart, P. (2008). A path to successful IT outsourcing: Interaction between service-level agreements and commitment. Decision Sciences, 39(3), 469.

Jae-Nam, L., Miranda, S.M., & Yong-Mi, K. (2004). IT outsourcing strategies: Universalistic, contingency, and configurational explanations of success. Information Systems Research, 15(2), 110-131.

Perhaps some of the drama that will play itself out inside of the convention hall, will be spotted by the watchful eye of the media transmitting the party's doings into American living rooms -- and raise ratings as a result.
orks Cited

Crawford, Darlisa. "Memorable Moments in Political Convention History: The Evolution of National Party Conventions." Election Focus 2004. U.S. Department of State. Jul 14, 2008. 1.14. http://usinfo.state.gov/dhr/img/assets/5796/elections07_15_04.pdf

Cresswell, Stephen." The Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party." Buttons and Ballots. Issue 26. 2001. May 12, 2008. http://www.cresswellslist.com/ballots2/mfdp.htm

Johnson, Donald B. "Dixiecrats." The American Presidency. May 12, 2008. http://ap.grolier.com/article?assetid=0129280-00&templatename=/article/article.html

Rowen, Beth. "History of Party Conventions." InfoPlease. May 12, 2008. http://www.infoplease.com/spot/conventions1.html

ald, Jonathan. "264 arrested in NYC bicycle protest." CNN.com. Aug 28, 2004. May 12, 2008. http://www.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/08/28/rnc.bike.protest/

Darlisa, Crawford, "Memorable Moments in Political Convention History: The Evolution of National Party Conventions," Election Focus 2004, U.S. Department of State, Jul 14, 2008, 1.14, p.1. > http://usinfo.state.gov/dhr/img/assets/5796/elections07_15_04.pdf

Crawford, p.6

Beth Rowen, "History of Party…...

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Works Cited

Crawford, Darlisa. "Memorable Moments in Political Convention History: The Evolution of National Party Conventions." Election Focus 2004. U.S. Department of State. Jul 14, 2008. 1.14. http://usinfo.state.gov/dhr/img/assets/5796/elections07_15_04.pdf

Cresswell, Stephen." The Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party." Buttons and Ballots. Issue 26. 2001. May 12, 2008. http://www.cresswellslist.com/ballots2/mfdp.htm

Johnson, Donald B. "Dixiecrats." The American Presidency. May 12, 2008. http://ap.grolier.com/article?assetid=0129280-00&templatename=/article/article.html

Rowen, Beth. "History of Party Conventions." InfoPlease. May 12, 2008.  http://www.infoplease.com/spot/conventions1.html

Party Planning
WBS

Find/set up decoration

Plan Theme

Decorations

Pick up and arrange food

Place advance order

Browse/negotiate with venors

Plan Menu

Food

Create extensive playlist

Plan Music

Entertainment

Contact guests

Develop potential guest list

Guests

Hold Party

Charter

The party project will be carried out primarily by the project manager, without any planned significant assistance from other personnel. Four primary-level tasks are included in the project: decorations, food, entertainment, and guests. Deliverables for each of these four tasks include the visual elements of the party including wall hangings, plates and utensils, lighting, etc. (decorations); the appetizers and cocktails that will be served throughout the evening of the party (food); the music, including both selections and the necessary equipment, that will be played to accompany mingling, eating, and a portion of the evening devoted to dancing for those that are interested (entertainment); and finally the selection and securing of people to attend the party (guests).

Guests will form the primary participants of the project aside form the project manager,…...

To the extent the totality of circumstances suggest that possibility, even acceptance of the most nominal gratuities (i.e. A cup of coffee) is ethically inappropriate.
Similarly, even where the gratuity involved is of nominal value and there is no potential misunderstanding on the part of the individual proffering an otherwise appropriate gratuity, there is the issue of creating the appearance or inference of an improper relationship from the perspective of others observing the exchange. For example, while the proffer and acceptance of a single cup of coffee is excusable within the framework of ordinary positive community relations, the conspicuous regular transfer of even nominal gratuities in the presence of third parties can create an apparent inference of inappropriate influence regardless of whether or not that inference is necessarily accurate.

Conclusion

The SOI is intended to ensure that police officers do not misuse their duly authorized latitude to take different degrees of enforcement…...

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References

Conlon E. (2004). Blue Blood. Riverhead, NY: Bantam.

Peak K. (2002). Policing America: Methods, Issues, Challenges. New Jersey: Prentice

Hall.

Schmalleger F. (2008). Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st

The model consists of five phases:
1. Perception of the ethical problem

2. Description the situation and objective definition of the ethical issue

3. Identification of alternatives

4. Selection of an alternative

5. esolution (Cooper, 2006).

This model has been implemented successfully in both the public and private sectors. The goals of the model are to create a management team consisting of responsible individuals that promote high standards, ethical decision-making practices on behalf of their code of ethics, transparency and accountability (Cooper, 2006). Ultimately, according to Cooper's model, ethical decision making is the process of identifying a problem, generating alternatives, and choosing among them so that the alternatives selected maximize the most important ethical values while also achieving the intended goal.

Conclusion

Most work-related decisions have an ethical component. With few exceptions, problems that involve people also involve ethical issues. Decisions that affect people's jobs and careers have an ethical component. Decisions that involve conflicts of commitment…...

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References

Business Dictionary (2009) "Conflict of Interest"  http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/conflict-of-interest.html 

Cooper, T. (2006). The responsible administrator: An approach to ethics for the administrative role (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Jossey-Bass.

Olsen, a. (2009). Authoring a code of ethics: Observations on process and organization. Center for the study of ethics in the professions. Illinois Institute of Technology. http://ethics.iit.edu/index1.php/Programs/Codes%20of%20Ethics/Authoring%20a%20Code%20of%20Ethics.html

Schnebel, E., & Bienert, M.A. (2004). Implementing ethics in business organizations. Journal of Business Ethics, 53, 203-211.

Ignorance also enables parties and politicians in power to win elections because ignorant voters are more likely to pick a familiar name than an unfamiliar name. Pollsters have the power to shape public opinion in conjunction with the media. Because of this obinson ultimately claims that ignorance is one of the biggest threats to democracy.
Section 2: obinson shows how most Americans know and seem to care more about popular culture than about politics. The introductory statistics take up almost two pages and are both insightful and frightening. However, the piece is somewhat ironic. If obinson is concerned about the ways pollsters shape public opinion, then why is he relying so much on polling data to prove his point? His statistics are impressive but there is no way of knowing how accurate they are in terms of the population sampled. Even if the statistics are correct, obinson does not suggest…...

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References

Robinson, Matthew. "Party on, Dudes!"

It is difficult to answer any question that asks about how the founders felt about anything.  While there were many more people involved in the American Revolution, resulting in some disagreement about who was a founder, there is a list of 10 people that consistently get mentioned as founders or founding fathers.  However, these 10 people were not ideologically identical.  In fact, there was a substantial amount of disagreement among them about a number of topics, including the rule of the average person in democracy.  To get a better feel for their competing ideas, you can reference....

Certainly! Here is a potential thesis statement about the 1993 Canadian election:

"The 1993 Canadian election marked a pivotal moment in Canadian political history, as the emergence of new political parties and the decline of the traditional two-party system fundamentally reshaped the country's political landscape."

This thesis statement highlights the key concept of emergence in the context of the 1993 Canadian election and sets the stage for further exploration and analysis of this significant event in Canadian politics.
To support this thesis, you could delve into the emergence of the Reform Party and the Bloc Québécois as significant players in the political arena....

Crafting a Debatable 1993 Canadian Federal Election Thesis Statement

A thesis statement is a concise declaration that encapsulates the primary argument of a research paper, essay, or academic work. In the context of the 1993 Canadian federal election, a debatable thesis statement should present a controversial or thought-provoking assertion that invites critical analysis and discussion.

1. Choose a Specific, Controversial Topic:

Begin by selecting an aspect of the 1993 Canadian federal election that is open to debate and has room for differing viewpoints. Consider issues such as the rise of the Reform Party, the collapse of the Progressive Conservative Party, the emergence of....

Persuasive Essay Topic Ideas

Education

The Importance of Early Childhood Education
Should College Education Be Free for All?
Technology's Role in Enhancing Education
The Value of Experiential Learning over Traditional Classrooms
The Impact of Standardized Testing on Student Success

Social Issues

The Necessity of Universal Healthcare
The Right to Bear Arms: A Constitutional Imperative
The Impact of Social Media on Mental Health
The Importance of Gun Control Legislation
The Benefits of a Universal Basic Income

Environmentalism

Climate Change: A Call to Action
The Necessity of Renewable Energy Sources
The Role of Individuals in Environmental Protection
The Impact of Deforestation on Biodiversity
The Benefits....