PAKINSON'S DISEASE
UNDESTANDING THE PAKINSON'S DISEASE

Understanding Parkinson's disease

Description

Parkinson disease is a progressive neurological problem that affects people of all ages and races. It is a very common condition. It is estimated that about 70, 000 Australians live with this disease. The average diagnostic age is 65 years, however, that does not rule out the possibility of young people developing Parkinson. In young people, the condition is known as Young Onset Parkinson Disease. Diagnosing Parkinson disease is not an easy task. There are no known laboratory tests like brain scan or blood test, so it is important to ensure a specialist such as a neurologist carries out the diagnosis. The specialist is expected to look for any known physical signs of the condition and take the detailed history of the symptoms of Parkinson's disease. There is still no known cause of Parkinson's disease in people. Many theories exist as to why…...

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References

Australian Bureau of Statistics (2011) 'Disability, Ageing and Carers Australia, Summary of Findings, 2009', Cat. No. 4430.0, 20 June.

Begg, S., Vos, T., Barker, B., Stevenson, C., Stanley, L., & Lopez, A. (2007). Burden of disease and injury in Australia, 2003.Australian Institute of Health and Welfare AIHW.

Deloitte (2011). Living with Parkinson's Disease -- update. Retrieved 9 April 2016 from  http://www.parkinsonsnsw.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/AE-Report_2011.pdf 

Dickson, D. W. (2012). Parkinson's Disease and Parkinsonism: Neuropathology. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine, 2(8), a009258.  http://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a009258

Abstract Alzheimer’s disease is a type of dementia, while Parkinson’s disease is known as a debilitating neurodegenerative disease that affects significantly more men than women. The two disorders have some similar symptoms but are also very different. With regards to treatment, no standard intervention has been developed for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disorder. The only existing drugs are those that address some of the symptoms. Likewise, there is no standard therapy for those with Parkinson’s disease. But lifestyle changes, approved drugs, and surgical operations can be recommended to address symptoms. Nevertheless, stem cell research has shown a lot of promise in helping to restore and regenerate destroyed brain tissues and is, therefore, currently being tested to help treat brain disorders such as Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Alzheimer’s disease. This work looks at what the evidence is saying about the efficacy of stem cell transplants approach in the treatment of…...

Parkinson's disease is a neurological disorder that has become the topic of much research lately. This neurological disease affects more than four million individuals around the world, making it the second largest neurological disease affecting people (National Institute of Health, 2013). The United States alone has about 60,000 new diagnoses made every year. Parkinson's disease can affect an individual of any age, however, the branch of this disease that people are most familiar with is late-onset Parkinson's disease. This part particular group encompasses those that are older than 55 years old. Young-onset or early-onset Parkinson's disease affects individuals before the age of 50, while juvenile-onset Parkinson's disease affects those under the age of 20 (NHGI, 2011). No matter the age at which the disease first appears, its devastating effects are the same.
The symptoms of this disorder create great disruption in the affected individual's life. Parkinson's disease causes the degeneration of…...

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References:

EuroStemCell. (2012). Parkinson's Disease: How could stem cells help? Eurostemcell.org. Retrieved 20 April 2013 from  http://www.eurostemcell.org/factsheet/parkinson%E2%80%99s-disease-how-could-stem-cells-help 

National Institute Of Health. (2013). Parkinson disease. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 20 April 2013 from  http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/parkinson-disease 

NHGRI. (2011). Learning About Parkinson's Disease. National Human Genome Research Institute. Retrieved 20 April 2013 from  http://www.genome.gov/10001217 

Talan, J. (2012). Parkinson's Disease. The New York Times. Retrieved 20 April 2013 from  http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/parkinsons-disease/overview.html#Exams-and-Tests

Parkinson's disease is a neurological disorder which is primarily diagnosed in people aged 50 and above. This degenerative disease affects the muscular movement, creates tremor and increases posture rigidity. First explained in 1817 by James Parkinson, this disease is prevalent throughout the world. In the United States as well as the UK around 2% of the elderly population is afflicted by this neurological disorder. In the U.S. alone there are around 1 million patients and every year 50,000 new cases are diagnosed with Parkinsonism and as a nation with a high percentage of elderly and aging population the figures may increase rapidly in the near future. A brief overview of the etiology, symptoms, treatment, patient care and education, would help us better understand the disease condition and its management.
Pathophysiology of Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson's disease is a disorder of the motor structures in the basal ganglia region of the brain. One of…...

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Bibliography

1) Dr. David Nicholl (2003, OCT 19), "Parkinson's Disease," MedWeb

Retrieved June 4th 2004, at  http://medweb.bham.ac.uk/http/depts/clin_neuro/teaching/tutorials/parkinsons/parkinsons1.html 

2) Jeff Blackmer, MD (2004, May 20), "Parkinson Disease," eMedicine

Retrieved June 4th 2004, at  http://www.emedicine.com/pmr/topic99.htm

Parkinson's disease impacts the human brain's dopamine-secreting nerve cells. Its symptoms include tremors, gait and speech modifications and muscle rigidity. The disease has no permanent cure; a patient of Parkinson's disease can only take treatment to alleviate his/her symptoms (WebMD, 2017).
Subjective

A fifty-year-old male patient complains of trembling hands, a condition that has been aggravating over the course of the last two or three years. His hands tremble when eating, writing, tying his shoelaces, cutting things, and doing other activities by hand. He complains that his handwriting is now nearly illegible and slumping. He is a carpenter by profession, and is anxious that his problem may affect his ability to continue earning a living.

Parkinson's disease symptoms are different for different individuals. Further, with disease advancement, the symptoms transform. Initial symptoms of a particular patient may never surface in another, or may only surface at a very advanced stage of the disease.…...

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References

Harvard Health Letter. (2012). Exercise helps prevent, fight Parkinson's disease. Harvard Health Letter. Retrieved from  http://www.health.harvard.edu/newsletters/Harvard_Health_Letter/2012/March/another-reason-to-get-out-there-and-get-moving?utm_source=health&utm_medium=pressrelease&utm_campaign=Health0312 

MFMER. (2015, July 7). Parkinson's disease. Retrieved from Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research:  http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/parkinsons-disease/basics/symptoms/con-20028488 

Parkinson's Disease Foundation, Inc. (2017, February). Resources for People with Parkinson's. Retrieved from Parkinson's Disease Foundation, Inc.:  http://www.pdf.org/en/summer08_resources 

Perlmutter, J. S. (2010). Assessment of Parkinson Disease Manifestations. Curr Protoc Neurosci, 10(1).

Fortunately my father's symptoms early on have been quite mild thus far. With the exception of some slight tremors in the hands now, my father exhibits relatively few of the debilitating or crippling symptoms associated with Parkinson's. Though this may change with time, our hope is that new therapies and treatments will soon be discovered to extend and continue to improve the quality of life for patients with Parkinson's disease far into the future.
It is also important that family members and patients are realistic in their treatment expectations (Kindracke, 2001). Parkinson's is a progressive disease that some find crippling and debilitating as life goes on. Many patients grow to resent their bodies for "betraying them" as time goes on (Kindracke, 2001). Again however, the best steps a patient and family member can take to conquer this disease are to live life to the fullest each and every day they…...

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References

Gao, H.M, Hong, J. & Liu, B. (2003). "Parkinson's Disease and exposure to infectious agents and pesticides and the occurrence of brain injuries: role of neuroinflammation." Environmental Health Perspectives, 111(8): 1065

Henkel, J. (1998 - July). "Parkinson's disease: New treatments slow onslaught of symptoms." FDA Consumer, 32(4): 13.

Kondracke, M. (2001). Saving Milly: Love, politics and Parkinson's disease. New York:

Public Affairs.

There are around 60,000 Americans who are diagnosed with Parkinson's disease ever year, and this number does not take into account the thousands of cases that go unnoticed. Occurrence of Parkinson's goes up with a person's age, but it is estimated that about four percent of people are diagnosed before the age of 50. There are an estimated seven to 10 million people worldwide are living with Parkinson's disease (Statistics on Parkinson's, 2010).
Parkinson's disease is often accompanied by additional troubles:

People with Parkinson's disease of suffer from depression. eceiving treatment for depression can make it easier to deal with the other challenges of Parkinson's disease.

People who have Parkinson's disease frequently have trouble falling asleep and may wake up often throughout the night. They may also experience unexpected sleep onset, called sleep attacks, during the day.

The muscles that one uses to swallow may be affected in the later stages of the…...

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References

NINDS Parkinson's Disease Information Page. (2010). Retrieved September 9, 2010, from National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Web site:

 http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/parkinsons_disease/parkinsons_disease.htm 

Parkinson's Disease. (2010). Retrieved September 9, 2010, from Mayo Clinic Web site:

 http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/parkinsons-disease/DS00295/DSECTION=tests-and-diagnosis

Health Issues for the Aging One of the diseases that creates a burden on our health care system, especially among the aged, is Parkinson's disease. At present, there is no known cure for Parkinson's, merely treatments that can help to reduce the symptoms. This makes it difficult to develop a public health solution to Parkinson's. On the prevention side, one of the challenges is that while there have been some risk factors potentially identified, the reality is that there is no known cause either. For example, a meta-analysis suggest that living in a rural area, drinking well water, farming and exposure to pesticides all might be risk factors (Priyardashi et al, 2001). The current state of research at present is such that the different forms that Parkinson's takes are being studied (Peto, et al, 1995). Moreover, the different ways that Parkinson's presents can also bring about a number of different complications,…...

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References

Belluci, A., Navarria, L., Zaltieri, M., Missale, C. & Spano, P. (2012). Alpha-synuclein synaptic pathology and its implications in the development of novel therapeutic approaches to cure Parkinson\\'s disease. Brain Research. Vol. 1432 (2012) 95-113.

Carroll, C., Zeissler, M., Hanneman, C. & Zajicek, P. (2012). ?9-tetrahydrocannabinol (?9-THC) exerts a direct neuroprotective effect in a human cell culture model of Parkinson\\'s disease. Neuropathy and Applied Neurobiology. Vol. 38 (2012) 535-547.

Investors.com (2017). Adamas Parkinson\\'s drug is double the cost of analyst expectations. Investors\\' Business Daily Retrieved November 20, 2017 from

Lee, H. & Pienaar, I. (2014) Disruption of the blood-brain barrier in Parkinson\\'s disease: Curse or a route to a cure? Frontiers in Bioscience. Vol. 19 (2014) 272-280.

Liptak, K. (2017). White House: Feds will step up marijuana law enforcement. CNN. Retrieved November 20, 2017 from http://www.cnn.com/2017/02/23/politics/white-house-marijuana-donald-trump-pot/index.html

Natale, G., Pasquali, L, Ruggieri, S., Paparelli, A. & Fornai, F. (2008). Parkinson\\'s disease and the gut: A well-known clinical association in need of an effective cure and explanation. Neurogastroenterology and Motility. Vol. 20 (2008) 741-749.

NINDS (2017). Focus on Parkinson\\'s disease research. NINDS.NIH.gov. Retrieved November 20, 2017 from https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Current-Research/Focus-Research/Focus-Parkinsons-Disease

Peto, V., Jenkinson, C., Fitzpatrick, R. & Greenhall, R. (1995) The development and validation of a short measure of functioning and well-being for individuals with Parkinson\\'s disease. Quality of Life Research. Vol. 4 (3) 241-248.https://www.investors.com/news/technology/adamas-parkinsons-drug-cost-is-double-analyst-expectations/

Speech Science – Vowel Acoustics in People with Parkinson’s Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disease that contributes to the progressive decline of motor function because of loss of dopamine-creating brain cells. Given the progressive decline of motor function, this disease shows characteristics of hypokinetic dysarthria as well as major signs of rigidity, tremor, and bradykinesia. In light with these effects, vowel acoustics in people with Parkinson’s disease has attracted considerable attention in recent years. Actually, for many individuals with Parkinson’s disease, hypokinetic dysarthria is a common condition, which is an indicator of motor speech disorders. Numerous studies have been carried out to examine motor speech disorders in Parkinson’s disease, particularly in relation to hypokinetic dysarthria. This paper examines some studies that have been conducted to evaluate the issue of hypokinetic dysarthria in people with Parkinson’s disease with regards to vowel acoustics. The article provides a summary of the articles and…...

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References

Bang, Y., Min K., Sohn, Y. H., Cho, S. (2013). Acoustic Characteristics of Vowel Sounds in Patients with Parkinson Disease. Journal NeuroRehabilitation, 32(3), 649-654. doi:10.3233/nre-130887

Skodda, S., Grönheit, W., & Schlegel, U. (2012). Impairment of Vowel Articulation as a Possible Marker of Disease Progression in Parkinsons Disease. PLoS ONE, 7(2). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0032132

Watson, P. J., & Munson, B. (2008). Parkinson\\\\'s disease and the effect of lexical factors on vowel articulation, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 124(5): EL291–EL295.doi:10.1121/1.2987464

Parkinson disease is considered to be an idiopathic condition. This means that there are no known cures and researchers are still trying to determine its primary causes. When someone is first diagnosed they will exhibit a number of symptoms. The most notable include: shaking, rigidity, slowness of movement, trouble walking and gait. (Sanchez, 2009) (Follet, 2010) (Cummings, 1992) (Leroy, 1998)
As the disease progresses, it will contribute to dementia and depression. This is showing its effects on entire body systems. In this outline, there will be a focus on the team strategy, questions and discussing the sources for the condition. Together, these elements will highlight how the study will be conducted and the way objectivity will be maintained. (Sanchez, 2009) (Follet, 2010) (Cummings, 1992) (Leroy, 1998)

Your team strategy for approaching and completing this project, including a delineation of tasks

The basic team strategy will involve dividing responsibilities among the different members. This…...

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References

Cummings, J. (1992). Depression and Parkinson Disease. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149 (4), pp. 443 -- 454.

Follet, J. (2010). Pallidal vs. Subthalamic. New England Journal of Medicine, 362, pp. 2077 -- 2091.

Leroy, E. (1998). The Ubiquity Pathway in Parkinson's disease. Nature, 395, pp. 451 -- 457.

Sanchez, J. (2009). Genome Wide Association. Nature Genetics, 41, pp. 1308 -- 1312.

Abstract This paper examines the impact of Parkinson’s disease on elderly (65+ years of age) Caucasian males. This is an underserved population in the U.S. 1% of all elderly persons suffer from Parkinson’s and 60% of them are of this underserved population. The paper discusses risk factors that may lead to the onset of this disease but recognizes that the etiology of Parkinson’s is still as of yet unknown. It examines some of the most common health issues of this population and identifies existing barriers to care. The key factors and social determinants of health of this population are discussed and health policies and advocacy groups, such as the Michael J. Fox Foundation are examined in terms of what they bring to the discussion about regulating control and prevention of the disease. Finally, recommendations for improving existing programs and interventions for this population are identified, including: the need to increase access…...

Parkinson's Disease
A Brief Description of Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neuromuscular disorder that occurs in middle-age to older adults. The disorder has a mean beginning of about 55 years of age. The incidence of Parkinson's disorder increases with age. PD affects about 0.15% percent of the population (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2000). PD was first described in 1817 by James Parkinson's "Essay on the Shaking Palsy."

In 95% of PD cases diagnoses there is no genetic association (no one in the family has it) and these cases are designated as sporadic PD. In the small number of remaining cases the disorder is inherited (Dauer & Przedborski, 2003). A condition known as secondary Parkinsonism that resembles the physical presentation of PD can be brought on by a number of drugs or other conditions such as dopamine antagonist medications, hypoxia, and from brain tumors (APA, 2000).

The Cause of PD

The etiology (cause)…...

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References

American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental

Disorders, IV- Text Revision. Washington, DC: Author.

Bear, M.F., Connors, B.W. & Paradiso, M.A. (2001). Neuroscience: Exploring the brain,

Second Edition. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

" (Fleming et al., 1994)
B. Genetic Factors

hile environmental factors are shown to increase the risk of developing Parkinson's disease there are also specific mutations linked to the development of PD in certain populations. For example it is reported that a study conducted on Parkinson's Disease and hereditary genetic risks of developing this disease states findings that researchers in the study "...found that ethnic Chinese individuals carrying a mutation they indentified in the LRRK2 gene are over two times more likely to develop the disease than non-carriers." (Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 2004) the study was conducted at Mayo Clinic in 2004. The research team not only discovered the LRRK2 gene and the role it plays in Parkinson's disease but as well discovered "...a number of mutations in LRRK2 a gene that codes for poorly understood protein, leucine-rich repeat kinase." (Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 2004)

One of the mutations 'G209S "has been shown…...

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Works Cited

Wood-Kaczmar, a., Gandhi, S. And Wood, NW (2006) Understanding the molecular causes of Parkinson's disease Trends Mol Med. 2006 Nov;12(11):521-8. Epub 2006 Oct 5. Links

Understanding the molecular causes of Parkinson's disease.

Priyadarshi, a., Khuder, SA, Schaub, EA and Priyadarshi, SS (2001) Environmental risk factors and Parkinson's disease: a metaanalysis. Environe Res. 2001 Jun; 86(2):122-7.

How yeast is helping us to understand Parkinson's Disease (2009) Psysorg 27 Feb 2009. Online available at http://www.physorg.com/news154950981.html

Stem Cell Research / Parkinson's
Since Barack Obama has become president, the field of stem cell research has been given new life. One of Obama's campaign pledges

was to allow deeper research -- including the use of federal research funds -- into the use of pluripotent stem cells in order to find solutions for some of the terrible diseases Americans suffer from. Among those medical problems is Parkinson Disease (PD). This paper reviews and delves into the literature in terms of the potential of stem cell interventions into Parkinson Disease (also called "Parkinson's Disease").

ho is the leading authority on stem cell research?

There is no one "leading authority" reflected in the literature; however there are renowned scientists that are considered pathfinders in this field. Dr. Diane S. Krause, Associate Professor of Laboratory Medicine and Associate Director of Stem Processing at Yale University is "…one of the discoverers of previously unknown innate sources of…...

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Works Cited

Gallup Poll. (2011). Stem Cell Research. Retrieved March 7, 2012, from  http://www.gallup.com/poll/21676/stem-cell-research.aspx .

Gogel, S. Gubernator, M., and Minger, SL. (2011). Progress and prospects: stem cells and Neurological diseases. Gene Therapy, 18(1), 1-6.

Krause, D.S. (2002). Plasticity of marrow-driven stem cells. Gene Therapy, 9(11), 754-8.

Lo, Bernard, and Parham, Lindsay. (2010). Resolving Ethical Issues in Stem Cell Clinical

Perampanel Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Physical Therapy as Interventions for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease
Clinicians and researchers have been constantly searching for more information on how to treat the symptoms of Parkinson's disease. This paper's aim is to outline three types of therapy that qualify as valid attempts, namely pharmacologically-oriented perampanel endeavors, cognitive behaviour therapy or CBT, and finally, physical therapy. The present paper will review the relevant research pertaining to these three forms of treatment, in terms of effectiveness, validity, safety, and other filters, before suggesting how one approach might be the most effective in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.

The first clinical signs of the degenerative neurological disorder named Parkinson's disease appear only at such time as approximately 60-80% of the dopamine-producing cells of the substantia nigra has already degenerated. Data from across the European continent indicated that about 1.8 of 100 inhabitants over the age of 65…...

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References

Christofoletti, G., Beinotti, F., Borges, G., Damasceno, B.P. (2010). PHYSICAL THERAPY IMPROVES THE BALANCE OF PATIENTS WITH PARKINSON'S DISEASE: A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, 16(S1), S58. doi: 10.1016/2Fs1353-8020-2810-2970204-2

Cole, K., & Vaughan, F.L. (2005) The feasibility of using cognitive behaviour therapy for depression associated with Parkinson's disease: A literature review. Parkinson and Related Disorders, 11, 269-276. doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2005.03.002

Eggert, K., Squillacote, D., Barone, P., Dodel, R., Katzenschlager, R., Emre, M., . . . Oertel, W. (2010). Safety and Efficacy of Perampanel in Advanced Parkinson's Disease: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study. Movement Disorders, 25(7), 896-905. doi: 10.1002/mds.22974

Ellis, T., Goede, C.J., Feldman, R.G., Wolters, E.C., Kwakkel, G., Wagenaar, R.C. (2005). Efficacy of a Physical Therapy Program in Patients With Parkinson's Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 85(4), 626-632. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2004.08.008

1. Plants have developed a fascinating array of chemical defenses to protect themselves from various threats such as herbivores, pathogens, and environmental stressors. These chemical compounds not only play a crucial role in the survival of plants but also have the potential to benefit human health through their unique properties. Researchers have increasingly turned their attention to exploring the therapeutic potential of plant chemical defenses in medical treatments and therapies. By harnessing the power of these natural compounds, scientists aim to develop new drugs, supplements, and therapies that could effectively combat various diseases and improve human health.

2. One way....