Pandemic Flu
Apart from the seasonal influenza epidemics caused by antigenic drifts, a significant change in the virus's virulence through antigenic shifts has been a major source of concern for healthcare professionals. These new strains may reach pandemic proportions. Predicting the next outbreak is an impossible task but historically, the longest period between two outbreaks has been forty one years and it usually occurs every 30-40 years. An outbreak can reach pandemic proportions in as little as 6-month's time, or even lesser. This fast spread can be attributed to globalization and urbanization. Countries, such as Bangladesh or Indonesia, where overcrowding is common, can prove to be a haven for the emergence of new strains, but it may still be irrational to predict where the next pandemic may originate from. Two out of the last four strains originated from Southeast Asia and the most recent outbreak of 2009 was from Mexico. (Tam…...

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REFERENCES:

Addressing ethical issues in pandemic influenza planning. (2008). World Health Orginazation.

Retrieved from www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/cds_flu_ethics_5...

Balkhy, H., Abolfotouh, M., Hathlool, R., & Jumah, M. (2010). Awareness, attitudes, and practices related to the swine influenza pandemic among the saudi public. Infectious Diseases, 10(42).

Damery, S., Wilson, S., Draper, H., Gratus, C., Greenfield, S., Ives, J., & Parry, J. (2009). Will the nhs continue to function in an influenza pandemic? A survey of healthcare workers in the west midlands, uk. BMC Public Health, 9(142), doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-9-142

Pandemic Flu Impact on Ethics in Nursing Practice
Pandemic flu: A literature review

The dire scenario of a pandemic flu is likely to strike fear in the heart of many healthcare workers, regardless of the level of their experience and knowledge. The 2009-2010 flu season brought additional attention to the issue. 208 countries "had confirmed cases of pandemic influenza H1N1 2009 and [stated] that over 13,000 people had died as a direct result" (Stroschein 2010). Although the death toll was not as great as feared, issues regarding how to cope with a pandemic and the need for immunization were brought to the forefront of the public consciousness and the concerns of healthcare workers.

Fears of a pandemic are not limited to the general public at large. In fact, "one of the ethical issues identified in response to a possible pandemic is healthcare workers' duty to provide care during a communicable disease outbreak. Healthcare…...

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References

Goldenberg, S. (2009). The swine flu pandemic. Journal of Continuing Education Topics & Issues, 11(3), 108-111

Manos, J. (2009). Lessons learned from the first wave of the swine flu pandemic. Occupational Health, 61(11), 30-30.

Santibanez, S., Fiore, Anthony E., Merlin, T.L., & Redd, S. (2009). A

primer on strategies for prevention and control of seasonal and pandemic influenza. American Journal of Public Health, 99, S216-24.

In other words, the PAHPA should protect volunteers (that rush to the scene of a disaster like Hurricane Katrina) from lawsuits for their "non-criminal actions" in humanitarian efforts (Hodge, p. 3).
Also, Hodge writes that PAHPA does not "…ensure adequate economic incentives to stimulate maximum private sector participation"; in other words, pharmaceutical companies asked to produce vaccines for potential bio-terror attacks, are not guaranteed a return on their investment to produce the vaccines (Hodge, p. 4).

hen the U.S. House of Representatives reauthorized PAHPA in 2011, the Trust for America's Health (TFAH) -- a nonprofit advocacy group -- praised the legislation but cautioned that "…the bill freezes public health preparedness funding at the fiscal-year 2011 levels" which, the TFAH asserts, "will not provide sufficient resources to…ensure we are prepared in the event of an emergency" (Roos, 2011). In fact, Jeffrey Levi, the executive director of TFAH, mentioned that cuts in local,…...

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Works Cited

Hamburg, M. (2008). Penny-wise, pound-foolish? State gaps threaten disaster readiness. State Health Watch / the Newsletter on State Health Care Reform, 15(3), 1-5.

Hodge, James G., Gostin, Lawrence O., and Vernick, Jon S. (2007). The Pandemic and All-

Hazards Preparedness Act. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 297(15),

1708-1711.

To meet substantive due process, a public health intervention must be based on a public health necessity, an effective intervention, have a demonstrable means-end connection, be proportionate to the threat involved, and be the least restrictive means of accomplishing the goal. In addition, Daubert explains the parameters of the procedural due process. Due process in a quarantine situation does not always involve a judicial hearing, but it must contain the following elements: notice to the affected individual, an opportunity to contest the government's action, access to legal counsel, and a final decision that is subject to review by a court of law. She includes with a discussion of how due process came to be applied in situations of quarantine, by viewing due process as a continuum, with infected individual on one end of the spectrum and the exposed individual on another. She thinks that due process should increase as…...

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References

CDC. (2005). Fact sheet on legal authorities for isolation/quarantine. Retrieved March 8, 2009 from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Web site:  http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/sars/factsheetlegal.htm 

Daubert, M. (2007). Comment: Pandemic fears and contemporary quarantine: Protecting liberty through a continuum of due process rights. 54 Buffalo L. Rev 1299.

PAHPA gives federal officials important judgment to gather and share personal health information without sufficient privacy safeguards. PAHPA does not substantively address privacy worries. The HIPAA Privacy ule prohibits public health data collections from its protections. Other privacy laws supply a patchwork of protections for national public health data (Hodge, 2007).
National organization of interstate volunteer health professionals throughout emergencies assumes that the legal environment supports their deployment. Competent, registered health care professionals who volunteer to assist for humanitarian purposes deserve protection from liability. "During Hurricane Katrina, thousands of interstate and intrastate volunteer health personnel faced potential legal liability or other risks for their actions depending on the nature of their deployment, their existing employment, and varying laws. Whether real or perceived, the specter of liability hindered the deployment or minimized the utility of skilled volunteers" (Hodge, Gostin & Vernick, 2007).

PAHPA promises new initiatives for the rapid development of biological…...

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References

Hodge, J.G. (2007). Legal Forces in Public Health Surveillance. Retrieved from  http://www.law.asu.edu/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=Q9DhovDU3uE%3D&tabid=1497 

Hodge, J.G., Gostin, L.O. & Vernick, J.S. (2007). The Pandemic and All-Hazards

Preparedness Act: Improving Public Health Emergency Response. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 297(15), p. 1708-1711.

HIV/AIDS Pandemic: A Look Back in Time In modern times, one could easily argue that the HIV/AIDS pandemic was the single most destructive widespread illness to sweep the globe. In summary, the death toll from HIV/AIDS has reached a total of 36 million people. At this time there are around 31-35 million individuals who have been diagnosed with HIV: the bulk of these people reside in Sub-Saharan Africa, a place where around 5% of the total number of people are infected (mphonline.org). While an HIV diagnosis is not the death sentence that it was decades ago, there is still a need for more research and developments in preventing and treating the condition. Looking backwards to the past can be tremendously beneficial in understanding the journey the disease has taken, starting with the first outbreak.
The disease was very pinpointed in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1976. The outbreak as it…...

Marketing Protection from a Potential Bird Flu Pandemic
A popular saying is that it 'is an ill wind that blows nobody good.' This means that even something as dire as the looking threat of a bird flu pandemic has the ability to increase demand for manufactures of a vaccine -- or in this case, a facemask that when used in combination with duct tape provides limited protection against catching the dreaded bird flu.

The threat if a bird flue pandemic cannot be minimized. It is not simply paranoid individuals who fear the flu -- news sources such as CNN and the BBC warn of an outbreak. "Bird flu has swept through poultry and wild birds in Asia since 2003. It has killed huge numbers of birds and led to more than 60 human deaths," reported the BBC. ("Bird Flu Could Kill 150 Million People," 2005) The flu is very easily spread where…...

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Works Cited

"Avian influenza in humans." (2005) Center for Disease Control (CDC) CDC Website. Retrieved 27 Oct 2005 at  http://www.cdc.gov/flu/avian/gen-info/avian-flu-humans.htm 

"Bird Flu Could Kill 150 Million People." (30 Sept 2005) BBC. Retrieved 27 Oct 2005 at   'Bird flu pandemic risk 'very high' (14 Oct 2005) CNN.com. Health. Retrieved 27 Oct 2005http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4292426.stm 

http://www.cnn.com/2005/HEALTH/conditions/10/10/birdflu.warning.ap/

"Romanian Villages Tackle Bird Flu." (16 Oct 2005) BBC. Retrieved 27 Oct 2005 at   'Stage May be set for Bird Flu Pandemic, Says Infectious Diseases Expert." (4 Feb 2004) University of Buffalo." Newswise. Retrieved 27 Oct 2005 at  http://www.newswise.com/articles/view/503078/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4347860.stm 

Introduction
While public health emergencies crop up from time to time, it is critical that public health stakeholders be prepared to address emergency situations whenever they occur. The spread of influenza is one such public health emergency that stakeholders should be ready to address. Addressing these situations requires a number of steps to be taken: communication must be instrumental in conveying the urgency of the situation among medical personnel, researchers, governmental authorities, and so on, so that everyone is abreast of the situation and on the same page. An agreed upon method of response should also be established, so that the necessary actions can be implemented without hesitation or time lost because of unpreparedness.

Preventing the spread of disease is the top concern in a public health emergency. Prevention requires using all the means at one’s disposal—from the media (through which alerts can be given and calm, orderly instructions can be passed…...

COVID-The covid-19 pandemic is an effective frame for understanding persuasion at the societal level. In a pandemic, health officials need to persuade people to adopt certain behaviors, and when they fail to do so, the pandemic becomes impossible to contain. Nations that have been successful at containing the pandemic successfully persuaded their people to adopt specific behaviors Dr. Fauci recently cited European nations, but the same can be said for Canada, Australia and many Asian states as well. The belief stage is where this appears to be falling apart in the United States lack of belief leads to a lack of action, and part of the problem is the communicator, being that there are many, each with different and conflicting messages and many parts of American society have been conditioned to mistrust credible communicators.Group influence plays a significant role in the persuasion stage, and the US populace is…...

A Review of a Study of Health Disparities in the United StatesArticle AbstractStudy objective:Background: This study analyzed the disproportionate impact that the Covid-19 pandemic had on economically disadvantaged populations in the U.S. who were essential workers but unable to remain at home due to income needs [1].Main ideas explored: This main focus of this study was the relationship between income and employment conditions with respect to the use of protective behaviors during the initial stage of the Covid-19 pandemic.Study design and method: A self-administered survey advertised through a social media campaign collected data from 2,845 employed American adults in April 2020. The authors used a hierarchical generalized linear model approach to identify differences in the use of recommended protective practices based on income and employment status, controlling for the perceived threat of Covid-19 and worker knowledge.Principal conclusions/results: Significantly higher percentages of essential workers experienced income loss and challenges using protective…...

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References

[1] Capasso A, Kim S, Ali SH, Jones AM, DiClemente RJ, Tozan Y. Employment conditions as barriers to the adoption of COVID-19 mitigation measures: how the COVID-19 pandemic may be deepening health disparities among low-income earners and essential workers in the United States. BMC Public Health. 2022;22(1):1-13.

[2] Obinna DN. “Essential and undervalued: health disparities of African American women in the COVID-19 era.” Ethnicity & Health. 2021;26(1):68-79.

The authors point out that there is a lack of previous studies focussed on health promotion and the effect on preventing DM. The conclusion of the authors is very logical and convincing from the statistics they show. It is important to note that type 2 diabetes (insulin independent diabetes), which is also widely prevalent, is a preventable condition. The authors argue that nursing focus must shift from a sickness service to a health promotion service among the healthy people. Nurses have a strategic role in care delivery and also in increasing the awareness of the disease among the masses. The authors suggest that a patient centred health care delivery system should be established. This approach is appropriate and endorsed by recent studies that show that nurses can improve care delivery for diabetics by promoting a problem-based learning model. [Gale Group] in this approach, patients are encouraged to actively interact…...

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Bibliography

Katarina Hjelm et.al, 'Preparing Nurses to Face the Pandemic of Diabetes Mellitus; a Literature review', Journal of Advanced Nursing Mar 2003, Vol 41 Issue

Gale Group, 'FEND Conference: Munich 2004; Problem-Based Learning Promotes Self-Care in People with Diabetes', Journal of Diabetes Nursing, Sep 2004

PAPE 8Paper 3IntroductionTo a large extent, the COVID-19 pandemic could be described as one of the worst pandemics the world has experienced in modern times. In addition to occasioning the death of millions of people, this particular pandemic was especially taxing for healthcare systems across the world. For instance, in the U.S., hospitals had to continue routine medical care roles while at the same time attending to the needs of those diagnosed with COVID-19. What lessons, if any, have we learnt from this complex situation? What steps should we take to ensure that we are better prepared to respond to a future pandemic? These are some of the key issues that will be highlighted in this text.DiscussionFrom the onset, it would be prudent to note that so far, close to 6 million deaths have been directly or indirectly associated with COVID-19. In addition to the said fatalities, the disease has…...

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ReferencesGriffith, J.R. & White, K.R. (2019). The Well-Managed Healthcare Organization. American College of Health Care. Keeley, C., Jimenez, J., Jackson, H., Boudourakis, L., Salway, R.J., Cineas, N., Villanueva, Y., ...Long, T.G. (2020). Staffing up for the surge: expanding the New York City public hospital workforce during the COVID-19 pandemic. ?Health Aff (Millwood), 39(8), 1426-1430.Kluger, D.M., Aizenbud, Y., Jaffe, A., Parisi, F., Aizenbud, L., Minsky-Fenick, E., Kluger, J.M., ... Kluger, Y. (2020). Impact of healthcare worker shift scheduling on workforce preservation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Infect Control Hosp. Epidemiol., 20, 113-119. Lim, J., Broughan, J., Crowley, D., O’Kelly, B., Fawsitt, R., Burke, M.C., McCombe, G., ...Cullen, W. (2021). COVID-19’s impact on primary care and related mitigation strategies: A scoping review. EurJ Gen Pract., 27(1), 166-175. Muli, E., Waithanji, R., Kamita, M., Gitau, T., Obonyo, I., Mweni, S., Mutisya, F., ...Makokha, F. (2021). Leveraging technology for health services continuity in times of COVID-19 pandemic: Patient follow-up, and mitigation of worse patient outcomes. J Glob Health, 11, 40-48. Wei, E.K., Long, T. & Katz, M.H. (2021). Nine Lessons Learned From the COVID-19 Pandemic for Improving Hospital Care and Health Care Delivery. JAMA Intern Med., 181(9), 1161-1163.

PANDEMIC CONTAINMENTPandemics and Best Practices for ContainmentIntroductionSince the earliest moments of civilization, humanity has been plagued by disease. However, it would be prudent to note that although man has been afflicted by various diseases, very few disease outbreaks have achieved the pandemic status. Some of the worst pandemics known to man have been inclusive of, but they are not limited to; Black Death (1346-1353), Plague of Justinian (541-442), Smallpox (1500), Antonine Plague (165 AD), Spanish Flu Pandemic (1918), the Asian Flu (1956-1958), Hong Kong Flu Pandemic (1968), etc. Over the last three years, the world has been battling the Novel Coronavirus. So far, COVID-19 has claimed the lives of more than 5 million people across the world. Given that various jurisdictions continue to struggle with the disease, there is need to highlight some of the best practices for pandemic containment.DiscussionFrom the onset, it would be prudent to note that a…...

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ReferencesBarry, J.M. (2005). The Great Influenza: The Story of the Deadliest Pandemic in History. Penguin. Chinazzi, M., Davis, J.T., Ajelli, M., Gioannini, C., Litvinova, M., Merler, S. …Vespignani, A. (2020). The effect of travel restrictions on the spread of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak. Science, 368(6489), 395-400. CDC (2022). Benefits of Getting a COVID-19 Vaccine.   D. (2019). What Is a Pandemic? JAMA, 321(9), 55-61. Kucharski, A. (2020). Containing a pandemic, step by step. Science Direct, 246(3287), 36-39. Nam, N.H., Tien, P.T., Truong, L.V., El-Ramly, T.A., Anh, P.G., Hien, N.T. …Huy, N.T. (2018). Early centralized isolation strategy for all confirmed cases of COVID-19 remains a core intervention to disrupt the pandemic spreading significantly. PLoS ONE, 16(7), 114-119. O’Connell, J. & O’Keeffe, D.T. (2021). Contact Tracing for Covid-19 — A Digital Inoculation against Future Pandemics. N Engl J Med, 38, 484-487. Whaley, C.M., Cantor, J. & Pera, M. (2021). Assessing the Association between Social Gatherings and COVID-19 Risk Using Birthdays. JAMA Intern Med., 181(8), 1090-1099. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/vaccine-benefits.html Grennan,

unning Head: Covid- PandemicCovid-19 Pandemic 2Table of ContentsCovid-19 pandemic 2Definition of Covid-19 Pandemic 3Causes and transmission of covid-19 3Patients Conditions with a high risk of severe Covid-19 Illness. 4Signs and symptoms of Covid-19 5Diagnosis of Covid-19. 7Management of Covid-19 8Conclusion 10eferences 11Covid-19 PandemicCovid-19 is one of the ravaging pandemics that has come during our time. In most cases, I have been told and read a history of various pandemics across the world and how they affected livelihoods; otherwise, I have never got real experience as in the case with covid-19. (Cennimo et al. 2020) Therefore, it would be satisfying to talk about covid-19 even though it has caused many wounds to other close family members and me. (Muniyappa & Gubbi, 2020) When the pandemic struck, I did not expect it to change much in our lifestyles; however, after a few months, I was amazed at the level of deaths experienced…...

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ReferencesCennimo, D. J., & Bergman, S. J. (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) treatment & management. Medscape Updated.Muniyappa, R., & Gubbi, S. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic, coronaviruses, and diabetes mellitus. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 318(5), E736-E741.Omer, S. B., Malani, P., & Del Rio, C. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic in the US: a clinical update. Jama, 323(18), 1767-1768.Rome, B. N., & Avorn, J. (2020). Drug evaluation during the Covid-19 pandemic. New England Journal of Medicine, 382(24), 2282-2284.Watkins, J. (2020). Preventing a covid-19 pandemic.

eferences

Brownlee, C. "The Bad Fight: Immune Systems Harmed 1918 Flu Patients." Science News, 30 September 2006, 211+.

Grist, N.. Pandemic Influenza 1918. 2009. Cape Town, South Africa: University of Cape Town. Online. Available from the Internet: http://web.uct.ac.za/depts/mmi/jmoodie/influen2.html, accessed 17 April 2009.

Imperato, Pascal James. "America's Forgotten Pandemic. The Influenza of 1918." Journal of Community Health 29, no. 1 (2004): 100+.

Irwin, Julia F. "An Epidemic without Enmity: Explaining the Missing Ethnic Tensions in New Haven's 1918 Influenza Epidemic." Urban History eview 36, no. 2 (2008): 5+.

Phillips, Howard and David Killingray, eds. The Spanish Influenza Pandemic of 1918-19: New Perspectives. New York: outledge, 2003.

1. Howard Phillips and David Killingray, eds., The Spanish Influenza Pandemic of 1918-19: New Perspectives. New York: outledge, 2003, 2.

Ibid, 4.

Ibid, 5.

Ibid, 7.

Ibid, 8.

C. Brownlee, "The Bad Fight: Immune Systems Harmed 1918 Flu Patients," Science News, 30 September 2006.

N.. Grist. Pandemic Influenza 1918. 2009. Cape Town, South Africa: University of Cape…...

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References

Brownlee, C. "The Bad Fight: Immune Systems Harmed 1918 Flu Patients." Science News, 30 September 2006, 211+.

Grist, N.R. Pandemic Influenza 1918. 2009. Cape Town, South Africa: University of Cape Town. Online. Available from the Internet: accessed 17 April 2009.http://web.uct.ac.za/depts/mmi/jmoodie/influen2.html,

Imperato, Pascal James. "America's Forgotten Pandemic. The Influenza of 1918." Journal of Community Health 29, no. 1 (2004): 100+.

Irwin, Julia F. "An Epidemic without Enmity: Explaining the Missing Ethnic Tensions in New Haven's 1918 Influenza Epidemic." Urban History Review 36, no. 2 (2008): 5+.

When most people think about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on economics, they think of it as being purely destructive.  While there can be no doubt that the COVID-19 pandemic has created economic uncertainty in many sectors, leading to a loss of production and high unemployment rates in many areas, it cannot be ignored that the pandemic has also led to new opportunities for certain businesses.  Understanding those opportunities may be critical to the overall recovery of the global economy, as those industries that have experienced gains determine how to leverage them in a way that....

Cyberbullying, which is defined as bullying that takes place over digital devices, is both similar to and different from traditional bullying.  In addition, it can take place in isolation or in combination with traditional forms of bullying.  It can involve a wide range of behaviors, including posing or sharing negative, harmful, mean, false, embarrassing, or humiliating information about the target.  It can also involve harassing behaviors.  Sometimes cyberbullying behaviors are criminal, and sometimes they are not.  Cyberbullying can occur on social media, in emails, by text or DM, in SMS, in games, in forums, and in a....

In our opinion, at this time the most pressing challenge faced by school leaders is safely continuing with student education while also managing the risk of disease posed to people by the current COVID-19 pandemic.  Many school districts immediately scrambled to get technology into place to support distance-learning, but quickly found that while the technology is important for delivery of classroom materials, the technology is only a tool in the hands of educators.  Educators need to be able to teach using the technology, and, if they are unable to do so, they put their students at a disadvantage.

Moving forward,....

A comparison and contrast essay on two specific service providers is a little different from comparison and contrast essays on ideas or people because you are going to always want to focus on the customer’s experience.  However, if you are writing the essay for a business class, you would be focusing on different aspects such as corporate structure, stock price, etc.  So, keep that in mind when writing your essay.  Are you providing more of a user review or a business analysis and structure your essay accordingly.

It is also important to keep in mind that the COVID-19 pandemic has really....