Parental Responsibility
The modern age is a rather permissive age in terms of promiscuity and morality. Forty or fifty years ago, most families did not divorce so you had a mother and a father and their children. You were not supposed to have sexual intercourse before marriage because it could end with pregnancy. If you did commit the taboos of premarital sex and found yourself in the family way, it was the responsibility of those parents to get married, no matter how young they were. Of course, this was the societal norm. There were people who had sex and got pregnant and didn't get married. There were people who chose to terminate the pregnancy or to give the infant up for adoption, although the former was illegal until about thirty years ago. In the modern era, Roe v. ade has ensured that women have the option of whether or not to…...

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Works Cited:

Davidson, Howard. "No Consequences -- Re-examining Parental Responsibility Laws." 1996.

Print.

"Parental Responsibility Laws." Juvenile Justice Reform Initiatives in the States: 1994-1996.

2010. Web. Apr. 30, 2011.  http://www.ojjdp.gov/pubs/reform/ch2_d.html

Family Law Amendment (Shared Parental esponsibility) Act
U v U [2002] HCA

Over the years, the moral fibre of the society has continued to crumble. One of the most affected social units in the society is the family. Spouses exchange vows only to go back on their promise that 'till death do us part.' Children are often at the receiving end of such scenarios since family disintegration often has a negative impact on the children who get caught up in the tug of war of their parents' dissimilarities. The Australian federal government is aware of the blow that family breakdown brings to thousands of Australian children every year. To protect the plight of the children, the government has introduced a series of Family Law reforms funded by the mainstream government with the aim of assisting families that are experiencing relationship problems. The rationale is to protect children from the potential damage that…...

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References

Kennedy, R., Richards, J & Leiman, T (2009) Integrating Human Service Law, Ethics and Practice (3rd edition)

Leigh, L & Wu, K (ND) Practical guide to the Law in NSW (12th Edition) The Law Handbook Redfern Legal Centre Publishing

Monahan, G & Young, L (2008) Children and the law in Australia LexisNexis Butterworth

Parental esponsibilities
Both Parents Should Assume Equal esponsibility in aising Children

One of the unintended consequences of civil rights reforms in the last fifty years has been the gradual weakening of traditional family structures. Divorce rates today are far greater than they were in the past and new forms of family structures such as domestic partnerships have dramatically increased. As a consequence, many children grow up with single parents -- mostly with single mothers. esearch shows that growing up with a single parent greatly increases the risk of emotional and psychological problems for children. For this reason, both parents should assume equal responsibility in raising children to make sure that material and emotional needs of children are properly met.

Children need the material and emotional support of both parents. When one of the parents pays less attention to children, they start developing symptoms of various problems such as inferiority complex and alienation. For…...

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References

Beckford, M. (2008, Oct. 21) Children in single-parent families more likely to suffer emotional problems, report finds. Daily Telegraph. Retrieved on 31 Oct. 2011 from  http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/3235650/Children-in-single-parent-families-more-likely-to-suffer-emotional-problems-report-finds.html 

Single-parent kids more at risk (2009, Feb. 11) CBS News. Retrieved on 31 Oct. 2011 from  http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/02/04/health/main539283.shtml

parents be held responsible for their children's actions?
I believe that parents should be held accountable for their children's criminal actions and according to an article in usiness Wire 72% of Americans agree. ("Harris Interactive Study Reveals Three Quarters of Americans elieve Parents Should be Held Liable for Children's Criminal Actions"). The article reports the results of a study conducted by Harris Interactive which interviewed 2737 people from around the country. The study found that regardless of social or economic standing Americans want to see parents held responsible for the criminal actions of their children. ("Harris Interactive Study Reveals Three Quarters of Americans elieve Parents Should be Held Liable for Children's Criminal Actions")

It is my assertion that holding parents responsible for the criminal actions of their children will deter crime. It will also encourage parents to be more attentive in the upbringing of their children.

The severities of the crimes that…...

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Bibliography

Armstrong, M., Evans, M., Wood, V. "The Development of a State Policy on Families as Allies." Journal of Emotional and Behavoiral Disorders.  http://www.findarticles.com/cf_0/m0FCB/4_8/68273227/p1/article.jhtml?term=parent+responsibility+for+juvenile+deinquency 

Brown, Michael. "Juvenile offenders: should they be tried in adult courts?" USA Today (Magazine). January 1998.

Harris Interactive Study Reveals Three Quarters of Americans Believe Parents Should be Held Liable for Children's Criminal Actions." Business Wire.  http://www.findarticles.com/cf_0/m0EIN/2000_March_13/60057449/p1/article.jhtml?term=Should+parents+be+held+responsible+for+their+childrens+actions 

Kozlowski, James C. "Court Upholds Juvenile Curfew Law." Parks and Recreation. Jan, 2000.  http://www.findarticles.com/cf_0/m1145/1_35/59319073/p1/article.jhtml?term=parent+responsibility+for+juvenile+deinquency

IMPOVING STUDENTS AND FAMILYS ENGAGEMENT ecommendations for Improving Parental Collaboration at Marion P Thomas Charter School District Performing Art & Culinary AcademyABSTACTThis study offers recommendations to the leadership at the Performing Art & Culinary Academy (P.A.C.) site of Marion P. Thomas Charter school district to improve the practice of parent collaboration. The problem is the lack of parental engagement at Marion P. Thomas Charter School P.A.C. Academy. The central research question was how parental collaboration could be improved at Marion P. Even though there are multiple challenges connected with parental engagement in education, educators and parents have a positive and harmonious opinion on the importance of involvement.To address the problem, multimethod data analysis was used. It included interviews, surveys, and document analysis. Thematic analysis and SPSS were used to analyze the data. Thomas Charter School P.A.C. Academy. To achieve this, Marion P. Thomas Charter School P.A.C. Academy stakeholders should initiate…...

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ReferencesEvans, L. (2017). Increasing parental involvement: The effectiveness of a parent education program in one urban charter school (Doctoral dissertation, University of Dayton).Winthrop, R., Barton, A., Ershadi, M., & Ziegler, L. (2021). Collaborating to transform and improve education systems. Center for Universal Education at Brookings. brookings. edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Family_School_Engagement_Playbook_FINAL. pdf.Højholt, C., & Kousholt, D. (2019). Parental collaboration in relation to children’s school lives–advanced regulation or an opportunity for solidarity?. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 32(8), 1048-1063.Hedeen, T., Moses, P., & Peter, M. (2018). Encouraging Meaningful Parent/Educator Collaboration: A Review of Recent Literature. Center for Appropriate Dispute Resolution in Special Education (CADRE).Helgøy, I., & Homme, A. (2017). Increasing parental participation at school level: a ‘citizen to serve’or a ‘customer to steer’?. Nordic Journal of Studies in Educational Policy, 3(2), 144-154.Alghazo, Y. (2013). The theory of planned behavior and parental involvement: A theoretical framework for narrowing the achievement gaps. International Journal of Science and Research, 5(4), 570-572.Thompson, K. M., Gillis, T. J., Fairman, J., & Mason, C. A. (2018). Effective Strategies for Engaging Parents in Students Learning to Support Achievement.\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\"About M.P.T.C.S./ About Us.\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\" Marion P Thomas Charter/ Homepage. mptcs.org/domain/6. It was accessed on November 7, 2021Amini, M. (2018). Parental involvement in improving independence in early childhood. Proceedings of the International Conference of Early Childhood Education (I.C.E.C.E. 2017).  https://doi.org/10.2991/icece-17.2018.48 Armstrong, E., Eggins, E., Reid, N., Harnett, P., & Dawe, S. (2017). Parenting interventions for incarcerated parents to improve parenting knowledge and skills, parent well-being, and quality of the parent-child relationship: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 14(3), 279-317.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-017-9290-6 B?k-?rednicka, A. (2018). Foreign language teacher education: School placements as a source of knowledge about parents as partners in the educational process. International Journal of Progressive Education, 14(6), 51-60.  https://doi.org/10.29329/ijpe.2018.179.4 Batista, H. R. (2019). Principal perspectives toward parental involvement in Pennsylvania public SOLVING LOW PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT 11 high schools (Order No. 3360723). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (304881286)Boonk, L., Gijselaers, H. J., Ritzen, H., & Brand-Gruwel, S. (2018). A review of the relationship between parental involvement indicators and academic achievement. Educational Research Review, 24, 10-30.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2018.02.001  Bognar, B., & Krumes, I. (2017). Encouraging reflection and critical friendship in Preservice teacher education. Center for Educational Policy Studies Journal, 7(3), 87-112.  https://doi.org/10.26529/cepsj.289 Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2012). Parent Engagement: Strategies for involving Parents in school health. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieve from  cdc.gov/healthyyouth/protective/pdf/parent_engagement_strategies.pdf Epstein, J. L. (2019). Theory to practice: School and family partnerships lead to school improvement and student success. In school, family, and community interaction (pp. 39-52). Routledge.Grey, D. (2019). The do\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'s and don\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'t of school communication with parents. Retrieve from  https://medium.com/eduprise/the-dos-and-donts-of-school-communication-with-parentsb3c04f5040c Hornby, G., & Blackwell, I. (2018). Barriers to parental involvement in education: An update. Educational Review, 70(1), 109-119. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2018.1388612 Joyce L. Epstein (2018) School, family, and community partnerships in teachers\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\' professional work, Journal of Education for Teaching, 44:3, 397-406, DOI: 10.1080/02607476.2018.1465669Kanji, H., Nursalam, N., Nawir, M., & Suardi, S. (2020). Integration of social care characters and moral integratif on social science lessons in elementary school. AL-ISHLAH: Jurnal Pendidikan, 12(2), 413-427.  https://doi.org/10.35445/alishlah.v12i2.260 Kerbaiv, D., & Bernhardt, A. (2018). Parental intervention in the school. Parents, Their Children, and Schools, 115-146.  https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429498497-5 Law, J., Charlton, J., McKean, C., Beyer, F., Fernandez-Garcia, C., Mashayekhi, A., & Rush, R. (2018). Parent-child reading to improve language development and school readiness: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Liu, Y., Sulaimani, M., Henning, J. (2020). The significance of parental involvement in the development in infancy. Journal of Educational Research & Practice, 10(1), 161-166.  http://doi.org/10.5590 \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\"Mirjam Stroetinga, Yvonne Leeman & Wiel Veugelers (2019) Primary school teachers\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\' collaboration with parents on upbringing: a review of the empirical literature, Educational Review, 71:5, 650-667, DOI: 10.1080/00131911.2018.1459478Muller, C., & Kerbow, D. (2018). Parent involvement in the home, school, and community. Parents, Their Children, and Schools, 13-42.  https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429498497-2 Search for public schools - school detail for Marion P. Thomas Charter School. National Center for Education Statistics (N.C.E.S.) Home Page, a part of the U.S. Department of Education. (n.d.). Retrieved November 14, 2021, from  https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?Search=1&DistrictID=3400022&ID=340002200285 . Safta-Zecheria, L. (2020). Challenges experienced by teachers regarding access to digital instruments, resources, and competencies in adapting the educational process to physical distancing measures at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in Romania. Journal of Educational Sciences, 21, 69-86.Suri, H. (2011). Purposeful Sampling in Qualitative Research Synthesis. Qualitative Research Journal, 11(2), 63-75.  http://dx.doi.org/10.3316/QRJ1102063 Phumlani Erasmus Myende & Buhle Stella Nhlumayo (2020) Enhancing parent-teacher collaboration in rural schools: parents\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\' voices and implications for schools, International Journal of Leadership in Education, DOI: 10.1080/13603124.2020.1731764Parent involvement in early education. (2010). Handbook of School-Family Partnerships, 176-192.  https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203876046-14 Petrash, E., & Sidorova, T. (2019, May). EXPERIENCE IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PARENTAL ENLIGHTENMENT PROGRAM\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\" AXIOMS OF PARENTAL LOVE. \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\" In SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference (Vol. 2, pp. 409-419).Puccioni, J. (2018). Parental beliefs about school readiness, home, and school-based involvement, and children\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'s academic achievement. Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 32(4), 435-454. https://doi.org/10.1080/02568543.2018.1494065Spring, J. (2019). American education. Routledge.Andenæs, A., & Haavind, H. (2018). Sharing early care: Learning from practitioners. In International handbook of early childhood education (pp. 1483-1502). Springer, Dordrecht.Chu, S. K. W., Tavares, N. J., Chu, D., Ho, S. Y., Chow, K., Siu, F. L. C., & Wong, M. (2020). Developing upper primary students’ 21st-century skills: inquiry learning through collaborative teaching and Web 2.0 technology.Johnson, M. (2019). The 21st-century parent: Multicultural parent engagement leadership strategies handbook. IAP.APPENDIX or APPENDICESDemographic Questions1. What is the highest educational degree you have received?Less than High School Diploma High School Diploma or G.E.D./EquivalentAssociate DegreeBachelor\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'s DegreeGraduate DegreeDoctorate2. Which category best describes your age in years?20-3031-4041-5051-603. What is your race?AsianWhiteNative American/Pacific IslanderBlack/African AmericanTwo or More RacesOtherSurvey Questions1. Staff utilizes effective communication when communicating with parents. 5 4 3 2 1Strongly Agree Agree Neither Disagree Strongly Disagree2. The first encounter between a parent and a school staff is significant. 5 4 3 2 1Strongly Agree Agree Neither Disagree Strongly Disagree3. Staff is given time to communicate with parents.5 4 3 2 1Strongly Agree Agree Neither Disagree Strongly Disagree 4. The expectation of communication between parents and staff is understood. 5 4 3 2 1Strongly Agree Agree Neither Disagree Strongly Disagree5. Staff is given time to communicate with parents. 5 4 3 2 1Strongly Agree Agree Neither Disagree Strongly Disagree 6. Positive student behavior success results from parent and staff collaboration. 5 4 3 2 1Strongly Agree Agree Neither Disagree Strongly Disagree 7. It is beneficial for parents to be involved in their students learning journey. 5 4 3 2 1Strongly Agree Agree Neither Disagree Strongly Disagree 8. Teachers frequently participate in community-based activities to build a better relationship with parents. 5 4 3 2 1Strongly Agree Agree Neither Disagree Strongly Disagree 9. Student Support Team at P.A.C. Academy communicated more with parents than teachers. 5 4 3 2 1Strongly Agree Agree Neither Disagree Strongly Disagree 10. Parent and school staff collaboration promote student learning. 5 4 3 2 1Strongly Agree Agree Neither Disagree Strongly Disagree https://www.

PAENTAL EDUCATION & GUIDANCE
Parental Education

The author of this article has been asked to conduct a literature review of three articles related to the seventh NCF substance item, that being parental education and guidance. A total of three articles will be reviewed. There will be a review, summary and critique of each of the articles. While the interventions and assistance of the school systems and surrounding community are very helpful in the upbringing of a child, nothing can replace a sound foundation of parental guidance and education.

The first article was published in 2013 and relates to parental education and the ensuing/resulting gender gap at the college level in Europe. It would seem that the college population demographics in Europe is noticeably shifting towards the female gender and the study seeks to find out the influence of parental upbringing and educational level as an influence on how male and female children end…...

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References

Ceballo, R., Maurizi, L.K., Suarez, G.A., & Aretakis, M.T. (2013). Gift and Sacrifice:

Parental Involvement in Latino Adolescents' Education. Cultural Diversity And

Ethnic Minority Psychology, doi:10.1037/a0033472

Hupp, J., Munala, L., Kaffenberger, J., & Hensley Wessell, M. (2011). The Interactive

Parental authority is something Hobbes believes is based on a contract. Parents take care of children in exchange for the obedience of the child. Locke believes parental authority relies on biological inheritance and the natural rights bestowed on a parent to take care of a needy creature they bring into the world. He also states, children are bound by honor to obey the parent until they reach 'an age of reason'. Such a convoluted and complex interpretation of parental authority is why Locke's perspective is wrong and Hobbes' perspective is right. Hobbes' interpretation of parental authority is simple and linear, introducing the concept of choice and obligation onto the parent and child. By providing an understanding that both parties are responsible and if lacking, have no rights in that respect, it makes parental authority appear more of a responsibility rather than a right. This makes Hobbes' perspective more convincing. This…...

esponsibilities as an external consultant to a contract manufacturing organization (CMO)
esearch in the field of medicine has contributed to changes in administration of dosage. Initially some administration routes for drugs are considered more convenient than other methods. However this relies and depends on the benefits and shortcomings of the drug administration route. The paper discusses on the possible and the convenient drug administration routes to apply in CMO. The paper also discusses on the methods to improve the physical stability and product chemical in the dosage for CMO

outes of administration for biological medicinal products

Different routes of administration can be applied for biological medicinal products and generally for contract manufacturing organization (CMO). For instance, enteral, parenteral, and transdermal are the common broad routes of medicinal administration.

Hypodermoclysis administration route

Hypodermoclysis administration route is whereby the dosage is in fluid form and can be referred to as subcutaneous infusion or interstitial infusion. In…...

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References

Adikwu, M.U., & Esimone, C.O. 2009. Biopolymers in drug delivery recent advances and challenges. [Saif Zone, Sharjah, U.A.E.], Bentham eBooks.

Arcangelo, V.P., & Peterson, A.M. 2005. Pharmacotherapeutics for advanced practice: A

practical approach. Philadelphia, PA [u.a.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Gillespie, J.R., & Flanders, F.B. 2010. Modern livestock and poultry production. Australia,

Essay Topic Examples
1. The Economic Impact of arental Leave:
This essay explores the relationship between parental leave policies and economic performance. It examines how parental leave can affect labor markets, productivity, and gender wage gaps, as well as the implications for businesses and national economies.

2. Comparing International arental Leave olicies:
An analysis of different parental leave systems around the world, discussing the variety of approaches, cultural influences, and the outcomes on family well-being and gender equality. The paper would provide a comprehensive overview of the most effective models in use today and consider what can be learned from them.

3. The Role of Fathers in arental Leave:
This topic focuses on the increasing importance of paternity leave and its benefits on family dynamics, children's development, and the pursuit of gender equality in the workplace. The paper would delve into the social and psychological advantages of involved fatherhood and how parental leave…...

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Primary Sources

United States Department of Labor. \"Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA).\" USDOL, 2023.

International Labour Organization. \"Maternity and Paternity at Work: Law and Practice Across the World.\" ILO, 2014.

European Commission. \"Directive 2010/18/EU of the European Council on the Framework Agreement on Parental Leave.\" Official Journal of the European Union, 2010.

OECD. \"Parental Leave: Where Are the Fathers?\" OECD Policy Brief, 2016.

United Nations. \"Report of the Fourth World Conference on Women.\" UN, 1995.

Essay Topic Examples 1. The Emotional Impact: Navigating the Initial Diagnosis of Childhood Hearing Loss
    This essay topic invites exploration into the immediate emotional responses parents face upon learning of their childs hearing loss. An examination of the stages of grief, adaptation processes, and the psychological effects on the parental role can be discussed. Emphasis may be placed on the mechanisms of support that can assist parents during this initial period.

2. Social Fears and Concerns: arental Anxiety About Future Interactions and Inclusion
    Here, attention could be given to the social anxieties experienced by parents regarding how their child with hearing loss will navigate peer interactions, school environments, and social inclusion. The essay may also delve into the strategies parents can employ to foster their child's social skills and the role of inclusion education programs.

3. Educational Challenges and arental Advocacy for Children with Hearing Loss
    The focus of this topic centers on…...

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Primary Sources

Zaidman-Zait, Anat, et al. \"Parenting a Child with Hearing Loss: A Process of Managing the Complexity and Emotions Associated with Hearing Loss and Hearing Aids.\" JDeaf Stud Deaf Educ, vol. 22, no. 1, 2017, pp. 23-33.

English, Karen. \"Understanding Parental Stressors: Implications for Intervention in Families with Deaf Children.\" Volta Review, vol. 96, no. 5, 1994, pp. 301-314.

Meadow-Orlans, Kathryn P. \"Effects of Infant Hearing Loss and Maternal Support on Mother-Infant Interactions at 18 Months.\" Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, vol. 20, no. 2, 1999, pp. 159-175.

Fellinger, Johannes, et al. \"Problem Behavior in Children and Adolescents with Hearing Loss: A Systematic Review.\" Ear and Hearing, vol. 36, no. 2, 2015, pp. 153-171.

Theunissen, Stephanie C.P.M., et al. \"Parental Psychological Distress and Family Functioning after Diagnosis of Sensorineural Hearing Loss in Children.\" Audiology & Neurotology, vol. 18, no. 5, 2013, pp. 265-272.

Adolescence)
The Issue of Students of Arab Descent

Scope for Advisory Participation groups

ole of Involvement from Parents as External Stakeholders

Barriers and Facilitators to Parent Involvement

Advisory Participation and Policy Implications

elation between Parental Involvement and Child Growth

The ole of Native Americans in Interventions

Traditional Parenting Practices

Considerations

Middle Eastern Students: Effect of Advisory Participation in the Adolescent Years - Grades 8-9

It is believed that when children and adolescents take part in group activities, they experience better social and psychological health. Indeed, it has also been documented that participating in team sports leads to positive health outcomes. Analysts observe that such eventuality accrues from the social dimension that team sports provide. The positive involvement by adults and peers enhances such gains (ochelle M. Eime, Janet A Young, Jack T. Harvey, Melanie J. Charity, & Warren . Payne, 2013). eader advisory techniques; applied with youthful patrons present an effective model for encouraging the development of better intrinsic motivation…...

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References

Abdul Tawab, N., Saher, S., & Nawawi, N. (2013). Learning About Youth. New York: Population Council.

Aghajanian, A., & Cong, W. (2012). How Culture Affects on English Language Learners' (ELL's) Outcomes, with Middle East Immigrant Students. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 172-180.

Alnawar, H. (2015). Raising Teachers' Cultural Knowledge of Middle Eastern Students in The Classroom. California State University - Capstones and Theses.

Badri, M., Al Quabaisi, A., Al Rashedi, A., & Yang, G. (2014). The causal relationship between parental involvement and children's behavioural adjustment to KG-1 schooling. International Journal of Child Care and Education Policy.

ole of a Father
Families in today's world can take many traditional and non-traditional forms. In some cases, the nuclear family consists of two heterosexual parents and no more than two or three children. This type of family became the norm during the years after World War II. In this type of family, gender roles tend to be clearly delineated, with the father earning money and the mother staying home and caring for the home and children. Increasingly, as the economy became worse, double-income families became the norm, with both parents working to earn an income. As women became more self-sufficient, some have chosen to remain single in favor of building a career rather than starting a family. The divorce rate has also increased as a result of the ability of women to live their own lives and earn their own income. In addition, the legalization of gay marriage in many…...

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References

Allen, S. And Daly, K. (2007, May). The Effects of Father Involvement: An Updated Research Summary of Evidence. FIRA. Retrieved from:  http://www.fira.ca/cms/documents/29/Effects_of_Father_Involvement.pdf 

Northern Territory Government. (n.d.) Single Parenting. Retrieved from: http://childrenandfamilies.nt.gov.au/library/scripts/objectifyMedia.aspx?file=pdf/60/66.pdf&siteID=5&str_title=Single%20parenting.pdf

Scutti, S. (2013, Jun 12.) Why the Father-Daughter Relationship Is So Important. Medical Daily. Retrieved from:  http://www.medicaldaily.com/why-father-daughter-relationship-so-important-246744 

Stephens, K. (2007). Parents are Powerful Role Models for Children. Parenting Exchange. Retrieved from: www.easternflorida.edu/community-resources/child-development-centers/parent-resource-library/documents/parents-powerful-role-models.pdf

Parental Training
Statistics show that incidences of juvenile criminal behavior are on the rise in the United States. In the year 2000, for example, over 2.3 million juveniles were arrested for various criminal offenses ranging from petty theft and drug abuse to crimes of violence. This figure alone represents a 64% increase from juvenile delinquency statistics from 1980. More disturbing is the fact that the greatest increases are in the areas of violent crime such as rapes, assaults and even homicide (Everett, Chadwell and Chesney 2002).

This trend did not happen overnight. Experts agree that the seeds of youth delinquency are planted at an early age, and that juvenile crime has complex socio-economic and psychological roots. Furthermore, many crime experts argue that delinquency is also the result of a combined failure of families, schools and the greater community.

This paper argues that many social difficulties, from delinquency in school to the soaring crime…...

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Works Cited

Cassel, Russell, Peter Chow, Donald F. DeMoulin and Robert C. Reiger. 2002. "Comparing the cognitive dissonance of 116 juvenile delinquent boys with that of 215 typical high school students." Education 121(3). ProQuest Database.

Everett, Charlie; Chadwell, Jason and McChesney, Jon. 2002. "Successful programs for at-risk youth." Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance. 73(9). Proquest Database.

Fontes, Lisa Aronson. 2002. "Child discipline and physical abuse in immigrant Latino families: Reducing violence and misunderstandings." Journal of Counseling and Development, 80(1): Winter. ProQuest Database.

Neeley, Steven. "The Psychological and Emotional Abuse of Children." Northern Kentucky Law Review. 2000. 27(4). EBSCO host database.

Parental Involvement in Primary Schooling
The Standpoint

The first years of school is the most important in a child's life. It is during these years that the child establishes his or her academic personality. This is however not all. The years at primary school also helps a child to form and verify the values learned at home. It is therefore extremely important for parents to form a kind of partnership with primary schools. In this way the school and parents together can learn from each other how best to educate the child. Parents are also very important in helping their children with any problems that could be experienced in school. This will not only make the task of the school easier, but also help parents to establish a relationship of trust with the school.

For the years before the start of school, parents are the most important persons in a child's life. This…...

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Bibliography

Handy, C. And Aitken, R. 1994. "The organisation of the primary school." In Teaching and Learning in the Primary School. Edited by Andrew Pollard & Jill Bourne. London: Routledge.

Macbeth, A. 1994. "Involving Parents." In Teaching and Learning in the Primary School. Edited by Andrew Pollard & Jill Bourne. London: Routledge.

Mortimore, P., Sammons, P., Stoll, L., Lewis, D., and Ecob, R. 1994. "Key factors for effective junior schooling." In Teaching and Learning in the Primary School. Edited by Andrew Pollard & Jill Bourne. London: Routledge.

Wilcock, M. 1994. "St. Andrew's Church of England Primary School." In Teaching and Learning in the Primary School. Edited by Andrew Pollard & Jill Bourne. London: Routledge.

e. The exceptions made for impairment and age would open a Pandora's Box of legal precedence. The Death with Dignity Act and any other forthcoming active euthanasia laws will likely continue to follow the same line of reasoning, i.e. that it is the unimpaired individual who must shoulder the full responsibility of the decisions he or she is making regarding the end of his or her life. That is in fact the point of the law, that a physician's responsibility as well as the responsibility of anyone who is active in the act of euthanasia is relinquished entirely to the will of the dying individual. In the case of a child this decision cannot be made by a proxy, nor can this decision be made for an individual who is mentally impaired, by his or her guardians or care takers. Though the parents in this case have fundamentally compelling arguments…...

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References

Gilmore, J. (2005, April 4). Court-Ordered Euthanasia: Euthanasia Advocates Claim It Is Not a Crime to Kill as Long as the Victims Cannot Speak for Themselves. The New American, 21, 27.

Kamisar, Y. (1998). Physician-Assisted Suicide: The Problems Presented by the Compelling, Heartwrenching Case. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 88(3), 1121-1146.

Yes, there are several essay topics that can present opposing viewpoints on the issue of school shootings. Some possible topics include:

1. Gun control laws: Should stricter gun control laws be implemented to prevent school shootings, or does the right to bear arms outweigh the potential risks?

2. Mental health services: Should more resources be allocated to providing mental health services in schools to identify and address potential threats of school shootings, or is this an invasion of privacy and stigmatizing those with mental health issues?

3. School security measures: Should schools invest in increased security measures such as armed guards, metal detectors,....