Parenting Styles
The Effects of Parenting Styles on Students Achievement in Special Education

Parents develop parenting styles that largely determine the type of parent-child relationship and the levels of development of children in various skills and competencies. Within this discipline, the family context is conceived as a system that includes ways of mutual influence, direct and indirect, between its members. Parenting styles and family interaction patterns influence virtually in all spheres of life of an individual development: behavioral skills and aspects of personality, in their ways of interacting with the community, and even at the level of success or failure in special education.

Within the family environment a child begins to develop his/her character and personality, through parents who are nearest to him/her. Parents are responsible for the care and protection of each member that makes up the family, as are responsible for regulating conduct by setting a boundary and positive reinforcement. The…...

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References

Aguilar, J., Valencia, A. Martinez, M., Romero, P. And Lemus, L. (2004). Parenting styles and measures of psychosocial development in college students. America Journal of Thought and Language, 12 (1), 69-81.

Baker, L., Mackler, K., Sonnenschein, S., and Serpell, R. (2001). Parents' Interactions With Their first-grade storybook reading and children DURING Subsequent relation with home reading activity and reading achievement. Journal of School Psychology, 39 (5) 415-438.

Berridi, R. (2001). (2001). Parental relationships, achievement orientation and academic performance in primary school children. Master's Thesis. Mexico: National Autonomous University of Mexico. Connell, CM and Prinz, RJ (2002). The Impact of childcare and parent-child Interactions on school readiness and social skills development for Low-Income african children. Journal of School Psychology, 40 (2) 117-193.

Connor, C., Son, S., Hindman, AH & Morrison, FJ (2005). Teacher Qualifications, classroom practices, family characteristics, and preschool experience: Complex effects on first grader's vocabulary an early reading outcomes. Journal of School Psychology, 43 (4) 343-375.

Parenting Styles
Parents play a big role in their children upbringing. The way a child is brought up normally has a direct impact on his/her behavior in the adult life. Most behaviors are impacted in a child during the tender years because he/she will be looking up to the parent for guidance and role-modeling. At a tender age, a normal child is expected to learn new things, and that's when a parent makes good use of this opportunity by guiding and ensuring that his/her behavior is to the required standards Feldman, 2008()

In the early 1960s, a renowned psychologist Diana Baumrind undertook a study on the impact of parenting styles on children. Part of her results consisted of the following important parenting dimensions which a parent must at least use one of them. The dimensions include; disciplinary strategies, warming and nurturance, communication styles, expectations of maturity and control Baumrind, 1971()

Developmental psychologists show…...

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References

Baumrind, D. (1971). Current patterns of parental authority. Developmental Psychology, 1(2), 1-103.

Bernadette, G.-L., Hafdahl, Adam R,. (2000). Factors influencing racial comparisons of self-esteem: A quantitative review. Psychological Bulletin, 126(1), 26-54.

Bracken, B.A., Lamprecht, M.S.,. (2003). Self-Concept: An equal opportunity construct. School Psychology Quarterly, 18, 103 -- 121.

Donnellan, M.B., Trzesniewski, K.H., Robins, R.W., Moffitt, T.E., & Caspi, A. (2005). Low self-esteem is related to aggression, antisocial behavior, and delinquency. Psychological Science, 16(4), 328-335.

Such parent is expected to show higher degree of neglect and rejection.
esearch conducted by Jackson et al. (1997) have shown that parenting styles that are not balanced are expected to enhance the chances of alcoholism in the child. Where authoritative style of parenting is highly balanced, it not only fulfills the needs of a child but also exerts the demand for the right behavior in a positive manner. The children who were made to receive a positive feedback and shared cordial, friendly and supporting relationship from their parents are expected to show lower degree of inclination towards alcoholism (Jackson et al., 1997). There is a considerable chance that hereditary factors also play decisive role in deciding the alcohol consumption patterns of these children. Involvement of a similar genetic pattern is a considerable factor in this regard.

However, generally speaking, the teenagers are more likely to adopt the behavior borne by…...

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References

Anderson et al.(1994). Family System Characteristics and Parental Behaviors as Predictors of Adolescent Substance Use. Adolescence 29:405-421.

Barnes et al.(1986). Parental Socialization Factors and Adolescent Drinking Behaviors. Journal of Marriage and the Family,48: 27-36.

Bahr, S.J. & Hoffmann, J.P. (2010). Parenting style, religiosity, peers, and adolescent heavy drinking. Journal of Studies on Alcohol & Drugs, 71(4): 539-543.

bbc.co.uk. (2011). Parenting style strongly affects drinking, Demos says. Retrieved from  http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14696975

" He asserts that self-described "experts" and the media have disenfranchised parents with pseudoscientific principles and contradictory advice. By exposing those myths and paradoxes, Furedi seeks to re-empower parents with his global perspective to parenting.
Gill, T. (2007). "No Fear: Growing Up in a Risk Averse ociety." Calouste Gulbenkian

Foundation. Cited in:

http://www.gulbenkian.org.uk/media/item/1266/223/No-fear-19.12.07.pdf

In the modern world, states Gill, opportunities for children are being drastically constrained due to a fear for their safety. Parents are afraid of parks, playgrounds, malls -- of people, events, the natural world -- and often end up over protecting their children to the detriment of their psychological health. Instead, Gill argues that the concern about safety does not reflect the real situation, just the media hype, and offers suggestions to help parents cope better with a balanced approach.

Rodriguez, M., et.al. (2009). "Parenting tyles in a Cultural Context." Family Process. 48

(2): 195+.

Different subcultures have differing parental styles. These differences in…...

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Strohschein, L., et.al. (2008). "Parenting as a Dynamic Process: A Test of the Resource

Dilution Hypothesis." The Journal of Marriage and Family. 70 (3): 670+

Parenting practices are an important determinant of successful childhood development. Parents who provide emotional support with firm boundaries are less likely to have children who engage in delinquency. However, parenting is fluid at best, and must change over time. However, there is not much primary research on the how and why of this longitudinal change. This article tries to fill that gap.

Description of Proposed Design

500 children raised by parenting styles from group a would be interviewed and observed weekly for five years, as well as 500 children from group B. The research would begin once the child was four years away from his freshmen year of college and include that freshmen year. The researchers would seek to understand how the children from these widely different parenting styles responded to peer pressure, stress, disappointment, temptation and other elements of growing up based on the parenting styles they characterized their parents by.

Proposed research population and how would you draw upon this population for research:

The proposed research population would be taken for convenience and would ideally be made up of male participants from a Jewish high school (or several high schools), and would take participants from the first year class. esearchers might need to open themselves up to including multiple high schools in order…...

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References

Benson, J., & Haith, M. (2009). Social and Emotional Development in Infancy and Early Childhood. San Diego: Elsevier.

Comer, R., & Gould, E. (2012). Psychology Around Us. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

Harris, J.R. (2011). The Nurture Assumption. New York: Simon and Schuster.

Levy, K., Blatt, S., & Shaver, P. (1998). Attachment styles and parental representations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 407-419.

This creates a sense of security and warmth that can ease the child's sense of anxiety. Thus Sonny is not entirely a failure as a parent -- and it could even be added that some permissive aspects of parenting, like allowing the child to choose his or her own clothing, can have positive results if done in a controlled fashion.
Sonny's authoritarian turns, however, are less successful, and are more evidence of his difficulties with the inevitable stresses and downsides to parenting than carefully though-out rules and discipline, like the hard line he takes to the boy's bed-wetting. An authoritarian style, which 'lays down the law', can feel unresponsive from the child's perspective, even when what the parent says is correct. Harsh and punitive methods that do not acknowledge the child's point-of-view can make the child feel hostile, angry, and afraid. Imagine a child who is taught that 'hitting your…...

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Works cited

Big Daddy. Directed by Dennis Dugan. 1999.

Cook, J.L., & Cook, G. (2005). Child Development: Principles and Perspectives. 2nd edition.

Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

When I know we will have to leave soon, I always let her know that we will be leaving in a couple of minutes. Of course, a two-year-old doesn't have a good grasp of time, but it does seem to keep her from having a strong reaction to the announcement that we must leave now.
Another strategy that I have seen work is clear and consistent consequences. She is still too young to know for sure, but it seems that she is aware which behaviors will be accepted and which are likely to land her in a "time out." Last week she even glanced at the time out corner in our house after throwing her bowl on the floor. I reacted to the mess by calmly reminding her that throwing food was against the rules, and then I placed her in the time-out corner for two minutes.

All of these effective…...

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References

Anonymous. Parenting Style and its Correlates. 2010. Available at:  http://www.athealth.com/Practitioner/ceduc/parentingstyles.html 

Baumrind, D. 1991. The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. Journal of Early Adolescence 11(1): 56-95.

Bradley, Nicki. 2006. Authoritarian Parenting: An Overview. Available at:  http://parenting.families.com/blog/authoritarian-parenting-an-overview 

Chao, Ruth K. 2001. Extending Research on the Consequences of Parenting Style for Chinese-Americans and European-Americans. Child Development 72 (6): 1832-1843

Parenting Efforts and Genetics
Some believe that parenting efforts have nothing to do with predation, since genetic propensities of the child may interfere with or not respond to parenting efforts. However, that does not mean that parenting does not matter, or that it cannot be combined with genetics to affect the child and his or her nature. Studies have shown that the quality of parenting, especially in early childhood, can interact with dopamine in the brain, in order to influence temperament (Sheese, et al., 2007). In that way, genetics can be superseded, at least to some degree, by the way a parent treats his or her child. In turn, that can affect how the parent relates to the child, which can shape the way the child grows up (Sheese, et al., 2007). That is not to say that genetics are not important, because they definitely can and do shape a lot…...

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References

Maccoby, E.E. (2001). Parenting and its effects on children: On reading and misreading behavior genetics. The Science of Mental Health: Personality and personality disorder, 51, 201.

Sheese, B.E., Voelker, P.M., Rothbart, M.K., & Posner, M.I. (2007). Parenting quality interacts with genetic variation in dopamine receptor D4 to influence temperament in early childhood. Development and psychopathology, 19(04), 1039-1046.

Parenting Style and its Effect on Children's Psychological Adjustment: Authoritarian vs. Authoritative Parenting
ecent decades have seen a resurgence of interest in identifying the external and internal factors that place children at risk for behavioral problems. Adjustment disorders have particularly been on the limelight, with recent statistics showing that approximately one-third of adolescents suffer from some form of adjustment disorder, compared to only 10% of the adult population (Schonbeck, 2006). Simply stated, an adjustment disorder is a mental-related illness resulting from one's failure to adjust accordingly to identifiable stressors in their external environment. In children, such stressors could be anything from being forced to move into a new neighborhood to being a victim of crime or losing a close family member. The resultant symptoms could be anything from social withdrawal, academic problems, school behavior problems, anxiety and depression.

The ecological systems theory suggests that a child's behavioral development is influenced by multiple…...

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References

Cohen, D.J. (2006). Developmental Psychopathology: Theory and Method (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

Schonbeck, J. (2006). Adjustment Disorders. Gale Encyclopedia of Children's Health: Infancy through Adolescence. Retrieved July 7, 2015 from  http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Adjustment_disorders.aspx

Subsequent to the gathering of resources, the Review will be presented here within as a synthesis of the most pertinent findings relating to the research subject. The Methodology will take as its point of initiation the following primary research question:
What parenting style(s) have proven most effective and least effective in producing positive special education achievements and developmental outcomes in special needs children?

The Literature Review will set out to answer this question by exploring a wide array of dimensions relating thereto.

Literature Review:

The Literature Review conducted hereafter will be divided into an array of subsections intended to illuminate the relationship between parenting styles and special education achievements for special needs children. It is imperative before proceeding to a broader literature review synthesis, to consider some basic context for the present discussion. Namely, we initiate with a reflection on the formative implications of childhood. Regardless of whether one is special needs or…...

Parents have a strong influence on their children’s eating behaviors and attitudes toward food. In early childhood, parental influence is overarching. Yet even in adolescence, parental approaches to regulating their children’s eating behaviors can have a strong bearing on their children’s health outcomes, psychological health, and predilection towards eating disorders. Moreover, parents may exhibit different attitudes and beliefs regarding their female children than their male children to reflect different gender norms about eating behaviors, etiquette, and body image. In “Why do mothers encourage their children to control their weight?” Schreiber, Kesztyüs, Wirt, Erkelenz, et al (2014) found that mothers more strongly encourage their female children to control their eating or to lose weight than they do to their male children. However, the results were only true for mothers with children of normal weight. Interestingly, mothers who had boy or girl children who were either underweight or overweight did not exhibit…...

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References

Parletta, N (n.d.). The role of parents and schools in promoting healthy dietary behaviors. Nutridate.

Schreiber, A. C., Kesztyüs, D., Wirt, T., Erkelenz, N., Kobel, S., & Steinacker, J. M. (2014). Why do mothers encourage their children to control their weight? A cross-sectional study of possible contributing factors. BMC Public Health, 14(450), 1-7.

 

Parenting styles vary, and include authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, and harmonious styles. All of these styles are relatively common, varying depending on culture and individual differences. Television shows reveal different parenting styles. For example, on the sitcom Modern Family, different parenting styles are evident. Gloria is occasionally authoritarian in her approach, but otherwise the parenting style evident in all the three different family units is harmonious. Harmonious parenting styles are superior to authoritarian, authoritative, permissive styles in that they prepare the child for healthy social relationships with others.
Moreover, harmonious parenting styles help achieve a harmonious household. Harmonious parenting styles create win-win scenarios as shown in the video explaining the different styles of parenting. When the child wants something, and the parents also want to enforce some rules of conduct, a conflict may ensue. An authoritarian parent will lay down the law, refusing to give into any of the child's requests. The…...

At the same time, authoritative parents use discipline judiciously.
Unlike authoritative parents, permissive parents shy away from discipline. They are overly indulgent to their child's whims. Permissive parents tolerate a wide range of behaviors that would not be tolerated by either authoritarian or authoritative parents. Although permissive parents can be emotionally nurturing, they often erect barriers to parent-child communication because of not paying closer attention to the developmental and maturation needs of the child.

Authoritative parents do not show much warmth toward their children. They can be unresponsive and emotionally detached, demanding a "be seen, not heard" environment. Discipline is heavy-handed but unlike authoritative parents, authoritarian parents do not explain their punishments or communicate with their children. However, they do not coddle their children like permissive parents do and do not tolerate emotional outbursts.

The effect of parenting style on self-esteem has been widely studied. Children who grow up in an authoritarian…...

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References

Warash, B. & Markstrom, C. (2001). Parental perceptions of parenting styles in relation to academic self-esteem of preschoolers. Education. 121(3).

Adopting Speial Needs Children
When it omes to adoption, parenting styles for speial needs hildren is really no different. There are hundreds and thousands of hildren that are urrently living in the foster are system that are put into the group of "Speial Needs" waiting for a household to support and love them. The word speial need promptly brings to mind the idea of a hild with inability, in adoption terms the word inludes a larger sense. The word speial needs relating to adoption basially is saying that a hild that is hard to plae by the state adoption agenies or adoption unit. Most of these hildren do not have muh health or temperament issues; they are just measured "hard to position" by a lot of adoption organizations. The hoies of ages for hildren that are in this group are from babies all the way up to the age of 18…...

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cited in Gray, 2003) on the subject of parents with high functioning autism or Asperger's syndrome shows how parents cope with their child's disability. The mother and the father each draws from different resources to cope with how they react toward their child. Furthermore, the research has shown that coping strategies varies for women and men.

Parenting Styles
There are a few different parenting styles, named by Matsumoto as authoritarian, permissive, uninvolved, and authoritative. Generally, uninvolved parents are those who are too involved in their own lives to respond appropriately to their children, while permissive parents are warm and nurturing but allow their children to regulate their own lives. Authoritative parents are those that are firm, fair and reasonable. Authoritarian parents, by contrast, are those who demand unquestioned obedience, viewing the child as something to be controlled (Matsumoto, Chapter 3).

Within each style, the parents behave differently and this influences the child in different ways. The uninvolved parents have minimal interaction with the child. Often, this leaves the child with minimal enculturation as they have few adults from whom to learn. Such children end up being demanding and noncompliant. The children of permissive parents are often immature -- by setting their own boundaries they end no progressing as…...

There is a substantial amount of evidence that authoritarian parenting is a sub-optimal parenting style because of its negative impacts on children.  To understand why, it is important to understand the authoritarian parenting approach. Authoritarian parents take a strict approach to their children, with an emphasis on obedience from their children.  Authoritarian parents rely on punishments, threats, and shaming to elicit desired behaviors.  They are often described as cold, lacking warmth and responsiveness to their children.  The three other parenting types are permissive parents who are described as warm but lax; authoritative parents who expect their kids to follow the....

1. The Influence of Cognitive Distortions on Mental Health:

- How do cognitive distortions, such as catastrophising, overgeneralisation, and black-and-white thinking, contribute to the development and maintenance of mental health issues like anxiety, depression, and PTSD?
- Explore the role of cognitive restructuring techniques in challenging and modifying dysfunctional thought patterns, thereby improving mental health outcomes.

2. Attachment Styles and Their Impact on Relationships:

- Elaborate on the different attachment styles, including secure, anxious-preoccupied, dismissive-avoidant, and fearful-avoidant, and their formation during childhood.
- Analyse the effects of attachment styles on romantic relationships, focusing on how they influence communication, trust, intimacy, and....

Outline for an Essay on Expat Dads in Korea

I. Introduction
A. Hook: Begin with a compelling anecdote or statistic highlighting the unique experiences of expat dads in Korea.
B. Thesis statement: Briefly state the central argument or claim of the essay, such as "Expat dads in Korea face distinct challenges and rewards that shape their experiences as fathers and cultural outsiders."

II. Body Paragraph 1: Challenges of Being an Expat Dad
A. Lack of social support: Discuss the isolation and disconnect that expat dads may feel due to being far from their extended family and support systems.
B. Cultural differences: Explore....

Yes, there are several essay topics that could present opposing viewpoints on the topic of two-parent households. Some potential essay topics could include:

1. The benefits and drawbacks of two-parent households compared to single-parent households.
2. The impact of two-parent households on children's academic achievement and social development.
3. The role of gender dynamics in two-parent households and how it affects family dynamics.
4. The financial implications of two-parent households compared to single-parent households.
5. The importance of having both parents present in a child's life and whether two-parent households are necessary for a child's well-being.
6. The cultural and societal norms surrounding two-parent households and....