Specifically the researcher proposes surveying parents and children about their school experiences and participation in the classroom. The researcher suggests surveying three groups of 30 members each consisting of 15 students and 15 parents. Survey questions will be provided in person to students and consist of straightforward questions that assess students views of how increasing parental involvement may affect their attitudes toward school and learning.
The study will also examine previous literature published that examines the relationship between achievement and parental involvement, and the effects of parental involvement on curriculum and policy development in the classroom. esearch will be examined from a time frame ranging from 1997 to the present. From the information gathered from the literature review and the information gathered from the field study the researcher will develop a theory that predicts the level of parental involvement necessary to facilitate student achievement. The researcher will also discover what…...

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References:

Bravmann, S.L., Green, N.S., Joseph, P.B., Mikel, E.R. & Windschitl, M.A. (2000).

Cultures of Curriculum. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

De Carvalho, M.E.P. (2001). Rethinking family-school relations: A critique of parental involvement in schooling. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Kaplan A. ( 1997). "Work, leisure, and the tasks of schooling." Curriculum Inquiry, 27,

A study evaluating the personal biases held by educators in the context of parental involvement the (T.I.P.) project returned interesting results regarding intervention and assessment strategies designed to draw parents into the class room while maintaining the educator's sense of control and competence. It has been observed that while educator self-concept may differ, the successful involvement of parents in learning objectives results in increased assessment of educator competence by the parents (Hoover- Dempsey, Walker, & Jones, 2007). Other potential obstacles to the successful nesting of learning contexts are the evaluations of the relative value of the parent's potential contribution. If the educator perceives the parent's contribution poorly as a result of educational, economic, or even social background, then they are less likely to implement effective inclusion strategies (Hoover- Dempsey, Walker, & Jones, 2007).

Educational Outcomes

Ultimately the target educational outcome of this study is the successful completion of a high school degree,…...

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References

1. Hoover- Dempsey, K., & Sandler, H. (1995). Parental involvement in children's education: Why does it make a difference? Teachers College Record,97, 311- 331.

2. Sui- Chu, E., & Willms, J. (1996). Effects of parental involvement in eighth- grade achievement. Sociology of Education, 69, 126- 141.

3. Eccles, J., & Harold, R. (1993). Parent school involvement during the early adolescent years. Teachers College Record, 94, 568- 587.

4. Hoover- Dempsey, K., Bassler, O., & Brissie, J. (1992). Explorations in parent school relations. Journal of Educational Research, 85, 287- 294.

Parental Involvement in Primary Schooling
The Standpoint

The first years of school is the most important in a child's life. It is during these years that the child establishes his or her academic personality. This is however not all. The years at primary school also helps a child to form and verify the values learned at home. It is therefore extremely important for parents to form a kind of partnership with primary schools. In this way the school and parents together can learn from each other how best to educate the child. Parents are also very important in helping their children with any problems that could be experienced in school. This will not only make the task of the school easier, but also help parents to establish a relationship of trust with the school.

For the years before the start of school, parents are the most important persons in a child's life. This…...

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Bibliography

Handy, C. And Aitken, R. 1994. "The organisation of the primary school." In Teaching and Learning in the Primary School. Edited by Andrew Pollard & Jill Bourne. London: Routledge.

Macbeth, A. 1994. "Involving Parents." In Teaching and Learning in the Primary School. Edited by Andrew Pollard & Jill Bourne. London: Routledge.

Mortimore, P., Sammons, P., Stoll, L., Lewis, D., and Ecob, R. 1994. "Key factors for effective junior schooling." In Teaching and Learning in the Primary School. Edited by Andrew Pollard & Jill Bourne. London: Routledge.

Wilcock, M. 1994. "St. Andrew's Church of England Primary School." In Teaching and Learning in the Primary School. Edited by Andrew Pollard & Jill Bourne. London: Routledge.

Parent Involvement
When it comes to children and how well they do (or do not do) in schools, a lot of the invective and scrutiny is directed towards the teachers at the school and the administrators that govern the same. Whether it be parents showing disdain for how well the students are not doing or whether it be national laws such as No Child Left Behind, the teachers seem to shoulder a lot of the blame when students do not perform as expected or desired. However, to just blame the teachers would be unwise because they are only part of equation and some would argue that teachers are not even the biggest part of the equation. While having adept teachers imparting knowledge to students is important, having parents or guardians of those children that are involved and engaged is even more important.

esearch

One of the linchpins of student success has been determined…...

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References

Harji, M. B., Balakrishnan, K., & Letchumanan, K. (2016). SPIRE Project: Parental Involvement

in Young Children's ESL Reading Development. English Language Teaching, 9(12), 1-

15.

Hemmerechts, K., Agirdag, O., & Kavadias, D. (2017). The relationship between parental

Types of Parental Involvement and Support that Boost Young Children’s Academic Performance Introduction
That there is a link between parental support and involvement and students performance is almost incontrovertible. Many studies agree to this and statistical data reveals that most researchers have the same thoughts on the matter (Jeynes, 2015; Wilder, 2013). However, it is not clear as to which kinds of parental involvement and support are effective for which ages and the types of academic performance they affect. This research seeks to find out the kind of parental support and involvement that is efficacious for good student achievement for children who are in grades 3 and 7.
Background and Significance
Studies have persistently revealed that there’s an almost incontestable link between the involvement and support of parents and student achievement. In fact, meta-analyses suggest that parental participation and help affect children’s academic performance across different ages and ethnic groups (Jeynes, 2015; Wilder, 2014).…...

Adolescence)
The Issue of Students of Arab Descent

Scope for Advisory Participation groups

ole of Involvement from Parents as External Stakeholders

Barriers and Facilitators to Parent Involvement

Advisory Participation and Policy Implications

elation between Parental Involvement and Child Growth

The ole of Native Americans in Interventions

Traditional Parenting Practices

Considerations

Middle Eastern Students: Effect of Advisory Participation in the Adolescent Years - Grades 8-9

It is believed that when children and adolescents take part in group activities, they experience better social and psychological health. Indeed, it has also been documented that participating in team sports leads to positive health outcomes. Analysts observe that such eventuality accrues from the social dimension that team sports provide. The positive involvement by adults and peers enhances such gains (ochelle M. Eime, Janet A Young, Jack T. Harvey, Melanie J. Charity, & Warren . Payne, 2013). eader advisory techniques; applied with youthful patrons present an effective model for encouraging the development of better intrinsic motivation…...

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References

Abdul Tawab, N., Saher, S., & Nawawi, N. (2013). Learning About Youth. New York: Population Council.

Aghajanian, A., & Cong, W. (2012). How Culture Affects on English Language Learners' (ELL's) Outcomes, with Middle East Immigrant Students. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 172-180.

Alnawar, H. (2015). Raising Teachers' Cultural Knowledge of Middle Eastern Students in The Classroom. California State University - Capstones and Theses.

Badri, M., Al Quabaisi, A., Al Rashedi, A., & Yang, G. (2014). The causal relationship between parental involvement and children's behavioural adjustment to KG-1 schooling. International Journal of Child Care and Education Policy.

impacting family literacy fluency (race, class, etc.) How can the relationships between parents, teachers, and schools support literacy understanding and growth? How do family interactions
One thing that is omnipresent and pervasive in situations where one or minorities are present is the idea of feeling like one is excluded. The level of severity of this happenstance can vary quite a bit. However, it is very real when it happens. In many cases, race, class and even language can become something that is polarizing and problematic. Despite these challenges, the rules that hold true for children within the dominant culture hold just as true for those in a minority (or more than one). This is even truer, however, when it comes to children that are vulnerable to poverty, deviancy and so forth. Indeed, parental involvement in a child's learning is important irrespective of the race, language or class of the child.…...

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References

Adichie, C. (2016). The danger of a single story. Ted.com. Retrieved 15 September 2016, from  https://www.ted.com/talks/chimamanda_adichie_the_danger_of_a_single_story?language=en#t-355 

McGee, K. (2016). For History Teachers, It's Not Always Easy to Get Students of Color to Connect with Curriculum. kut.org. Retrieved 15 September 2016, from  http://kut.org/post/history-teachers-its-not-always-easy-get-students-color-connect-curriculum 

NEA. (2010). New Report Focuses on Minority Parent Engagement - NEA Today. NEA Today. Retrieved 15 September 2016, from  http://neatoday.org/2010/12/17/new-report-focuses-on-minority-parent-engagement/

Parent Involvement and Student Achievement
Parental Involvement and Student Academic Achievement

TA administration and staff believe schools are seeing a decrease in parental involvement as students enter high school. Research conducted by the Kentucky Department of Education (KDE) Dropout Prevention Resource Guide (2008) has demonstrated the positive effects of parental involvement in schools.

Parental involvement in the eighth grade had a strong positive effect on the grade point average of 10th graders (Keith, T.Z., Keith, Quirk, Sperduto, Santillo, & Killings, 1998). In contrast, Balen and Moles (1994) and Hurst (2002) suggest when parents have a positive attitude regarding education and demonstrate trust that their children can do well, children perform better in school. However, parental involvement tends to decrease as students become older (p. 3).

Problem Statement

Historical and current studies have investigated the impact of parental involvement and student achievement. Diverse studies have considered how well students perform academically when their parents are involved…...

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On a much larger sample of children (6,400 Americans, 14-18 years old) (Steinberg, 1992) conducted within the same two years that the previous researchers had started their study (1987-1988), Steinberg et al. (1992) found that parental involvement is more likely to promote adolescent school success as long as this academic involvement occurred in the context of an authoritative home environment.

This study was structured so as to examine long-term parenting style, including parental academic involvement with school performance in a sample of high school youth. Nine high schools from Wisconsin and North California were used in this study (Steinberg, 1992). Diversity was achieved as far as possible between different communities, ethnic population, family structures, and socioeconomic status levels. Self-report surveys were filled out by the students on two days of survey administration during the schools years of 1987-1988 and of 1988-1989 (Hill, 2004). In this case, I agree with the emphasis on self-reporting but the analytical framework, again, needs to be much stronger for truly measuring student perceptions as that is where the core of the mechanisms emerges.

The standard active consent form for ethical procedures was not used here since studies have shown that it would screen out individuals with possibly disengaged parents and it was precisely these individuals whom the researchers wished to include. Their procedure, therefore, was to request active consent from adolescents and passive consent from parents

Parental Involvement and Student Success: Article Review
Although parental involvement is usually encouraged by schools, its precise effects upon student achievement remains controversial. In the article, “A New Framework for Understanding Parental Involvement: Setting the Stage for Academic Success,” published in the RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences, Harris and Robinson (2016) offer a new framework for understanding parental involvement to permit greater systematization in comparisons of studies; their framework is called stage setting, based upon the premise that, “Stage-setters create a life space—the parameters within which the actor’s performance occurs—that corresponds with the intended action” (Harris and Robinson, 2016, p.189). This article reflects the focus of the journal, which is to solicit peer-reviewed articles from academics from fields across multiple disciplines in the social sciences. According to the journal’s published guidelines, all academics within all fields can submit research, and multidisciplinary studies which incorporate multiple fields…...

IMPOVING STUDENTS AND FAMILYS ENGAGEMENT ecommendations for Improving Parental Collaboration at Marion P Thomas Charter School District Performing Art & Culinary AcademyABSTACTThis study offers recommendations to the leadership at the Performing Art & Culinary Academy (P.A.C.) site of Marion P. Thomas Charter school district to improve the practice of parent collaboration. The problem is the lack of parental engagement at Marion P. Thomas Charter School P.A.C. Academy. The central research question was how parental collaboration could be improved at Marion P. Even though there are multiple challenges connected with parental engagement in education, educators and parents have a positive and harmonious opinion on the importance of involvement.To address the problem, multimethod data analysis was used. It included interviews, surveys, and document analysis. Thematic analysis and SPSS were used to analyze the data. Thomas Charter School P.A.C. Academy. To achieve this, Marion P. Thomas Charter School P.A.C. Academy stakeholders should initiate…...

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ReferencesEvans, L. (2017). Increasing parental involvement: The effectiveness of a parent education program in one urban charter school (Doctoral dissertation, University of Dayton).Winthrop, R., Barton, A., Ershadi, M., & Ziegler, L. (2021). Collaborating to transform and improve education systems. Center for Universal Education at Brookings. brookings. edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Family_School_Engagement_Playbook_FINAL. pdf.Højholt, C., & Kousholt, D. (2019). Parental collaboration in relation to children’s school lives–advanced regulation or an opportunity for solidarity?. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 32(8), 1048-1063.Hedeen, T., Moses, P., & Peter, M. (2018). Encouraging Meaningful Parent/Educator Collaboration: A Review of Recent Literature. Center for Appropriate Dispute Resolution in Special Education (CADRE).Helgøy, I., & Homme, A. (2017). Increasing parental participation at school level: a ‘citizen to serve’or a ‘customer to steer’?. Nordic Journal of Studies in Educational Policy, 3(2), 144-154.Alghazo, Y. (2013). The theory of planned behavior and parental involvement: A theoretical framework for narrowing the achievement gaps. International Journal of Science and Research, 5(4), 570-572.Thompson, K. M., Gillis, T. J., Fairman, J., & Mason, C. A. (2018). Effective Strategies for Engaging Parents in Students Learning to Support Achievement.\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\"About M.P.T.C.S./ About Us.\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\" Marion P Thomas Charter/ Homepage. mptcs.org/domain/6. It was accessed on November 7, 2021Amini, M. (2018). Parental involvement in improving independence in early childhood. Proceedings of the International Conference of Early Childhood Education (I.C.E.C.E. 2017).  https://doi.org/10.2991/icece-17.2018.48 Armstrong, E., Eggins, E., Reid, N., Harnett, P., & Dawe, S. (2017). Parenting interventions for incarcerated parents to improve parenting knowledge and skills, parent well-being, and quality of the parent-child relationship: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 14(3), 279-317.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-017-9290-6 B?k-?rednicka, A. (2018). Foreign language teacher education: School placements as a source of knowledge about parents as partners in the educational process. International Journal of Progressive Education, 14(6), 51-60.  https://doi.org/10.29329/ijpe.2018.179.4 Batista, H. R. (2019). Principal perspectives toward parental involvement in Pennsylvania public SOLVING LOW PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT 11 high schools (Order No. 3360723). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (304881286)Boonk, L., Gijselaers, H. J., Ritzen, H., & Brand-Gruwel, S. (2018). A review of the relationship between parental involvement indicators and academic achievement. Educational Research Review, 24, 10-30.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2018.02.001  Bognar, B., & Krumes, I. (2017). Encouraging reflection and critical friendship in Preservice teacher education. Center for Educational Policy Studies Journal, 7(3), 87-112.  https://doi.org/10.26529/cepsj.289 Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2012). Parent Engagement: Strategies for involving Parents in school health. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieve from  cdc.gov/healthyyouth/protective/pdf/parent_engagement_strategies.pdf Epstein, J. L. (2019). Theory to practice: School and family partnerships lead to school improvement and student success. In school, family, and community interaction (pp. 39-52). Routledge.Grey, D. (2019). The do\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'s and don\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'t of school communication with parents. Retrieve from  https://medium.com/eduprise/the-dos-and-donts-of-school-communication-with-parentsb3c04f5040c Hornby, G., & Blackwell, I. (2018). Barriers to parental involvement in education: An update. Educational Review, 70(1), 109-119. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2018.1388612 Joyce L. Epstein (2018) School, family, and community partnerships in teachers\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\' professional work, Journal of Education for Teaching, 44:3, 397-406, DOI: 10.1080/02607476.2018.1465669Kanji, H., Nursalam, N., Nawir, M., & Suardi, S. (2020). Integration of social care characters and moral integratif on social science lessons in elementary school. AL-ISHLAH: Jurnal Pendidikan, 12(2), 413-427.  https://doi.org/10.35445/alishlah.v12i2.260 Kerbaiv, D., & Bernhardt, A. (2018). Parental intervention in the school. Parents, Their Children, and Schools, 115-146.  https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429498497-5 Law, J., Charlton, J., McKean, C., Beyer, F., Fernandez-Garcia, C., Mashayekhi, A., & Rush, R. (2018). Parent-child reading to improve language development and school readiness: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Liu, Y., Sulaimani, M., Henning, J. (2020). The significance of parental involvement in the development in infancy. Journal of Educational Research & Practice, 10(1), 161-166.  http://doi.org/10.5590 \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\"Mirjam Stroetinga, Yvonne Leeman & Wiel Veugelers (2019) Primary school teachers\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\' collaboration with parents on upbringing: a review of the empirical literature, Educational Review, 71:5, 650-667, DOI: 10.1080/00131911.2018.1459478Muller, C., & Kerbow, D. (2018). Parent involvement in the home, school, and community. Parents, Their Children, and Schools, 13-42.  https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429498497-2 Search for public schools - school detail for Marion P. Thomas Charter School. National Center for Education Statistics (N.C.E.S.) Home Page, a part of the U.S. Department of Education. (n.d.). Retrieved November 14, 2021, from  https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?Search=1&DistrictID=3400022&ID=340002200285 . Safta-Zecheria, L. (2020). Challenges experienced by teachers regarding access to digital instruments, resources, and competencies in adapting the educational process to physical distancing measures at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in Romania. Journal of Educational Sciences, 21, 69-86.Suri, H. (2011). Purposeful Sampling in Qualitative Research Synthesis. Qualitative Research Journal, 11(2), 63-75.  http://dx.doi.org/10.3316/QRJ1102063 Phumlani Erasmus Myende & Buhle Stella Nhlumayo (2020) Enhancing parent-teacher collaboration in rural schools: parents\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\' voices and implications for schools, International Journal of Leadership in Education, DOI: 10.1080/13603124.2020.1731764Parent involvement in early education. (2010). Handbook of School-Family Partnerships, 176-192.  https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203876046-14 Petrash, E., & Sidorova, T. (2019, May). EXPERIENCE IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PARENTAL ENLIGHTENMENT PROGRAM\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\" AXIOMS OF PARENTAL LOVE. \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\" In SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference (Vol. 2, pp. 409-419).Puccioni, J. (2018). Parental beliefs about school readiness, home, and school-based involvement, and children\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'s academic achievement. Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 32(4), 435-454. https://doi.org/10.1080/02568543.2018.1494065Spring, J. (2019). American education. Routledge.Andenæs, A., & Haavind, H. (2018). Sharing early care: Learning from practitioners. In International handbook of early childhood education (pp. 1483-1502). Springer, Dordrecht.Chu, S. K. W., Tavares, N. J., Chu, D., Ho, S. Y., Chow, K., Siu, F. L. C., & Wong, M. (2020). Developing upper primary students’ 21st-century skills: inquiry learning through collaborative teaching and Web 2.0 technology.Johnson, M. (2019). The 21st-century parent: Multicultural parent engagement leadership strategies handbook. IAP.APPENDIX or APPENDICESDemographic Questions1. What is the highest educational degree you have received?Less than High School Diploma High School Diploma or G.E.D./EquivalentAssociate DegreeBachelor\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'s DegreeGraduate DegreeDoctorate2. Which category best describes your age in years?20-3031-4041-5051-603. What is your race?AsianWhiteNative American/Pacific IslanderBlack/African AmericanTwo or More RacesOtherSurvey Questions1. Staff utilizes effective communication when communicating with parents. 5 4 3 2 1Strongly Agree Agree Neither Disagree Strongly Disagree2. The first encounter between a parent and a school staff is significant. 5 4 3 2 1Strongly Agree Agree Neither Disagree Strongly Disagree3. Staff is given time to communicate with parents.5 4 3 2 1Strongly Agree Agree Neither Disagree Strongly Disagree 4. The expectation of communication between parents and staff is understood. 5 4 3 2 1Strongly Agree Agree Neither Disagree Strongly Disagree5. Staff is given time to communicate with parents. 5 4 3 2 1Strongly Agree Agree Neither Disagree Strongly Disagree 6. Positive student behavior success results from parent and staff collaboration. 5 4 3 2 1Strongly Agree Agree Neither Disagree Strongly Disagree 7. It is beneficial for parents to be involved in their students learning journey. 5 4 3 2 1Strongly Agree Agree Neither Disagree Strongly Disagree 8. Teachers frequently participate in community-based activities to build a better relationship with parents. 5 4 3 2 1Strongly Agree Agree Neither Disagree Strongly Disagree 9. Student Support Team at P.A.C. Academy communicated more with parents than teachers. 5 4 3 2 1Strongly Agree Agree Neither Disagree Strongly Disagree 10. Parent and school staff collaboration promote student learning. 5 4 3 2 1Strongly Agree Agree Neither Disagree Strongly Disagree https://www.

Socioeconomic Status, Family Structure, and Parental Involvement: The Correlates of Achievement
Eagle, Eva

Do class/socioeconomic status, the attention of a parent, the working patterns of the mother, and familial structure have any impact on a student's academic performance? This particular study seeks to, specifically, describe "the relationship between educational attainment and the components of the SES index as used in the National Longitudinal Surveys conducted by the National Center for Educational Statistics." The 1980 High School and Beyond senior cohort was utilized in the undertaking of this study, with more than fifty eight thousand high school seniors and sophomores (1980) being used as the nationally representative sample. The survey of the samples took place in years 1980, 1982, 1984, as well as 1986.

The research made use of correlational research design. As Privitera (2013, p. 215) points out, correlational research design seeks to "use data to determine if two or more factors are…...

TESOL: Fieldwork Experience
The student observed for the Student Oral Language Observation Matrix (SOLOM) was a native Spanish-speaking 16-year-old female who was a high school sophomore. The student's SOLOM score for the observation was a 20/25 with limited English proficiency. Based on what was learned about the student during the SOLOM initial assessment and previous fieldwork experiences, this paper identifies an appropriate instructional strategy for use with this student and reports the results of that strategy.

The instruction strategy selected for this exercise was "building trust with families" as advocated by Pompa (n.d.) of the AdLit organization. Just as it is vitally important for clinicians to forge a therapeutic relationship with their clients in order to formulate efficacious treatment interventions, it is likewise vitally important for ELL teachers to reach out to students' families in order to encourage their more active involvement in the education of their children. Indeed, the importance of…...

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References

Pompa, M. (n.d.). Building trust with families. AdLit. Retrieved from   / media/mediatopics/ells/.http://www.adlit.org 

Silverman, F. (2009, July). Hitting the books-together: Through a family literacy program, Hispanic parents and their young children are learning to be partners in educational success. District Administration, 40(7), 24-26.

Vera, E. M. & Israel, M. S (2012, Fall). Exploring the educational involvement of parents of English learners. School Community Journal, 22(2), 183-189.

PAENTAL EDUCATION & GUIDANCE
Parental Education

The author of this article has been asked to conduct a literature review of three articles related to the seventh NCF substance item, that being parental education and guidance. A total of three articles will be reviewed. There will be a review, summary and critique of each of the articles. While the interventions and assistance of the school systems and surrounding community are very helpful in the upbringing of a child, nothing can replace a sound foundation of parental guidance and education.

The first article was published in 2013 and relates to parental education and the ensuing/resulting gender gap at the college level in Europe. It would seem that the college population demographics in Europe is noticeably shifting towards the female gender and the study seeks to find out the influence of parental upbringing and educational level as an influence on how male and female children end…...

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References

Ceballo, R., Maurizi, L.K., Suarez, G.A., & Aretakis, M.T. (2013). Gift and Sacrifice:

Parental Involvement in Latino Adolescents' Education. Cultural Diversity And

Ethnic Minority Psychology, doi:10.1037/a0033472

Hupp, J., Munala, L., Kaffenberger, J., & Hensley Wessell, M. (2011). The Interactive

Whatever biases remain in public education can be removed, because the belief in equal opportunity has prevailed.
Standardized testing offers the only known way to ensure admissions to universities are based more on merit than on social class. In spite of their limitations, standardized tests do offer the only means to assess scholastic aptitude. A merit-based admissions procedure contributes to the betterment of society by offering educational opportunities to citizens who would be otherwise denied them. Upward social mobility and the ability to participate fully in the political process are possible outcomes of a merit-based educational system.

Effective educators understand the cultural contexts in which they work. In "Culture of Youth and How it Affects Learning," we saw how educators need to work hard to understand youth culture. To relate to their students, teachers must find common ground. Learning the language and values their students use out of the classroom will…...

(Siziya, Muula, and Rudatsikira, 2007)
The following labeled Figure 1 shows the factors associated with truancy among adolescents in the study conducted and reported in the work of Siziya, Muula, and Rudatsikira (2007)

Factors associated with truancy among adolescents in Swaziland

Factor or (95% CI)*

Age

Sex

Male

Female

Schooling (years) to 8 to 11

Hungry

Most of the times or always

Drank alcohol

Number of times bullied or 2

Most students kind and helpful

Most of the times

Parents checked homework

Most of the times

Parents understood problems

Most of the times

Parental supervision

Most of the times

or (95%CI)* adjusted for all the factors in the model

Siziya et al. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health 2007 1:15 doi:10.1186/1753-2000-1-15

Source: Siziya, Muula, and Rudatsikira (2007)

The work of Stanton et al. (2004) entitled: "Randomized Trial of a Parent Intervention" states that while "numerous interventions have been demonstrated to reduce targeted adolescent risk behaviors for brief periods, sustained behavior changes covering multiple risk behaviors have been elusive." Stanton et all report…...

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Bibliography

Cookston, Jeffrey T. (1999) Parental Supervision and Family Structure: Effects on Adolescent Problem Behaviors. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, Vol. 32(1/2) 1999

Stanton, Bonita et al. (2004) Randomized Trial of a Parent Intervention: Parents Can Make a Difference in Long-Term Adolescent Risk Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 158:947-955. Online available at  http://archpedi.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/158/10/947 

Redd, Zakia; Brooks, Jennifer; and McGarvey, Ayelish (nd) Background for Community-level Work on Educational Adjustment, Achievement and Attainment in Adolescence: Reviewing the Literature on Contributing Factors. Child Trends.

Carter, Rebecca (2000) Parental Involvement With Adolescents' Education: Do Daughters or Sons Get More Help? Journal of Adolescence, Spring 2000. Online available at  http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2248/is_137_35/ai_62958274/print

1. Poverty in urban communities negatively impacts educational outcomes by limiting access to quality resources such as textbooks, technology, and extracurricular activities, which are essential for student success.

2. Children living in poverty often face challenges such as unstable housing, food insecurity, and limited access to healthcare, which can have a detrimental effect on their ability to focus in school and perform academically.

3. The lack of financial resources in low-income households can lead to higher levels of stress and anxiety for students, resulting in decreased motivation, increased absenteeism, and lower academic achievement.

4. Studies have shown that students from low-income backgrounds are....