Ottoman Empire
In 1683, when the Ottoman forces were besieging Vienna, the empire reached its high-water mark and then began its slow, steady decline after suffering a major defeat in this battle. Only very gradually did Europeans come to perceive it as the Sick Man of Europe, however, since it was still formidable enough to play an important role in the defeat of ussia in the Crimean War of 1854-56. This was its last major victory, however, since by 1878 it had lost most of the Balkans, or umelia as it was known to the Ottomans, and with it much of its tax revenue and the recruitment ground for the Janissaries. It lost Crete in 1896 and Macedonia and Thrace after the Balkan Wars in 1912-13, and ceased to be a European power. Compared to the Western powers that were becoming urban and industrialized in the 19th Century, the Ottoman Empire…...

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REFERENCES

Kazantzakis, N. (1983). Freedom or Death. NY: Simon & Schuster.

Kent, M. (2005). The Great Powers and the End of the Ottoman Empire. Routledge.

Palmer, A. (1995). The Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire. NY: Barnes & Noble.

Quataert, D. (2005). The Ottoman Empire. Cambridge University Press.

Ottoman Empire was a sick old man that just collapsed
The Ottoman Empire was perhaps amongst the short-lived glories that history has seen yet. Many scholars believed that the power of the Caliphate ruling over the Empire had started declining from early 1680s; yet, there are also many others who feel that the historical accounts of the Empire show that it was a dynamic and ever-advancing Empire that had an intricate design for political and administrative leadership, which over a period of time brought it decline earlier than necessary (Faroqhi, 2004). In this paper, we will focus on the statement that "the Ottoman Empire was a sick old man that just collapsed" by highlighting some of the strong points as well as weaknesses of the Empire so as to provide support to the statement or negate it.

Perhaps, one of the strengths of the Ottoman Empire was their approach to leadership. They…...

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References

Deen, S.M. (2007). Science under Islam: Rise, Decline and Revival. Lulu.

Eldem, E. (2005). "Ottoman financial integration with Europe: foreign loans, the Ottoman Bank and the Ottoman public debt." European Review 13 (3): 431 -- 445.

Faroqhi, Suraiya (2004). The Ottoman Empire and the World Around It. The Library of Ottoman Studies. 7. London I.B. Tauris.

Ottoman Empire is among the most fascinating periods in the history of civilization, and it remains the subject of scholarly study because of the impact it had on the world, and continues to have today.
The empire began around as a medieval state in the late 13th Century around what is now known as Turkey; the region had largely been unaffected, either socially, militarily or economically by the social progress in the rest of Europe. Hence, this empire was largely frozen in time, according to www.infoplease.com.

The Ottoman Empire began modestly enough, with many small Turkish states bonding together in Asia Minor following the disintegration of the Seljuk Turks' empire.

And it is important to note that Turkey's domination over Africa's northern areas was not entirely well defined, and the Ottoman Empire did not really have permanent, clear-cut borders; rather, the empire was more of a military administration over a vast region…...

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References

Eldem, Edhem; & Shuster, Mike. 2004. Analysis: Ottoman Empire era of Middle East

History. All Things Considered (NPR).

Gibbons, Herbert Adams. 1968. The Foundation of the Ottoman Empire. London:

Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.

Sharif Hussein Ibn Saud and the Fall of the Ottoman Empire Introduction
The Ottoman Empire was served by a strong military and centralized political structure, but with territory that stretched into both the East and the West, the Ottoman Empire was also greatly served by its geography and the diversity of this realm. At the heart of its rule was the power of Mecca and the religious significance Mecca held for the Muslims. The relationship among the Ottomans, the Arabs, the Egyptian Ibrahim Pasha and his Sons, the Sharif of Mecca and Ibn Saud in Central Arabia all contributed to the strength of the Ottoman Empire. This paper will examine these relationships, the geographical and diverse characteristics of the Empire and the role that Mecca played in holding it all together. Ultimately it will show that the Ottomans lost the Empire as a result of turmoil among radical factions in both the…...

Ottoman
As Emrah Safa Gurkan points out in "The Centre and the Frontier," the Ottoman Empire made strategic political decisions in part due to a shifting balance of power in Europe. Head to head with the Habsburg Empire, the Ottomans saw great opportunity and power in the incorporation of the North African corsairs for geographic, geopolitical, economic, and social reasons.

Although European exploits abroad were far more ambitious and large scale, the Ottoman response was by no means puny. The Ottoman model of expansion and empire was simply different from the Iberian, English, or French models. Geographically speaking, the Ottoman participation in the Age of Exploration included escapades to and around India, with remarkably important exploits that helped the Empire forge its own trade routes with India. This was of course motivated by competition with the Portuguese explorers, who can be conceived of as reacting to the Ottoman expansion rather than vice…...

Mughal and Ottoman Empires
The Mughal dynasty ruled the area that is now considered India and Persia between the years 1526 and 1857. The Ottoman Empire was able to sustain power from July 1299 to the end of the First orld ar in 1923. Both empires used a form of monarchy which was called absolutism; that is the governmental belief that the monarch has supreme and absolute power. Absolutism was a form of monarchial power where the ruler's authority was unchecked. No group: not the clergy, not courtiers, not legislatures, or members of the social elite had the power to prohibit the monarch from doing whatever he or she pleased. It was a system of government controlled by one individual with absolute power over the entirety of his or her realm. Those that dared challenge the monarch met swift ends which would deter others from attempting to thwart the ruler. Among…...

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Works Cited:

Allcock, John B. Explaining Yugoslavia. NY: Columbia. 2000. Print.

"Disclaiming Tamerlane's Inheritance, and the Rise of the Mughal Empire." 38-57. Print.

Hodgson, Marshall. "Conservation and Courtlines in the Intellectual Traditions." Crisis

and Renewal: the Age of Mongol Prestige. 1984. Print. 437-500.

The last Mamluk governor ruled in the 19th century as Europe was increasingly asked for advice, military weapons, and
for help to promote trade. The British were the most influential in this
regard which indicates an economic viability to Iraq that the Ottomans were
either unable or uninterested in pursuing. The Ottomans, as a European
Empire, were unable to maintain influence over its own province. After
floods and plagues in 1831, the Ottoman's sent a new governor to Iraq that
meant "A new era" for Iraq (Iraq History Page). hile this was an attempt
to regain influence on the area, many tribal competitions and allegiances
remained, including the Kurdish problem in the region. The Mamluks had
grown increasingly autonomous and the Ottoman's reasserted their authority,
but this authority was not inherently stable. IN 1690, Midhat Pasha was
appointed governor of Iraq and he attempted to modernize according to a
estern model which helped Iraqis to gain power within their own
government, but this…...

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Works Cited

"Iraq's History Page." 22 Apr. 2007

.

Rayburn, Joel. "The Last Exit From Iraq." Foreign Affairs 85 (2006): 29.

22 Apr. 2007

.

The Ottoman court, administrative, and military language were all Turkish; however, high culture in the Empire was cosmopolitan and popular culture in Anatolia and Thrace could only be called "Turkish." According to McCarthy, three primary factors ultimately decided the fate of the Muslims of Ottoman Europe, the Crimea, the Caucasus, and Anatolia: 1) the military and economic weakness of the Ottoman Empire, 2) nationalism among Ottoman Christian peoples, and 3) Russian imperial expansion.
Much like the United States outspending the Soviet Union to win the Cold War, the Ottoman Empire was not able to maintain any degree of parity with the European powers and by 1800, Ottoman Empire government was internally weak, and found that it was not able to support its antiquated Ottoman military system, much less a modern army and navy that would be capable of defending the empire against its increasing powerful adversaries. McCarthy reports that the…...

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Bibliography

Allen, Thomas B. 1994. Turkey Struggles for Balance. National Geographic 185 (May): 3-35.

Mansel, Philip. 2003. Europe's Muslim Capital: Philip Mansel Explores the City of the Sultans from 1453 Onwards, and Finds it Characterised by a Vibrant Multi-Culturalism until the Ottoman Demise of 1922. History Today 53 (June): 20-23.

McCarthy, Justin. 1995. Death and Exile: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821- 1922. Princeton, NJ: Darwin Press.

The Ottoman Turks: An Introductory History to 1923. London: Longman.

Islamic omen -- Ottoman Empire
Islamic women who lived in the Ottoman Empire in the 18th and 19th centuries are the focus of this inquiry. hat was their social life like in terms fun, vice, pleasure, and other activities that involved sensuality or illegal interactions? hat do various authors report regarding the activities women engaged in during this era the Ottoman Empire? This paper reviews and critiques the literature relating to the subject of women and their activities in this period of Islamic history.

Mary Ann Fay -- "omen and AQF" (background)

In her essay, Mary Ann Fay discusses Mamluk politics and society in 18th century Ottoman Egypt, pointing to the fact that women of Mamluk households enjoyed "considerable economic autonomy" because they were owners and managers of property (Fay, 1997, 31). That gave them a certain degree of social power but as Fay explains, Mamluk women also derived power from "the importance…...

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Works Cited

Davis, Fanny. The Ottoman Lady: A Social History from 1718 to 1918. (Santa Barbara, CA:

Greenwood Publishing Group, 1986).

Drife, James O, Drife, James, and Magowan, Brian. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology.

(Philadelphia: Elsevier Health Services, 2004).

The Crusades

The Crusades would shape Islamic attitudes toward the est for centuries, so much so that it was noted that George Bush should never have used the term with reference to the ar on Terror because of the bad feelings involved. In the eleventh century, much of the Moslem world was under siege from the Seljuk Turks. The Moslems were in control of the Holy Lands, the seat of Christianity, and in the eleventh century European Christians undertook the Crusades to recapture the Holy lands, notably the city of Jerusalem. The Crusaders saw their opportunity because of the dissension within the Moslem world itself. There were divisions within the Christian world as well, notably the splitting off of the Byzantine Empire as the Holy Roman Empire disintegrated. The Greeks were in power in the East, and the remnants of the Latin factions were in power in the west. The Church…...

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Works Cited

Andryszewski, Tricia. School Prayer: A History of the Debate. Springfield, New Jersey: Enslow Publishers, 1997.

Arkoun, Mohammed. Rethinking Islam. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1994.

Berger, Peter L., Firuz Kazemzadeh, and Michael Bourdeaux. "The State of Religious Freedom." World Affairs, Volume 147, Issue 4 (1985), 238-253.

Boston, Robert. Why the Religious Right Is Wrong about Separation of Church and State. Amherts, New York: Prometheus Books, 1993.

Ataturk's Influence On The New Turkish epublic And Village Institutes
Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, or "Father Turk," is credited with being the father of the modern nation of Turkey. At the beginning of the twentieth century, Turkey did not exist as we know it today. Its territory was part of the Ottoman Empire, a conglomeration of different ethnicities and religions of various tribal affiliations. Under Ataturk's vision and leadership, a new nation emerged. He was spurred on by the growing nationalist movements sweeping across Europe. Ataturk was fundamentally a modernist, which can be seen in his efforts during World War I, his personal philosophy and lifestyle, and also the secular reforms which he implemented during his reign, including those in education.

Even before World War I, the Ottoman Empire was known as the Sick Man of Europe. It was corrupt and weak. While studying at the war college of the Empire as a…...

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References

Ataturk - Republic of Turkiye (Part 2). (2007). Youtube. Retrieved from:

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wyjvbjkbdzi 

Ataturk - Republic of Turkiye (Part 9). (2007). Youtube. Retrieved from:

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s_Df3eMvUy8&feature=youtu.be

WWI: The Forces of Nationalism, Imperialism and Militarism
The forces of nationalism, imperialism and militarism irrevocably led to World War I in several ways. Germany had become an industrialized nation, vying for economic power and rivaling the power of Britain (Gilbert, 1994). Germany had also defeated France in the prior century in the Franco-Prussian War and taken the territories of Alsace and Lorraine. France wanted them back (Bradberry, 2012). ussia also had a grievance with Germany: it wanted the Bosporous Straights that were "controlled by Germany through her alliance with the Ottoman Empire" (Bradberry, 2012, p. 42). The only way for each of these countries to get what they wanted from Germany was to go to war: their alliance gave them the opportunity to attack Germany on all fronts, and Germany's support for the Austria-Hungary attack on Serbia (in retaliation for the Serbian assassination of Archduke Ferdinand) gave the Triple Entente…...

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References

Balfour Declaration. (1917). Knesset. Retrieved from  https://www.knesset.gov.il/lexicon/eng/BalfourDeclaration_eng.htm 

Bradberry, B. (2012). The Myth of German Villainy. IN: Authorhouse.

Gilbert, M. (1994). The First World War. NY: Henry Holt and Company.

Lloyd-George, D. (1939). Memoirs of the Peace Conference. CT: Yale University

The Turkic tribes transformed themselves from a disparate, fragmented state into a hegemonic and organized empire. Lasting for centuries and making a profound impact on global politics, the Ottoman Empire built its status and power on bureaucratic authoritarianism, and also on fusing the power of religion and politics. The bastion of Sunni Islam, the Ottoman Empire colonized regions far beyond what are now the borders of the modern nation-state of Turkey. Moreover, the Ottoman Empire encompassed a wide range of linguistically and ethnically diverse people, capitalizing on access to global trade routes to bolster power and influence in and beyond Eurasia. The use of military might, of economic influence, and also of religious and cultural tools for social control and hegemony all characterized the Ottoman Empire in its heyday. At the beginning of the twentieth century, shifting balances of power, modernization, and the dismantling of authoritarian regimes trended worldwide and facilitated…...

They needed to find a way to maintain peace and stability among the dozens of different peoples, of different races, religions, tribes, languages, and customs. The Ottomans accomplished this primarily by allowing each group of people a certain amount of respect. There was a "live and let live" policy directed toward the varying peoples of the empire. "This live and let live policy was in striking contrast to the fanatical bigotry of Christian states at the time." (Goldschmidt, p. 126) What seemed to matter more to the Ottomans was a people's ability to contribute to the peace and prosperity of the empire as a whole, rather than some religious or ethnic restrictions.
The Ottoman Empire began in the 1300's and lasted more than 600 years, until the end of the First World War. This was an empire where a small number of Turkish elites ruled over millions of people of…...

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References

Burbank, Jane and Frederick Cooper. (2010). Empires in World History: Power and the Politics of Difference. New Jersey: Princeton UP. Print.

Goldschmidt, Arthur. (1996). A Concise History of the Middle East. Colorado: Westview

Press, Harper Collins. Print.

Pamuk, Sevket. (2004, Autumn) "Institutional Change and the Longevity of the Ottoman

It was this strategy that led to the slow eradication and encompassing of the Byzantine Empire, and finally the siege and capture of Constantinople (Pitman 19987).
The quiet nature of the Ottoman Empire's power was also a major part of its success and longevity. While the ruling class was of course limited to a tiny percentage of the total population of the Empire, there were no ethnic requirements for becoming a member of this ruling class -- faith in Islam, loyalty to the sultan, and compliance with certain standard of behavior were all that was necessary to become eligible for this class upgrade (Pitman 1987). In part because the Ottoman's defined themselves primarily as Muslim rather than part of a specific ethnic group, the same ethnic and cultural ambiguity was tolerated and even encouraged throughout the Empire, meaning new subjects of the realm could carry out their lives largely a…...

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References

New World Encyclopedia. (2011). Ottoman Empire. Accessed 29 September 2011.  http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Ottoman_Empire#Expansion 

Pitman, P. (1987). Turkey: A Country Study. Washington, DC: Library of Congress.

Historical Evolution of Russia-Germany Relations

The relationship between Russia and Germany has witnessed significant shifts throughout history, oscillating between periods of cooperation and conflict.

The Early Years:

18th Century: Prussia, the predecessor to Germany, allied with Russia against the Ottoman Empire in the Russo-Turkish War of 1768-1774.
19th Century: Russia and Germany became rivals in the Crimean War of 1853-1856, with Germany siding with the Ottoman Empire against Russia.

World War I and Interwar Period:

World War I: Germany and Russia fought on opposing sides, with Germany emerging victorious.
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk: Germany imposed harsh terms on Russia, seizing vast territories.
1922: The....

I. Introduction
A. Background information on the fall of Constantinople
B. Thesis statement: The fall of Constantinople was significant for various reasons, including its impact on the Byzantine Empire, the spread of Ottoman power, and the shaping of European history.
II. The significance of the fall of Constantinople on the Byzantine Empire
A. Weakening of Byzantine power
B. Loss of control over key trade routes
C. Decline in cultural and intellectual influence
III. The spread of Ottoman power after the fall of Constantinople
A. Expansion of Ottoman territory
B. Consolidation of Ottoman rule in the region
C. Impact on future conflicts in....

Key Reasons for the Fall of Constantinople
1. Weakening Byzantine Empire
Over the centuries, the Byzantine Empire had been weakened by external conflicts, internal divisions, and economic decline. Constant warfare with neighboring powers, such as the Seljuk Turks and the Ottoman Turks, had depleted its resources and manpower. Additionally, religious schisms and political instability had further weakened the empire from within.
2. Superior Ottoman Siege Tactics
The Ottoman Turks, led by Sultan Mehmed II, employed advanced siege warfare techniques that proved devastating against Constantinople's defenses. They constructed massive cannons, capable of shattering the city's walls, and utilized tunneling techniques to undermine the fortifications. The....

1.Winston Churchill, the architect of the Gallipoli Campaign, famously declared that it was "a splendid adventure." However, the campaign was a costly failure that resulted in the deaths of over 100,000 Allied troops.

2.The Gallipoli Campaign was a watershed moment in World War I. It was the first large-scale amphibious operation in history, and it marked the beginning of the end of the Ottoman Empire.

3.The campaign was also a major turning point in the career of Winston Churchill. Churchill was the First Lord of the Admiralty at the time, and he was largely responsible for planning....